WHY DO CHARITIES AND NGOS ENGAGE IN STRATEGIC LITIGATION?

INTRODUCTION

The paper is aimed at determining why voluntary sector organizations namely Charities and
Non-Governmental Organizations (hereafter VSOs) 1 adopt strategic litigation as an
advocacy tool in achieving their objectives and will offer three reasons to wit: enabling
access to justice for disadvantaged and marginalized groups; precipitating law and policy
reform and fostering social change. To achieve this end, this paper will resort to existing
literature, reports and relevant case law that provide insight into this area of advocacy and
details instances where VSOs have applied strategic litigation to accomplish their goals in
society.
Strategic Litigation, which differs from conventional litigation, involves the application of
advocacy accoutrements and the process of adjudication to attain systemic change,
transcending the traditional binary of interests of the opposing parties. 2 Barber, views
strategic litigation as the application of a plethora of “legal and non-legal” techniques to
challenge injustice. 3 O’Neill on the other hand, considers strategic litigation as the
“continuation of politics by other means”, which involves using the judicial system to effect
change that other arms of government may willfully refuse to or are unable to implement.4
However, Strategic litigation, singularly, is not guaranteed to deliver its lofty ideals of positive
change or social justice in the specific issue being brought before the Courts and other
advocacy tools like public communications and awareness, media campaigning, lobbying
and protests should be deployed in congruence with litigation to make it effective. 5 In
addition, VSOs have to be constantly mindful of the hurdles and risks involved in strategic
litigation as it can be expensive, time consuming and when not fused with proper planning at
each stage of progression, counterproductive.6 This resonates with Vanhala’s position that
Organizations must reflect on the possible challenges attendant to strategically using the law
for their policy and campaigning work.7 Nonetheless, the appeal of Strategic Litigation is
undeniable where strong indicators exist that its outcome will yield the anticipated results.8

1
'Research Volunteering’ <https://reachvolunteering.org.uk/guide/what-voluntary-sector> accessed
14 March 2019.
2
Beth Van Schaack, ‘With All Deliberate Speed: Civil Human Rights Litigation as a Tool For Social
Change’ (2004) 57(6) Vanderbilt Law Review, 2308.
3
Catherine Corey Barber, ‘Tackling the Evaluation Challenge in Human Rights: Assessing the Impact
of Strategic Litigation Organisations’ (2012) 16(3) IJHR 411-435.
4
Aidan O’Neill, 'Strategic Litigation Before The European Courts' (2016) 16 (4) ERA Forum 496.
5
Susan Hansen, Atlantic Insights: Strategic litigation (The Atlantic Philanthropies New York 2018)
<https://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Atlantic_Insights_Strategic-
Litigation_11_19.pdf> accessed 12 January 2019.
6
Lisa Vanhala and Jacqueline Kinghan ‘Literature Review on the Use and Impact of Litigation’ (Public
Law Project 2018) <https://publiclawproject.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Literature-
Review.pdf> accessed 12 December 2018.
7
Lisa Vanhala, 'Case Study Of Just For Kids Law’s Strategic Intervention In The UK Supreme Court:
R (Tigere) V Secretary Of State For Business, Innovation And Skills' (Just For Kids Law 2017)
<https://www.justforkidslaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/JFKL-Tigere-Report-AWd.pdf> accessed
18 December 2018.
8
For successful case outcomes of Strategic Litigation, see Lisa Vanhala, 'Successful Use Of
Strategic Litigation By The Voluntary Sector On Issues Related To Discrimination And Disadvantage:
Key Cases From The UK' (The Baring Foundation Working Paper 3/2017)
 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

Access to justice
Access to justice is fundamental to upholding the rule of law and ensuring fair systems in a
society that places a premium on equity and justice.9 In the context of this paper, its scope
stretches beyond the narrow conception of availability of legal advice and representation to
encompass VSOs strategically litigating to secure justice and remedy for the vulnerable in
the society.
Looking to the United Kingdom, accessing justice has in recent times has become an
arduous and herculean exercise owing to austerity measures by government, which led to
the enactment of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act (LASPO)
2012, by Parliament, introducing cuts to legal aid. Upon effect in 2013, the Act removed a
number of family law and social welfare concerns from the scope of legal aid provision, to
the disadvantage of members of society who are incapable of paying for legal advice and
(or) representation to advance their rights.10 VSOs, such as law centres, have not been left
out either from the chilling effects of legal aid cuts on their activities as fifteen law centres
have ceased functioning, of which eleven cessations occurred in the first eighteen months of
funding withdrawal.11

