CAMBRIDGE CHECKPYINT AND BEYOND Complete Mathematics “@; ifoya @r-naele) ale le (-maemmD ee Zs OC Rca eMC CC LLaUT Clara OXFORDAbout this book 4a 42 43 Sa 52 53 54 Fractions and indices Working with fractions Indices Consolidation Summary Expressions and formulae The origins of algebra and algebraic express Simplifying and indices Expanding brackets Factorising expressions Algebraic fractions ‘The product of two linear expressions Substitution into expressions and formulae Changing the subject of a formula Consolidation Summary Shapes and mathematical drawings ‘Three-) =o one 3 Simplify a @xEKe bl TKaK I” © ¥ x3" x a 10x 10x 10° 4 Simplify these, if possible, leaving the answer in index form, If tis not possible, explain why. a Bx? b 2x3 o xe xs? a atxaxa 5 Copy and complete: Boe x 3 Sonne 3x ipsa yolks ARS@ee in Inder (erat a 6 +6 b sss e) i 1g) dd) 7 e 20° + 20° tf g+q g hee h yey i i k 8p =p 6x6 + 2? 10m! + Qn?Zero and negative indices What does 5° mean?) 25 = 1, but Using symbols, a=1 Indices can also be negative For example, Gud 6X6X6 5067 = Using symbols, Using the order of operations, including brackets and powers ‘The order of operations (BIDMAS) also applies to indices. Remember, in calculations we do: Br ‘Then Indices (or powers) ‘Then Division and Multiplication ‘Then Addition and Subtraction Simplify: 16 < 2° 16x 2° = 16x =16x§ Simplity ~6KOXGX6X6 6X6 bur 6° + 6 = 6 = 67 1 ‘kets first (note long dividing lines act like brackets) This long dividing line acts like brackets. Wore out the numerator and. derowinator first. (Brackets on Ure vumeraker are worked. out first lh Then the power of 2 GPP w Fe y Fo FOHD @ G20 Gren the division 4-5 = 3s Exercise 1D 2 Copy and complete: a P+ b +3 0 7+? d 9%+9%= 9 = 2 Write down the value of: a 3° 7? o Cf meg 3 Copy and complete:4 Write asa fraction a 7! boa! ca ds! oes f3e) 5 Write in index form: 1 1 25 pe 1 1 4 500 “2 6 Fink a S+5' bs 7 By considering 4? + 4°, show thai d? = 4, 8 By considering 9° ~ 9%, show that 9° = d. 9 Look carefully atthe first two examples below: ‘Then copy and complete the list. ate Siu? 01-7 = 10 001 =745 = 107 100 om = 75-0 1000 0.001 = 0 =O 0.00001 = F(2>) InvesTicarion A3 <3 x3 cube made up of 27 smaller cubes is painted ‘green on its outside. How many of the smaller cubes are unpainted? How many of the smaller cubes have 4 face painted? 2 faces painted? 3 faces painted? What about a4 x 4% 4 cube made up of 64 smaller cubes? Copy and complete the table, Number of faces painted on smaller cubes an you spot any rules? What about a 13 x 13 x 13 cube? Exercise 1E 4A piece of ribbon is 50cm long. How many 105 cm lengths of ribbon can be cut irom it? How much ribbon is left over? 2 Twalk } km to school, then 2 km to the store, then 1] km back home. How fardo [walk altogether? 3° Oneach bounce a ball rises to 3 of its height at the start of the bounce, To what height wil it rise after the fourth bounce. if it was originally dropped from a height of 81cm? 4 A bottle of juice holds 2} litres. How many glasses of juice ean be poured from the bottle ifeach glass holds * litre? 