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6iiMii m
‘Now at U. of Tulss Reservoir extent, continuity, and flow capacity are paramount
‘“Nw at U. of Mis.souri-Rolls
characteristics that are considered when developing models.
LXpyright 1S9S, society of Petroleum Enginsers that predict reservoir performance while using alternative
This psper w prepared for presentation in the SPE Annual Technical Conference & depletion strategies, such as during fluid-injection projects or
Exhibition held in Oalias, U. S.A., 22-25 October, 1SS5. enhanced recovery.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committes following review of Reservoir producing conditions to which this technique can
information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, ss be readily applied are those whose actual bottom-ho!e
presented, havs not besn reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Enginsers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, ss presentsd, doss not neceassrily reflect any flowing pressure (BHFP) closely approximates a constant
pos~ion of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Pqxms presented at value. Most wells, however, produce with variable BHFP.
SPE meetings are subjact to publication review by Eddorial Commitaas of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Permissmn to copy is restricted to an sbstrsct of not more than 200 The work presented here focuses on an alternative rate-
words. Illustrations may not bs copied. The abstract should contsin conspicuous ac.knc+vhdg cumulative type-curve format whereby variable BHFP is
ment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 2328SS, . 1.,–– .- —L-:—:—
—L-.L .L-
Richardson. TX 75083-3836, U. S.A.. fas 01-214-952-94S5 incorporateci into &lmensioniess varlames comammg oum uw
production rate and the cumulative production providing a
Abstract unified approach that can be applied to any reasonable
This paper presents an analysis technique for characterizing variability in the producing rate or flowing pressure history.
reservoirs from production performance. Unique to this The proposed method, with application to single phase and
technique is the incorporation of the instantaneous bottom- multiphase flow, provides the practicing engineer a better
hole flowing pressure (BHFP) to both the production rate method for decline curve analysis and therefore propagates
and to the cumulative production for a well depleting a better reservoir characterization from production data.
reservoir. This allows a single rate/cumulative analysis for
wells producing with constant BHFP, constant rate, and wells Pressure Normalization
with variable rate or variable BHFP (includlng wells with One advancement in decline-curve analysis presented here
shutins). This solution provides a powerful diagnostic type- inciudes pressure normalization of cumulative production.
curve which can be generated with almost any wellbore/res- Like pressure normalization of production rate, variations in
ervoir situation encountered. Extension of the method to gas bottom-hole flowing pressure (BHFP) are accounted for by
reservoirs through use of pseudopressure and viscosity- dividing cumulative production by the pressure difference
compressibility normalization allows these wells to be between initial and bottom-hole flowing pressures. The
analyzed using the slightly-compressible fluid solution. Well technique of combining pressure-normalized production rate
performance during transient flow and depletion flow are (PNR) and pressure-normalized cumulative production
examined. Simulation results are compared with the analytic (PNC) is an improvement over rate normalization alone in
solution. The use of spreadsheets to perform well test the analysis of reservoirs based on production data.
analysis is also demonstrated. To apply this technique, determination of BHFP from
surface-measured flowing-tubing pressure (FTP) is required
Introduction along with determination of the original static reservoir
Recently, decline-curve analysis has expanded to permit pressure. Data can then be presented by plotting PNR versus
engineers to analyze a petroleum reservoir directly in regard PNC. This technique is then extended for use with gas
to its fluid-flow characteristics and its volumetric extent using reservoirs by further incorporating changes in viscosity and
rate-time type-curves of the constant terminal pressure compressibility during reservoir depletion.