VSOs thus, seek to bridge the gap between discriminated, disadvantaged groups and the
Courts and eventually, securing justice by identifying the legal issues and deciding on the
best course of action to resolve it through the instrumentality of the Courts. The methods of
involvement could manifest in a number of ways such as bearing the responsibility of pre-
litigation research; instituting an action as claimant; providing support to a claimant in an
ongoing action; undertaking third party intervention;12 or providing to the Court, a witness
statement.13 However, involvement is largely dependent on the resources VSOs have at
their disposal to draw upon; for example, instituting an action as claimant or providing direct
support to a claimant can be resource intensive. 14 Bearing this in mind, VSOs cannot
realistically, meet the needs of every single individual seeking assistance and

<https://baringfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WorkingPaper3.pdf> accessed 13
January 2019.
9
Vanhala and Kinghan (n 6) coverpage.
10
'Cuts That Hurt: The Impact Of Legal Aid Cuts In England On Access To Justice' (Amnesty
International UK 2016) <https://www.amnesty.org.uk/cutsthathurt> accessed 28 December 2018.
11
Dominic Gilbert, ‘Legal Aid Advice Network ‘Decimated’ By Funding Cuts’ BBC News UK (London
10 December 2018) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46357169> accesses 12 January 2019.
12
Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) and Shelter Children’s Legal Centre, a housing and
homelessness based Charity, intervened in the case of R (on the application of SG and others
(previously JS and others) (Appellants) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (Respondent)
[2015] UKSC 16, informing the Supreme Court as to the potential disproportionate impact of welfare
benefits cap on large and single mother households with children but the benefits cap was upheld;
Furthermore, Shelter Children’s Legal Service intervened by providing written submissions to remind
the Court that Local Authorities owe a duty to discharge their functions in a manner that protects and
promotes the welfare of children in the case of Nzolameso (Appellant) v. City of Westminster
(Respondent) [2015] UKSC 22.
13
Vanhala ‘Case Study‘ (n 7) 9.
14
ibid.

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 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

consequentially, their avenue of involvement or participation becomes subject to careful
consideration by strategic case selection.15

Strategic case selection is achieved by giving preeminence to ‘promising’ (test) cases that
have the potential16 to secure justice for all similarly affected.17 This is usually done by way
of judicial review challenging irrational, unlawful or unjust decisions, actions and omissions
to act by public bodies in the exercise of their functions.18 Holding this thought, there are
also instances where an issue faced by many within a disadvantaged group is already
before a Court. Here, VSOs resort to strategic intervention, providing the Court with relevant
information and ensuring the case is adjudicated to a logical conclusion with the goal of wide
reaching impact.19

Case Study:
Seminal to this argument is the case of R (on the application of Tigere) (Appellant) v
Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills (Respondent) 20 which is unique
because it provides insight to the level of impact a well-planned case can reverberate across
a spectrum of the voiceless in society. Its relativity to accessing justice will be the focus
under this head. Just For Kids Law, a third party intervener in the case produced a detailed
report21 on the strategic litigation activities involved, which amongst other changes, heralded
a new youth-led movement by migrants, “Let Us Learn,” who are “young, gifted and
blocked.”22 The Report highlights the decisions and advocacy strategies undertaken at four
stages of the litigation process namely; the initiation stage, which involved identifying the
legal issue; the preparation for strategic litigation; the communications and campaigning
procedure and the aftermath involving legacy/implementation efforts.23