5 A Hlitre jug is filled with milk. It is used to fill two cups, one holding litre the other’ litre, How much milk remains in the jug? 3h 6 Caleulate the exact value of 2 How many quarters in 162 How many thirds in 3? What is a tenth of 10? ‘Whit is three tenths of 3? Find a tenth of three quarters of $800. Find three quarters of a tenth of $800, ce aoc 9 Leon has made a mistake in his homework, “The question is: 22 35 Leon has written: Ly sheat IB X= XT What mistake hay he made?Consolidation Example 4 Work out . a %+2 pb axa 6 H+ 43 a b atx22 etal Exercise 1 Stats eeepc’: 2 Work out: 20 20 = 12 And a2 . a, ee 2 3 2 1b 4 Simplify: oe Io Bs 5 ce ate 4? d axaixa -2 e atxae gl ¢ Gea (@xeF (xs? Example 3 e (3? = 8°) Stitt 5 A piece of cloth is 44 m long. Amandeep used a Ux? b of it. What length did he use? (x 2 © Ii takcs 33 hours to plaster a wall. One third of this time is spent mixing the plaster. How long. does the actual plastering take?” 7 Jani e bought 6 metres of cloth. She used. metres. What fraction did she use?8 7) kg of coffve are put into 1} kg bags. How many bags will be needed? 9 Atinholds 5; litres of oil How many }litre cans can be filled from it? 40 A piece of wood is metres ong. Eo aaeny eats ie Ga ec 44 A man’s work day is 8} hours, He spends 3{ hours dealing with customers and the remaining time working in his office. a What fraction of his work day does he spend with customers? What fraction of the whole day is he in s office? (Hint: think about how many hours there are ina whole day.) BU hieeeb aid You should know ... 1 How to add and subiruct fractions, For example. How to multiply and d For example. How to multiply and divide with indices, and about the zero index. Por example: UME C+G=6° Wes) 12. A man spends? of his weekly wage on food and 2 on rent. IPhe spends $200 on food, how uch does he spend on rent? £3] What are the numbers p, g. 7 and s if a 2=4t= 16 = 256 b 3 =9 =81 = 6561 14 Yal d ays that if he starts with a number squares it he ends up with the same number he started with, What could his number be? Is there more than one answer? Check out 1 Work out: i q cl a Work these out. Write your answers in index form. b stxs? TXT d 8x9? ae f 343 2a ihe?Expressions and formulae © Know the origins of the word algebra and its links to the work of the Arab mathematician Al’ Khwarizmi. Simplify or transform algebraic expressions by taking out single-term. common factors. Use index notation for positive integer powers; apply the index laws for multiplication and division to simple algebraic expressions. © Construct algebraic expressions. What’s the point’ Relationships between two variables are commonly exoressed in algebraic form, as equations. For example, the equation 0 = v x t relates distance travelled, D, by a car to its average speed, v, and the time taken, t. Before you start You should know ... 4. How to add and subtr For example: 8+ 3=8-3= 8-3=8+3=11 sgative numbers. Add and subtract simple algebraic fractions. Expand the product of two linear expressions of the form x + n and simplify the cortesponding quadratic expression. Substitute positive and negative numbers into expressions and formulee. Derive formulae and, in simple cases, change the subject; use formulae from mathematics and other subjects. Check in 2 Work out a 6+ 2 2-3 b ois a eOe LAA) DD How to multiply For example: if = land y then 2x + 3y=2X 10 +36 How to work wi For example: Tee ‘The lowest common multiple (ICM) is the smallest multiple common to two or more numbers. For example: ‘The LCM of 3 and 4 is 12. 