soiution of the ilffusivity equation. Tiiis anaiysis is of This technique relies heavily on either measured BHFP or
enormous value to reservoir managers whose goal is to lTP. However, unlike with superposition techniques, it does
maximize oil and gas production from a petroleum reservoir. refit w~~II;r- the entire flndssu nreccnre
.~= . WY-. v . ..-- . . ...” -------- ~. -w--- -
h~~~~~~ f~~ ~ Weiij
947
2 RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE HISTORY MATCHING USING RATE/CUMULATIVE TYPE-CURVES SPE 030793
dimensionless variables. The single-phase dimensionless rate, exponential in the rate decline, giving credence to the semi-
q~, is defined (in field units) as log decline-curve plot used by industry for decades. This
discovery allowed a much simpler analytic expression for
141.2qBp flow rate during the boundary-dominated flow period. The
qD = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(1) exponential decline equation using dimensionless variables
kh(Pi-Pwf) ““““
normaliid by area and geometry is:
Where q is the production rate (STB/d), B is the formation
volume factor (rb/STB), p is the fluid viscosity (cp), k is the qdD ‘exp(-tdD) . . ..-. o ----------- ‘--..0----(7)
permeability (red), his the formation height (ft), Pi and Pti
are the initial reservoir pressure and the wellbore flowing These variables have an additional lower case “d”for decline-
pressure (psia) respectively. Dimensionless time, t~, is curve and are more convenient for type-curve presentation
defined ax during boundary-dominated flow. Decline-curve dimension-
less time, rate, and cumulative become:
tD =
.006328M
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) tD
Ovc?:a =—. . . . . . . . .OOOoo. . ...””” ““””””” “ . . (8)
‘dD (a13)
The additional terms used in this expression are t for time
l..J-....\
(uays), @ fGi pilidy (fF~&d), ~ k tk kjd SySklii
q~~ =J3qD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(9)
Compressibility (psi-l), and rm is the apparent wellbore
radius (ft). The dimensionless external radlu~ re~ is defined QdD _ QD
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (lo)
ax
SPE 030793 J.G. CALLARD AND P.A. SCHENEWERK 3
Normalizing Circular
Factors Circular &&!Q Lw!M!!
Where the area and geometry normalizing factors for late the transition from infinite-actimz to boundary-dominat-
circular reservoirs are defined by ed flow periods as a function of dimensionle& external
radius and also state that for all dimensionless external
radius the transition can be approximated by a dimensionless
‘eD2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11)
a=— time based on drainage area of 0.1. Were this dimensionless
2 time is defined ax
J3=ln(reD)-* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12) ~
. . (13)
‘DA =tD2jL” ””””””””””””””’””” ““”””””””
when reD >30
For non-circular reservoirs the Dietz Shape factor4, Ca, is Bounded Reservoirs: Rate-Cumulative Type-CurveS
included. Definitions in the general case and for circular The alternative constant pressure type-curve for flow rate
reservoirs with r=n < 30 are given by Chen and Poston5 in data is the rate-cumulative type-curve shown in Fig. 2. Rate-
Table 1. ‘- cumuiative type-curves tili be shown to offer a enormous
Eqs. 11 and 12 can be obtained from the General column advantage over rate-time type-curves because they are
by substitution of appropriate definitions of area and value equally applicable for constant pressure performance as well
for Dietz Shape factor for circular reservoirs. as variable pressure performance.
I
3’,
i
.-J—<,
I
ma i
&ml 0$01 Onl al
QTIIl
Fig. 1- Rate-Time Decline Type-Curve (RTDTC) (after Fetkovich* and Fig. 2- Rate-Cumulative Oaotine Type-Curve (RCDTC)
Ehlig-Economides and Ramey7)
949
SPE 030793
4 RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE HISTORY MATCHING USING RATE/CUMULATIVE TYPE-CURVES
To examine the abtlity to predict flow rates as function of dimensionless rate or reciprocal dimensionless pressure over
dimensionless cumulative production, the exponential decline the dimensionless time period displayed.
Secondly, while dimensionless rate and dimensionless
equation:
reciprocal pressure diverge at the end of the infinite-acting
sexp(-fdD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (14) period (inflection from convex to concave) on the RTDTC,
!?dD(fdD)
they continue to track during the boundary-dominated
portion on the RCDTC.
iscomblned with the cumulative-time relationship:
_ew(-fdD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(15)
f&)(t~D)
=1 10
1 Mi ‘1
which yields
relationship:
the boundary-dominated rate-cumulative
a ‘:
k ~’.,
‘1
;;:.%%0
reD = 1128
,
,/ ‘
t ‘. reD = 1000
. \
10,000
_QdD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W)
qdD(QdD)= 1
ii 0.,
5.615B (Q/A~)M z
\i A=— >fl ................”..(18)
00:.
O.Cal O.vol 0.01 0,3 1 10
@~lc, (QdD)M
WI
This can be rearranged to solve for the pore volume> Vp:
=b.
r my.n
.J -- nTnTP. . . .. . . .. .❑..-4a
“ .“. ”. PAW.*-A .. .lPAne**&
. . .. . . .. Dra-nma Cmmnarisan -- = ~ (Q/A~)M ., (10)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~-.,
r
. ------- --. --r------- -, Jmf......