The legal issue before the Supreme Court concerned Beaurish Tigere, a young migrant
educated in the United Kingdom (UK), who had been deemed ineligible for student loan
owing to her lack of settled status, having come to the country as a child. She was one of a
number of young migrants in the UK faced with this predicament. She met the formal
requirements of being resident in England when the academic year begins and being
lawfully ordinarily resident in the UK for three years preceding the academic-year but she
had only a discretionary leave to remain in the UK, which is not considered a formally settled

15
Martin Mõrk, ‘Principles of Case Selection’ in The Equinet Handbook On Strategic Litigation
(Equineteurope.org, 2017) <http://www.equineteurope.org/Strategic-Litigation-Handbook> accessed 7
January 2019.
16
The word ‘potential’ is used because litigation is not foolproof as the tide of litigation is
unpredictable.
17
See Gary Blasi, ‘Framing Access to Justice: Beyond Perceived Justice for Individuals’ (2009) 42(4)
Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 913 <https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol42/iss4/3> accessed
30 December, 2018.
18
Public Law Project, ‘An Introduction to Judicial Review’ (Public Law Project, 2019)
<https://publiclawproject.org.uk/resources/an-introduction-to-judicial-review-2/> accessed March 30
2019.
19
Vanhala ‘Case Study’ (n 7).
20
[2015] UKSC 57.
21
Vanhala ‘Case Study’ (n 7).
22
Young, Gifted and Blocked (Let us Learn/Just for Kids Law)
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BumdwKTbyZQ> accessed 12 March 2019.
23
(n 7) 6.

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 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

status.24 Ms. Tigere challenged the eligibility criteria on the ground that it violated her right to
education and was an unjust discrimination against her owing to her immigration status
under Article 2 to Protocol 1 and Article 14 of the Convention respectively,25 which is made
directly applicable in the UK by virtue of the Human Rights Act 1998. The Supreme Court
found this blanket ban owing to the ‘formally settled requirement’ as unlawful and an
unjustifiable interference with her Convention rights.

The effect of this decision is wide-reaching as it secured justice not only for Ms. Tigere, but
also for all young migrants sharing the problem of accessing financial loan for higher
education in circumstances identical to hers.

Law/Policy Reform
Strategic litigation can be a political tool as well; a strategy employed by VSOs to permutate
adverse law and policy.26 One veritable way of achieving this is by framing rights violations
in the context of available legal stock before the Courts 27 as was the case in Tigere.28
Litigation, here, becomes an advocacy tool VSOs handle to seek a change in law and policy,
by the ruling of a Court, owing to its unconstitutionality or how its application explicitly or
implicitly, has persisted in perpetuating injustice to the less fortunate in society. 29 It is
submitted that the Court’s decision then makes it imperative on the arm of government
implicated to make the necessary changes to ensure adherence with the rule of law because
the Courts, while being influential to this process, are not empowered to legislate.30

For example, the decision in the Tigere case led to the Department for Business Innovation
and Skills introducing a New Eligibility Category for Higher Education Student Support,31
which in effect would enable young migrants in the same situation as Ms. Tigere eligible to
access financial loan for higher education. All the Supreme Court could do is perform its duty
of judicial interpretation — implementation is beyond the purview of its powers. Knowledge
of this informs intensive campaigning activities beyond the courtroom by VSOs for case-

24
Tigere (n 20) 2.
25
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950.
26
Lisa Vanhala, ‘Anti-Discrimination Policy Actors and their use of Litigation Strategies: The Influence
of Identity Politics’ (2009) 16(5) Journal of European Public Policy, 738-754
<https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760902983473> accessed 20 December 2018.
27
Lisa Vanhala and Jacqueline Kinghan, ‘Using the Law for Social Change: A Landscape Review’
(2018) The Baring Foundation Working Paper 4/2018, 10
<https://baringfoundation.org.uk/resource/using-the-law-for-social-change-a-landscape-review/>
accessed 12 January 2019.
28
Tigere (n 20) 13.
29
Pieter Bouwen and Margaret Mccown, ‘Lobbying versus Litigation: Political and Legal Strategies of
Interest Representation in the European Union’ (2007) 14(3) Journal of European Public Policy, 426
<https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760701243798> accessed 12 January 2019.
30
Catherine Albiston ‘The Rule of Law and the Litigation Process: The Paradox of Losing by Winning’
(1999) 33(4) Law & Society Review 869.
31
'New Eligibility Category For Higher Education Student Support: Government Response'
(Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2016)
<https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/5
17544/bis-16-199-new-eligibility-category-government-response.pdf> accessed 12 March 2019; See
also 'Student Finance' (GOV.UK) <https://www.gov.uk/student-finance/who-qualifies> accessed 3
April 2019.

