Problem 1

Two different streams of ideal gases are mixed in a steady-flow chamber while receiving heat from the
surroundings. The mixing process takes place at constant pressure with no work and negligible changes in kinetic
and potential energies. Assume the gases have constant specific heats.

a) Write balance equations for mass, energy, entropy and exergy.

Obtain an expression for

b) the exiting volume flow rate

c) the mixture volume flow rate for adiabatic mixing,
d) the mixture molar mass M3
e) the mixture volume flow rate for adiabatically mixing and
for the same two ideal gases

in terms of the heat transfer rate, the mass flow rates, specific heats,
temperatures, pressure of the three streams and universal gas constant.
a) Write balance equations for mass, energy, entropy and exergy.

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3

𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 (𝑜𝑟 𝑚ሶ 𝑚 ℎ𝑚 )

𝑚ሶ 1 𝑐𝑃,1 𝑇1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑐𝑃,2 𝑇2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑐𝑃,3 𝑇3

𝑐𝑃,3 =?

𝑚ሶ 1 𝑚ሶ 2
𝑐𝑃,3 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 = 𝑐𝑃,1 + 𝑐
𝑚ሶ 3 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑃,2

𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷

b) The expression for the exit volume flow rate is obtained as follows:

𝑇3 =? 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑐𝑃,1 𝑇1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑐𝑃,2 𝑇2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑐𝑃,3 𝑇3

For adiabatic mixing???

b) The expression for the exit volume flow rate is obtained as follows:

c) the expression for the

exiting volume flow rate at a
special case of adiabatic
mixing?
d) The mixture molar mass M3 is found as follows

e) When adiabatically mixing the same two ideal gases, the mixture volume flow rate becomes
Problem 2

As shown in the figure, an equivalent mixture of helium and argon gases is used as the working fluid in a gas-
turbine. The mixture enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and 1300 K and expands isentropically to a pressure of 200
kPa.
(a) Write energy balance equation
(b) Calculate the exit temperature and
(c) Calculate the specific work output of the turbine.

The molar masses and specific heats of He and Ar are

4.0 kg/kmol, 40.0 kg/kmol, 5.1926 kJ/kgoC, and 0.5203 kJ/kgoC, respectively.

Take k = 1.667 for both gases.

Problem 2

Helyum ve Argon gazlarının eşit mol oranlarında karışımı gaz türbininde iş akışkanı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Karışım
türbine 2,5 MPa basınç, 1300 K sıcaklıkta girmekte ve izantropik olarak 200 kPa basınca genişlemektedir.

a) Enerji denge denklemini yazınız.

b) Çıkış sıcaklığını hesaplayınız.
c) Karışımın birim kütlesi için türbinde yapılan işi hesaplayınız.

Helyum ve Argonun molar kütleleri ve özgül ısıları

sırasıyla 4,0 kg/kmol, 40,0 kg/kmol, 5,1926 kJ/kg°C ve 0,5203 kJ/kg°C’dir.

Her iki gaz için k=1,667’dir

An equimolar mixture of helium and argon gases expands in a turbine. The isentropic work output of the turbine is to be
determined.

Assumptions
• Under specified conditions both He and Ar can be treated as ideal gases, and the mixture as an ideal gas mixture.
• The turbine is insulated and thus there is no heat transfer.
• This is a steady-flow process.
• The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Properties
The molar masses and specific heats of He and Ar are 4.0 kg/kmol, 40.0 kg/kmol, 5.1926 kJ/kg. C, and 0.5203
kJ/kg. C, respectively. (Table A-1 and Table A-2).
a) Energy Balance Equations
𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇

𝑚ሶ 1 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇2 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇

𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 = 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇2 + 𝑤𝑇
The Cp and k values of this equimolar mixture are determined from;

𝑐𝑝 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑓𝐻𝑒 𝑐𝑝 𝐻𝑒 + 𝑚𝑓𝐴𝑟 𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑟
 Isentropic Relations
b) the He-Ar mixture can be treated as a single ideal gas for Ideal Gas:
(Because k = 1.667 for both gases!)
𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑉1
For isentropic processes, =
𝑇1 𝑠=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑉2

𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
=
𝑇1 𝑠=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑃1

𝑘
𝑃2 𝑉1
=
𝑃1 𝑠=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑉2

c) From the energy balance equation of the turbine,

𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇
If the turbine
𝑚ሶ 1 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇2 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 has an
isentropic
𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 = 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇2 + 𝑤𝑇 efficiency of
80% ???
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑇 = 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 0.945 𝑘𝑔𝐾 × 1300 − 473.2 𝐾 = 781.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
If the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 80%

𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1300 − 𝑇2
𝜂𝑇 = So, 0.8 = 𝑇2 = 638.56 𝐾
𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 − 𝑇2𝑠 1300 − 473.2

From the energy balance equation of the turbine,

𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑇 = 𝑐𝑃,𝑚 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 0.945 × 1300 − 638.56 𝐾 = 625.06 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔𝐾
Problem 3
A rigid tank that contains 2 kg of N2 at 25°C and 550 kPa is connected to another rigid tank that contains 4 kg of O2
at 25°C and 150 kPa. The valve connecting the two tanks is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mix. The final
mixture temperature is 25°C.