2.1 The origins of algebra and algebraic expressions ‘Muhammad ibn Musa AF Khwatizmi was @ ‘mathematician who lived more than a thousand years ago. He worked in Baghdad at the “House of Wisdom’, where philosophical articles were writien and translated, He ‘worked with Hindu- Arabic numbers and was among the first 10 use zero as a placeholder, He wrote the first book ut algebra, called Al-Kiiab al-nukiuasar fi hisabs aljabr wo-l-mugaisala ot “The Compentious Book alculation by Completion and Balancing’. The word “algebra comes from the l-jabr of the book's ttle, and AV’ Khwarizmi is known as the ‘father of algebra’. Algebra involves using leters to stand for numbers, allowing us to manipulate letters in a similar way to numbers 3434+343=4x3=12 atatata-4Xa=4a 3x3xKax3=3 =81 axaxaxa=a 4a and a’ are algebraic expressions. This just means they contain letters to stand for numbers. Is+3 345 aa Ifa = Sand b = a ab b +d © a+2b d ab+2b Simplify: a Oxo b hae co +5 a 3x3 Find the LOM of: a ands b and 14 © 4and6 Construct an expression for the perimeter of this rectangle, 3d Perimeter = 3d +d + 3d +d 8a Id = 2em, then perimeter = 8 X 2em = 16emExercise 2A 10 Derive formula for A, the area of these rectangles each shape. a b * © aem/\aem ie am 3x aon ‘acm 2 4 Construct an expression for the perimeter of. © 414. Find the area, A. of the rectangles in pam Question 20 iF 1 x=Tandy = fi x=3andy 2 Find the perimeter of each shape in Question 2, ‘To convert a Celsius wher temperature, C, 10 a aa=5 ba=7 co a=12 Fahrenheit temperature, 3. Derive a formula for the perimeter, P. of each Fe roe F=3C+32 rectangle, 5 5h isused. »| a Water boils at 100°C. Di | ll f What Fahrenheit t ar temperature is this? ; b WhatCelsius A Which of these formulae can be used for the temperature is 32°F? perimeter of the rectangle in Question 3 a? a P=l+bti+b z 7 b 2+ 2b 2.2 Simplifying and indices © P=2i+b) In algebra, multiplication signs are often missed out 5 Find the perimeter, P, ofthe rectangle in Rivecsinis: Question 3 a, when: a f=66=3 b I= 12b=5 1petnm Tee 3X pX a= 3pq 6 Find the perimeter, P, of the rectangl Question 3b, when: 2X3xpXr= 6pr a 5y=2 b x= 10,» 7 Write ina shorter way: 2 Sm X 100 = 100mn a tee b Ty +9y ee © Stht8& od or—3r gee |e) = "ee ey f ae — Ttmay help you to use the longer form when 8 Find the value of cach expression in Question 7. Sienplifying trecaicas When. = 3,y = Sandz = 12, 9 The perimeter of a rectangle is given by the formula dee 2a) eXaXyRPRYXE where /is the length and w is the width of the 5 : ° pkg KUKAK AKER YKEXL What is the perimeter of rectangle with HXAKY KX IKIRL a [= 6em,w=4em _3Xxx b 1=9em,w = Sem? y BazUsing indices with algebra In Chapter 1 you learned about the rates for indices. Bastornaively using the rules for indices: You can use the same rules for alget bed able? _ ab! x pit? x oO? You can multiply expressions that are powers of the Gi be ERPS E same number or letter by adding the powers. For example: a Xa = (aXaXaXaxa) x (aXaXa) waite gt Similarly, you can divide expressions that are powers of the same number o letter by subtracting the powers. § _aXaxdx axaXd Exercise 2B ‘The rules for indices are (Note: Questions 6 and 7 are extension work.) exena 2. Simplity: erane adxd b @x@ Hl) e rx a ¥oxs oes e pXpxp f Xi x7? Note that negative powers yo beyond what you are goatxa