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 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

fortification; through the apparatus of positively framing and owning the case in traditional
and social media, efficient language craftsmanship in communications, organizing peaceful
marches or demonstrations and generating widespread public awareness, receptiveness
and in some cases, public outcry towards government in support of the law and policy
reformation process.32

Social Change
A myriad of factors come into play when VSOs seek to advance social change through
strategic litigation. According to Epp, precipitating social change through law can be a
complex process33 and an over-dependence on adversarial litigation, completely ruling out
other forms of advocacy could prove nugatory.34 The aforementioned complexities could
range from lack of judicial will to assume the role of innovator by giving rulings that may
dramatically overhaul pre-existing social structures35 to the possibility of government bodies’
reluctance to give effect to judicial decisions,36 the risk of backlash and counter-mobilization
efforts by opponents.37 Thus resorting to litigation as an advocacy strategy in this context is
only desirable where other means such as lobbying administrative and legislative bodies
would be unlikely to bring about the anticipated social change.38

Nonetheless, the possibility of strategic litigation playing an important role in the social
change paradigm cannot be overlooked. Analogous to this argument is the United States of
America experience in its Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka,39 a case, which succeeded in bringing an end to the practice of racial segregation in
state schools. This case is also regarded as the classicus case in discussions involving the
validity of conscious strategic efforts in litigating to secure social change. Similarly, taking
the Atlantic Philanthropies as a case study, the Organization supported a strategic litigation
partnership by two VSOs in Northern Ireland: Public Interest Litigation Support (PLIS)
Project and Integrated Education Fund (IEF) to end religious segregation of schools and
foster the expansion of school integration by the Department of Education between
Catholics and Protestants.40

32
Schaack (n 2) 2338.
33
Charles R Epp, ‘Law as an Instrument of Social Reform’ In Gregory A Caldeira, Daniel Kelemen
and Keith E Whittington (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (OUP 2008).
34
Schaack (n 2) 2303.
35
Epp (n 33) 5; Richard Daynard, 'Test Case Litigation as a Source of Significant Social Change'
(1972) 18(1) Catholic Law 37, 40.
36
Vanhala ‘Case Study’ (n 7) 29.
37
Vanhala and Kinghan, ‘Using the Law for Social Change’ (n 27) 15.

38
‘Strategic Litigation Impacts: Insights from Global Experience’ (Open Society Foundations, 2018)
<https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/strategic-litigation-impacts-insights-
20181023.pdf> accessed 12 January 2019.

39
347 US 483 (1954).

40
'Using The Law To Secure Change On The Island Of Ireland' (Atlanticphilanthropies.org, 2015)
<https://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Law-Social-Change-
Summary.pdf> accessed 6 February 2019.

5
 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

Clarity on litigation being a component of multi-faceted tactics that should work in concert to
actualize social change has been established. VSOs through experience — particularly oft-
repeated users of the law, realise the import of the task at hand and the requirement of long-
term commitment coupled with the availability of extensive resources at their disposal to
achieve this goal.41

Strategic Litigation: Possible Challenges

Strategic Litigation is not without its risks and challenges. One of such lies in precedent,42
which in this sense is two-fold. On the one hand, the legal issue a VSO might seek to pursue
could be one already decided (unfavourably) by an Apex Court and this could prove an uphill
endeavour considering the legal principle of stare decisis.43 On the other hand, a test case
not strategically planned could result in a loss, the burden of the defendant’s litigation costs
and setting of negative precedent and harsher laws that presage long-term setback.44 Also,
claimants supported by VSOs may be enticed by out-of-court settlements and this manifests
in cases where they lack dedication to the cause beyond their immediate interests and are
reluctant to pursue litigation in the long haul, thus creating a conflict of interest situation.45
While taking this route provides instant gratification to the claimants, it leaves the root-cause
of the legal issues unsolved, frustrates the trajectory of the strategic litigation process and
could potentially diminish the reputation of the VSO.46
It is therefore advised that claimants be continuously sensitized on the import of the cause
through every stage of progression.