(The molar masses of N2 and O2 are 28.0 and 32.0 kg/kmol, respectively. The gas constant Ru = 8.31447 kJ/kmol·K)

Find the volumes of N2 and O2 and the final pressure of the mixture
Problem 3
25°C sıcaklık, 550 kPa basınçta 2 kg N2 ve 25°C sıcaklık, 150 kPa basınçta 4 kg O2 bulunan iki sabit hacimli tank
birbirlerine bir vana ile bağlanmıştır. Vana açıldığında gazlar karışmakta ve karışımın son sıcaklığı 25°C olmaktadır.

(N2 ve O2’nin molar kütleleri sırasıyla 28,0 ve 32,0 kg/kmol’dür. Gaz sabiti Ru=8,31447 kJ/kmol·K’dir).

N2 ve O2’nin hacimlerini ve karışımın son basıncını bulunuz.

Assumptions Under specified conditions both N2 and O2 can be treated as ideal gases, and the mixture as an ideal gas
mixture

Properties The molar masses of N2 and O2 are 28.0 and 32.0 kg/kmol, respectively. The gas constants of N2 and O2 are
0.2968 and 0.2598 kPa·m3/kg·K, respectively (Table A-1).

The volumes of the tanks are

 Problem 4
As shown in the figure, we remove the partition and allow Ne at 20oC and 100 kPa in one compartment and Ar at 50oC
and 200 kPa in the other one to mix. The volume of each compartment is 0.45 m3. During mixing, a total of 15 kJ of
heat is lost to the surroundings.

a) the final mixture temperature

b) the final mixture pressure.

The molar masses and specific heats of Ne and Ar are 20.18 kg/kmol, 39.95 kg/kmol,
0.6179 kJ/kg°C, and 0.3122 kJ/kg°C.)
Problem 4
0.9 m3 hacminde, sabit hacimli kapalı bir kap iki eşit bölmeye ayrılmıştır. Başlangıçta bölmelerden birinde 20 oC
sıcaklıkta ve 100 kPa basınçta neon gazı (Ne), diğerinde ise 50 oC ve 200 kPa basınçta argon gazı (Ar) bulunmaktadır.
Daha sonra bölmeleri ayıran perde kaldırılmakta ve gazların karışması sağlanmaktadır. Hal değişimi sırasında 20 oC
sıcaklıktaki çevreye 15 kJ ısı geçişi olmaktadır.

a) Son haldeki karışımın sıcaklığını,

b) Son haldeki karışımın basıncını,
The temperatures and pressures of two gases forming a mixture are given. The final mixture temperature and pressure
are to be determined.

Assumptions
- Under specified conditions both Ne and Ar can be treated as ideal gases, and the mixture as
an ideal gas mixture.
- There are no other forms of work involved.

Properties
The molar masses and specific heats of Ne and Ar are 20.18 kg/kmol, 39.95 kg/kmol, 0.6179 kJ/kg. C,
and 0.3122 kJ/kg. C, respectively. (Tables A-1 and A-2).

Analysis The mole number of each gas is

We take both gases as the system. No work or mass crosses the system boundary, therefore this is a
closed system with W = 0. Then the conservation of energy equation for this closed system reduces to

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝑁𝑒 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐴𝑟 = 15 𝑘𝐽

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝑁𝑒 = 𝑚𝑁𝑒 𝑐𝑣 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑁𝑒 = 0.0185 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 20.18 × 0.6179 × (20℃ − 𝑇𝑚 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔℃

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐴𝑟 = 𝑚𝐴𝑟 𝑐𝑣 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝐴𝑟 = 0.0335 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 39.95 × 0.3122 × (50℃ − 𝑇𝑚 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔℃
 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
0.0185 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 20.18 × 0.6179 × 20℃ − 𝑇𝑚 + 0.0335 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 39.95 × 0.3122 × 50℃ − 𝑇𝑚
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔℃ 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔℃
= 15 𝑘𝐽

So, 𝑇𝑚 = 16.2 ℃

The final pressure in the tank is determined from