‘P
Cr (QdD) M
F@. 3 and 4 reveal two very important properties. First,
infinite-acting data lying on the dimensionless external radius Eq. 18 can also be used to determine the external drainage
of 1000 branch fits either type-curve equally well. This is due radlux
in part to the logarithmic approximation being valid for
950
SPE 030793 J.G. CALIARD AND P.A. SCHENEWERK 5
‘e =
J$fi ”””””””””’”””””””””””””””””””@’) One specific advantage of this technique is the match
between the field data and the analytic solution can be
displayed on one graph. Dimensionless rate and cumulative
To calculate permeability and skh, enough early time data production data during the infinite-acting period used in Fig.
must be available to determine a dimensionless external 2 obtained from Ehlig-Economides9 can alternative
radius. Selecting a dimensionless external radius combined obtained by combining van Everdingen and Hurst J,:
with the effective external radius calculated from the area Sengulll. With infinite-acting dimensionless rate and cumula-
(eq. 18) provides the apparent wellbore radius. Rearrange- tive tabular dat~ branches for specific dimensionless external
ment of eq. 3 radks can be generated using eqs. 8 through 12. The
exponential solution, Eq. 7, can be used to generate bound-
ary-dominated data after a tDA >0.1.
‘e
r wa =—. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (21)
‘eD Application to Gas Reservoirs
Two major assumptions, constant fluid compressibility and
Allows skb to be calculated using rearrangement of eq. 4.
constant fluid viscosity, inherent to the development of the
An assumption of reservoir geometry is not required to liquid solution require additional handling for the prediction
solve for reservoir size or skin effect because the reservoir of flow rates and pressures for gas reservoirs. In 1%7 Al-
shape factor is not involved. To determine permeabMy, an
Hussainy et al. 12 defined gas pseudopressure as
assumed geometry (usually radial) is used to calculate B (eq.
12 or Table 1- General). No signiihnt difference occurs p
selecting among other symmetrical drainage patterns such as
P* = Z &p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (23)
a well in the center of a square.
The vertical axes alignment along with a calculated or ( pz
approximated value of fi is used to determine permeability
Where the compressibility factor, z, and the viscosity, p (cp),
are pressure dependent functions.
~ _ 14123UJ3 @?/Ap)M Gas pseudopressure represents the potential difference or
. . ,md . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (22)
11 @dD)M driving force of fluid flow in the reservoir. Substitution of
pseudopressure in dimensionless rate results in the following
definition for gas reservoirs
Rate-Cunmlative data Dimensionless Ad c
h
— Olatiw
u n 1422qOT feA\
D F%mneter
mock
%)= ‘a
k#(pPi-pPwf)
““”” ”””” ”””” ”””” ”””” ”””” (L+)
951
6 RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE HISTORY MATCHING USING RATE/CUMUb4TlVE TYPE-CURVES SPE 030793
‘@cf)idQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(27)
‘OQdf. .. .. ... Q.(U -c) = —
fn(p -c) = —
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25) I Pcl
[ WI
A derivation for normalized cumulative paralleling that of
In eq. 25 viscosity and compressibility are evaluated at normalized time by Fraim and Wattenbarger14 can be found
average reservoir pressure. Dimensionless normalized in reference 15 and results in the definition of viscosity-com-
decline-curve dimensionless time becomes pressibility normalized decline-curve cumulative:
“~s~gfn(lf -c)
9.WQn(U.c)T ..
t~~ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (26) Q@ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . (28)
@(Pc~)i ~toaan 2 (Ppl.-PPWf)a
~]~(~cl) i ‘Wa
Fu. 6 presents simulator generated production versus both The additional subscript “(p-c)” in the variables defined in
dimensionless time and versus dimensionless normalized eqs. 25 and 27 indicate Viscosity-compressibility normaliza-
time for “Case 1 - Circular reservoir” from Fraim and tion.
Wattenbarger 14. This technique involves successive approxi- Handling viscosity and compressibility in the cumulative
mations of gas in place (GIP) using the gas material balance, term also provides a simpler computation method for
to interrelate average pressure through cumulative produc- normalization since fractional recovery, Q/GIp and p/z are
tion to time. The method of computation for normalized linearly related by the material balance equation:
time requires a summation of time steps that is sensitive to
step size.
. . . . . (29)
0
A..\\i\\\%.[z
. Gas’ gr’atity
= 0.601
‘ \.
~
— ‘.
0.01 j
:
lquid sdutii 1,. . h 0.5
‘. .; ~
i
I
1.