CONCLUSION
Beyond attaining justice for the disadvantaged and marginalized in society and ensuring fair
systems that uphold the rule of law through law and policy reform, VSOs also mobilize the
law and Court system to induce social change. It has however been argued that to attain the
desired outcome for any of these reasons, strategic litigation cannot be used in isolation. It is
therefore understandable when its prospect is viewed with a measure of scepticism
especially in the area of social change.47 Assuming a favourable Court decision would herald
this change is fatal and this resonates with Daynard’s argument that a successful outcome in
Court does not lead to societal change.48
In another vein, losing a case does not foreclose the possibility of change and may be
considered a moral victory. This is because while winning the strategic case is significant to
the process of attaining social change, it is not entirely “indispensable to achieving this
objective.” 49 In either event, it is a signal for VSOs to galvanize into action with other

41
Marc Galanter, ‘Why the ‘Haves’ Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change’
(1974) 9(1) Law & Society Review, 95–160.
42
Albiston (n 30).
43
ibid 899.
44
'Using The Law To Secure Change On The Island Of Ireland' (n 40) 8.
45
Albiston (n 30) 875-876.
46
ibid; (n 44).
47
Michael McCann, ‘Litigation and Legal Mobilization’ In Gregory A Caldeira, Daniel Kelemen and
Keith E Whittington (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (OUP 2008).
48
Daynard (n 35) 37.
49
Mónìca Roa and Barbara Klugman, 'Seeking Social Change In The Courts Tools For Strategic
Advocacy' (Womenslinkworldwide.org, 2018) 108

6
 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

advocacy groups50 by disseminating lessons learned from the case, engendering campaigns
and awareness on systemic issues at hand with emphasis on the injustices of the system to
the public till a positive turn or tide is achieved.51

This Paper had been submitted to Bentham House, Faculty of Law, University College
London as part of the fulfillments required for the award of a Master of Laws (LLM) degree in
Human Rights Law.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Albiston C, ‘The Rule of Law and the Litigation Process: The Paradox of Losing by
Winning’ (1999) 33(4) Law & Society Review 869.

• Amnesty International, 'Cuts That Hurt: The Impact Of Legal Aid Cuts In England On
Access To Justice' (Amnesty International UK 2016)
<https://www.amnesty.org.uk/cutsthathurt> accessed 28 December 2018

• Atlantic Philanthropies 'Using The Law To Secure Change On The Island Of Ireland'
(Atlanticphilanthropies.org, 2015) <https://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/10/Law-Social-Change-Summary.pdf> accessed 6 February
2019

• Barber CC, ‘Tackling the Evaluation Challenge in Human Rights: Assessing the
Impact of Strategic Litigation Organisations’ (2012) 16(3) IJHR 411

• Blasi G, ‘Framing Access to Justice: Beyond Perceived Justice for Individuals’ (2009)
42(4) Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 913
<https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol42/iss4/3> accessed 30 December, 2018

• Bouwen P and Mccown M, ‘Lobbying versus Litigation: Political and Legal Strategies
of Interest Representation in the European Union’ (2007) 14(3) Journal of European
Public Policy, 426 <https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760701243798> accessed 12
January 2019.

• Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950

• Daynard R, 'Test Case Litigation as a Source of Significant Social Change' (1972)

18(1) Catholic Law 37

• Epp CR, ‘Law as an Instrument of Social Reform’ In Caldeira GA Kelemen D and

Whittington KE (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (OUP 2008)

<https://www.womenslinkworldwide.org/en/files/3043/seeking-social-change-in-the-courts-tools-for-
strategic-advocacy.pdf> accessed 7 March 2019.
50
ibid 114.
51
Hansen (n 5).

7
 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 347 US 483 (1954)
• Galanter M, ‘Why the ‘Haves’ Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal
Change’ (1974) 9(1) Law & Society Review 95

• Gilbert D, ‘Legal Aid Advice Network ‘Decimated’ By Funding Cuts’ BBC News UK
(London 10 December 2018) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46357169> accesses
12 January 2019

• Hansen S, Atlantic Insights: Strategic litigation, (The Atlantic Philanthropies New

York 2018) <https://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/11/Atlantic_Insights_Strategic-Litigation_11_19.pdf> accessed
12 January 2019

• McCann M, ‘Litigation and Legal Mobilization’ In Caldeira GA Kelemen D and

Whittington KE (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (OUP 2008)

• Mõrk M, ‘Principles of Case Selection’ in The Equinet Handbook On Strategic

Litigation (Equineteurope.org, 2017) <http://www.equineteurope.org/Strategic-
Litigation-Handbook> accessed 7 January 2019

• 'New Eligibility Category For Higher Education Student Support: Government

Response' (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2016)
<https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach
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accessed 12 March 2019

• Nzolameso (Appellant) v. City of Westminster (Respondent) [2015] UKSC 22

• O’Neill A, 'Strategic Litigation Before The European Courts' (2016) 16 (4) ERA Forum
496

• Open Society Foundation ‘Strategic Litigation Impacts: Insights from Global

Experience’ (Open Society Foundations, 2018)
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• Public Law Project, ‘An Introduction to Judicial Review’ (Public Law Project, 2019)
<https://publiclawproject.org.uk/resources/an-introduction-to-judicial-review-2/>
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• R (on the application of SG and others (previously JS and others) (Appellants) v

Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (Respondent) [2015] UKSC 16

• R (on the application of Tigere) (Appellant) v Secretary of State for Business,

Innovation and Skills (Respondent) [2015] UKSC 57

8
 Nebechi Lauretta Ezeugbor

• ‘Research Volunteering’ <https://reachvolunteering.org.uk/guide/what-voluntary-
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• Roa M and Klugman B, 'Seeking Social Change In The Courts Tools For Strategic
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<https://www.womenslinkworldwide.org/en/files/3043/seeking-social-change-in-the-
courts-tools-for-strategic-advocacy.pdf> accessed 7 March 2019

• Schaack BV, ‘With All Deliberate Speed: Civil Human Rights Litigation as a Tool For
Social Change’ (2004) 57(6) Vanderbilt Law Review, 2308.

• 'Student Finance' (GOV.UK) <https://www.gov.uk/student-finance/who-qualifies>

accessed 3 April 2019

• Vanhala L, ‘Anti-Discrimination Policy Actors and their use of Litigation Strategies:

The Influence of Identity Politics’ (2009) 16(5) Journal of European Public Policy 738
<https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760902983473> accessed 20 December 2018

• Vanhala L, 'Successful Use Of Strategic Litigation By The Voluntary Sector On

Issues Related To Discrimination And Disadvantage: Key Cases From The UK' (The
Baring Foundation Working Paper 3/2017) <https://baringfoundation.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/WorkingPaper3.pdf> accessed 13 January 2019

• Vanhala L, 'Case Study Of Just For Kids Law’s Strategic Intervention In The UK
Supreme Court: R (Tigere) V Secretary Of State For Business, Innovation And Skills'
(Just For Kids Law 2017) <https://www.justforkidslaw.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/11/JFKL-Tigere-Report-AWd.pdf> accessed 18 December
2018

• Vanhala L and Kinghan J, ‘Using the Law for Social Change: A Landscape Review’
(2018) The Baring Foundation Working Paper 4/2018, 10
<https://baringfoundation.org.uk/resource/using-the-law-for-social-change-a-
landscape-review/> accessed 12 January 2019

• Vanhala L and Kinghan J ‘Literature Review on the Use and Impact of Litigation’
(Public Law Project 2018) <https://publiclawproject.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2018/04/Literature-Review.pdf> accessed 12 December 2018

• Young, Gifted and Blocked (Let us Learn/Just for Kids Law)

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BumdwKTbyZQ> accessed 12 March 2019