4.
n.k . 104
OdOJ& , , ,i h ,
0.3 p
Ml 0.1 1 10
tdo
02
\\ ‘“’
.. .. ;01
0.1
\ ,
j,, ,,, ,,, .\,
Fig. 6- RTDTC: Gas Well with Constant BHFP (after Fraim and o +0
o 0.1 0.2 41 0.4 4.6 0,8 0? 08 0.$ 1
Wattenbsrger’4) Q/GIP or (1-(P/z)/(P/zh)
,
952
SPE 030793 J.G. CALLARD AND P.A. SCHENEWERK 7
The normalizing factor (upper curve) and the viscosity- limited amount of flowing pressure data available and
compressibdity product ratio (lower curve) are shown versus because the drawdown is variable in pressure and variable in
fractional recovery for the fluid properties associated with rate. Table 2 presents reservoir and production data.
“Case 1 - Circular reservoir”. Also shown as solid triangles The numerically simulated data was generated for a well in
along the lower curve are viscosity-compressibility product the center of a square. The data plot for this is presented in
ratio data from Fraim and Wattenbarger 14. Techniques for Fig. 9 showing PPNR versus PPNC. The immediate observa-
calculating viscosity and compressibility are developed in tion is that all data is concave to the origin indicating
Reference 15. Normalized cumulative production of field boundary-dominated data and therefore the RCDTC can be
data can then obtained by rearrangement of eq. 30: used.
Qn(fl-c) =~,,(u-c) Q”””””””””-”””-”-” .“--””” (31) Table 2- Reservoir and Production Data for Garb
“Case 1“
Therefore, cumulative production combined with a choice of
GIP yields fraction recovery. And fractional recovery yields Permeability to gas
-.. —
0.3 md
the viscosity-compressibility normalization factor by numeri- UP 4.0s BCF
Height 80 ft
cal integration of gas fluid properties.
Temperature 636 “R
Rate data from Fig. 6 was used with cumulative production Porosity 10 %
obtained by re-simulating Fraim and Wattenbarger14 “Case Gas gravity 0.7
1 - Circular reservoir” using a personal computer (PC) Gas Saturation 75 %
version of Boast II lb and is presented on the RCDTC show Initial Pressure 2500 psia
in Fig. 8.
Year Rate Cumulative BHFP PP
Ww * JwU!2E!
10~—–——-—–———-
o 0 0 2500 .4767 + E9
1 Im 365 1604 .2108+E9
2 10C4) 730 1361 .1538+E9
3 800 1022 1352 .1519+E9
4 800 1314 1153 .1116+E9
5 600 1533 1216 .1238+E9
6 m 1752 1071 .9762 + E8
7 400 1898 1197 .1200+E9
8 4002044 1107 .1032+E9
.4
UJ{!W-, –---r-, ~~lTmJ--Y ,,lr, -
Q/(m-m’n MrFhi--%
size of the field data and normalizes singie phase gas fiow to
the liquid solution. Both of these advantages will be demon-
Fig. 9- oats Plot for Garb ~.’7 Case 1.
strated in the following application.
Example Application: Gas Well The cumulative normalization factor was determined as a
Data for this example comes from Garb et al. 17, and also function of gas fluid properties similar to Fig. 7 and a
Rodgers et al. 18. This e~mple was selected because of the polynomial curve fit of the factor as a function of fractional
953
8 Reservoir PERFORMANCE HISTORY MATCHING USINGRATE/CUMUUTIVE WPE-CURVES SPE
‘- 030793
\
Cimwt
Pklt Pm
Bate and
w PPNC
Fhsrum Ma to PF?W and PPN(
Mennine If Bxmdarv
DOnun.9kl
: -> ,
(-
J
+
No Yes
MA from Garb’sMe 1
‘:-----’’-~””
+ %
i i
c“ 5,
%“
. b
\,
0.1;
J Detennme
pe&eatility’ and dim L _——’
,
954
SPE 030793 J.G. CALIARD AND P.A. SCHENEWERK 9
PNR = pressure normalized production rate (STB/d/psi) the Production Capacity of a Well,” Trans. AIME (1953)
PNC= pressure normalized cumulative production 198, 171-176.
(STB/psi) 2 Uraite, A.A. and Raghavan, R.: “Unsteady Flow to a
PPNR = pseudopressure normalized rate Well Producing at a Constant Pressure,’’.lPT (Oct. 1980)
PPNC= pseudopressure normalized cumulative 1803-12.
pD . dimensionless pressure 3 Tsarevich, K.A. and Kuranov, I.F.: “Calculation of the
pdt) = decline-curve dimensionless pressure Flow Rates for the Center Well in a Circular Reservoir
gas pseudopressure (psiz/cp) under Elastic Condhions,” Problents of Reservoir Hydro-
}: initial pressure (psia) dynamics, Part Z, Leningrad (1956) 9-34.
Pp;= initial pseudopressure (psi2/cp) 4 Eadougher, R.C. Jr.: Advances in Wel[ Test Analysis,
P*= flowing bottom-hole pressure (psia) Henry L. Doherty Series, SPE, Richardson, TX (1977)
Ppd= flowing bottom-hole pseudopressure (psi2/cp) 5.
q= flow rate (STB/d) 5 Chen, H.Y. and Poston, S.W.: “Application of a Pseudo-
9g= gas flow rate (MCF/d) time Function To Permit Better Decline-Curve Analy-
qD . dimensionless flow rate sis,” SPEFE (Sep 1989) 421-428.
qdD = decline-curve dimensionless flow rate 6 Fetkovich, M.J.,: “Decline Curve Analysis Using Type
Q= cumulative production (STB for oil, MCF for gas) Curves,” JPT (June 1980) 1065-77.
Qn(u.c)= viscosity-compressibility normalized cumulative 7 Ehlig-Economides, C.A. and Ramey, H.J. Jr.: ‘Transient
production (MCF) Rate Decline Analysis for Wells Produced at Constant
~QD : dimensionless cumulative production Pressure,” SPEJ (Feb 1981) 98-104.
=Ctil
~~~!~~~-rllweAim
--- . - ~A... en.innlec.c,,m,,l
”..”. ”... w,”uu ... -.=..nti.,~p~~~~~f~~fi
. “ 8 &li~Uuh~r.
0----, R
-----C .Tr
. . .. Rame.v
-._--. -J, H
---- .1 Jr
-.., Miller
. .. ... . . . .F .-.,
C, and
----
RCDTC= rate-cumulative decline type-curve Mueller, T.D.: “Pressure Distributions in Rectangular
RTDTC= rate-time decline type-curve Reservoirs,” JPT (Feb. 1%8) 199-208.
rw= wellbore radius (ft) 9 Ehlig-Economides, C.A.: “Well Analysis for Wells
rm = apparent wellbore radius (ft) Produced at a Constant Pressure,” PhD dissertation,
re= external radius (ft) Stanford U., Stanford, CA (June 1979).
reD= dimensionless external radius 10 van Everdingen, A.F. and Hurst, W.: ‘The Application
s= dimensionless skin of the Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems in
STB = stock tank barrel (5.615 ft3) Reservoirs,” Trans., AIME (1949) 186,305-324.
T= reservoir temperature ~R) 11 Sengul, M.M.: “Analysis of Step-Pressure Tests,” paper
t= time, days SPE 12175 presented at the 1983 Annual Technical
*n(u-c) = viscosity-compressibility normalized time (days) Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, Oct. 5-8.
tD = dimensionless time 12 A1-Hussainy, R., Ramey, H.J., Jr., and Crawford, P.B.:
fDA = ml-- n---- –L-n –-1 n----
HOW 01 Keal Uases
ml-.-..–]- m– --- n. .>.. “ rr,w
I nrougn rorus Meala, Jr f
ciimensioniess time based on drainage area I m
tdD= decline-curve dimensionless time (May 1966) 637-64% Trans., AIME, 237.
Vp= pore volume (Bbl) 13 Carter, R. D.: “Type Curves for Finite Radial and Linear
z= gas compressibility factor (dimensionless) Gas-Flow Systems Constant-Terminal-Pressure Case,”
SPEI (Ott 1985) 719-28.
Greek 14 Fraim, M.L. and Wattenbarger, R.A.: “Gas Reservoir
a= decline-curve normalizing factor Decline-Curve Analysis Using Type Curves with Real
13= decline-curve normaltilng factor Gas Pseudopressure and Normalized Time,” SPEFE
@= porosity (fraction) (Dee 1987) 671-682.
p. fluid viscosity (cp) 15 Canard, J.G.: “Reservoir Performance History Matching
Using Type-Curves,” PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State
Subscripts U., Baton Rouge, LA (1994).
M= match point in type-curve matching 16 Stapp, L.G. and Allison, E.C.: “Handbook for Personal
Computer Version of Boast II: A Three-Dimensional,
Acknowledgments Three-Phase Black Oil Applied Simulation Tool,” U.S.
The author recognizes the Department of Energy grant Department of Energy Bartlesville Project Office,
SBIR/DOE DE-FG05-90ER80976 and the Society of Bartlesville, Ok. (Jan. 1989).
Petroleum Engineers for financial contributions. 17 Garb, F.A., Rodgers, J.S., and Prasad, R.K.: “13nd Gas
In-Place from Shut-In or Flowing Pressures,” Oil& Gas
References J. (July 1973) 58-64.
1 van Everdingen, A.F.:” The Skin Effect and Its Influence
955
.
956