hk pix ph expected to do at stage 9 and are included here as ont Xt Xe XK extension work. 2 Simplify, leaving your answerin index form. ag+q bwoP ey a 8p’ + 2p" f 14y!? = 7° Sox ae 3 PX apap b 32 x8 x 2 moe = mt a d= 109° = sq 3B ‘xe 3x4xX¥ X¥ 4 @aadxaexexd =a =a' Use the method above to simplify: a (2) b (ec) e () @ (r)' e (ry f (3x)! ity CBC. 4. ab" Simplify “ay * pe 5 Write (a”)" in another way. : a cee ] Simplify: Multiply the two numerators together and the two r a ‘denominators together: a Pxexv ob pxpi=p e yxy? xy? d gxgteg a@boae ahbe [Z] Write with positive indices only: = AX AX BXEX EX EX AXBXHX DX EXE ap? b x?xx" xa! aK aX dX aX aXBRUEXBRERERERE ec qee¢ d yxySey? abe e (Px) = (Se) ob [0] Simplify’ a pq) b 3p4)? ap(grr)? - Gra) a 2ean) 3p Spr X 2gr Copy out the expressions below. Draw lines to show which are equivalent. One has been done for you. index. (ex py? (xp) FE Simplity: a b #xoexs e 4 (mx m*) xy? QxyF crn (Be For some further work on this, go to |weew oniinemathlearning.com/multiply-divide- ‘expressions.hitm! An expression is a collection of terms separated by plus or minus signs. Like terms are terms with the same combination of Tetters, raised to the same power. For example, in Bab + Sab +6 3ab and Sab are like terms, Similarly, 2a and Sa «ab? and W0ab> xy" and 6xy" are like terms, You can simplify expressions with several terms by collecting like terms together. ‘Simplify 3a + 4b — 2a + Sb xt 3p + Tx —12v a+ 4b — 2a + 5b = Ga = 2a) + (4b + 5b) =a+% + 3y + Tx — 12x = By + (x + Px —128) =3y- 4x You can simplify more complicated expressions in the sume way. 3pq — 8pq + 4pq cy + 2ab — Sey + 10ab + nf — n+ In? 3pq — Spa + 4pq = “pg ay + ab — Sxy + 1ab = (ay — Say) + ab + 10ab) xy + 12ab Qn? + mi? — n+ Im? = (2n = 2) + (a? + In?) =n? + 3m"Exercise 2¢ 7] Find the value of each expression when 41 Simplify: 2.n = 3and p= 4 a + 5x b a Sm+Tn+2p b ImxInxp ¢ 14h ~ 2b q © Smnp domn e Sa+3a-2 fF e pm f pte ei ne 5p i g mn 2p h pn+6 at eee k x+3e47% I Se ee 2 Collect like terms together und simplify bmn > Sm ~ 3mn a da +3a+ Th > 5b © 4Pm = Pm? b a+ 3+ 4a~+ 2 pyr — 9pgr ~ 13pqr © 4a + 9b = 2a 3b e 3x 5m @ Gx ~ 3y— 2+ Ty f ax Ib @ x-y~ 8 9y g Ta X3a° f Sxy + 2c — Bay — Se hh (-4pq) x (-2p%q') Bab + pq — ab + 5; 10m? +2 ho @ 4+ + ba? - 3h J Tab) + 2ab 14a -a-a@' +5a ko 4cs 78 3° Simplify the expressions: Vo deta? + 3P min a 4a+3a+ Th+ 2a b 4p +9q—2p— ee e ra : 2.3 Expanding brackets af +e 3 x (+ Sy + dz) can be written as 3y + ISy + 122 Oe Bach term inside the brackets is multiplied by the term 4 Simplify ‘outside, The brackets have been removed. This is called a 2X3a b Sbx4 ‘expanding the brackets, © 4ax 3b d ax 2a @ 3X%BX4dce Ff 2aX 5b x Ie g 3X2 h (6p) x (5) i Ca) % 4p 1-59) x (-3y) Expand the brackets. k 30x 2a xa 3(a + % + 5c) 1 (2x) x Sx x (4x) = 3a + 6b + ISe on 2m) = (a) xe. (73y) & aw Se pee 2x(y + 42) — 3y(e — 20) 5a = 20 im * 4 ees Conn gees Dry + Bre — 3yc + 6yw 2 +2 h 34 6y 1 ab ab j Kk Tab! + 30's 1 Exercise 2D [6] Simplify the expressions: 1 Expand the brackets. a_omn + 4xy + Ixy — mn > xy a 2a +b) b 3x + 2y) b 3p'q + Im ldp'g + 6m © 4G3p-5q) d Salb +c) © par + abe + mny + Sabx € 3p(q-2r) f S(a— 2b + 3c) d Sab — 29ub + 4pq + ab & 2ly—2+3w) bh ~3(2/ + m) e vy — 4 + xy + ary? i -2(m—Sn) 4 pp + 3q — Sr) Kk “43x 2) 1 ax(x? = x + 1)2. Expand the brackets and simplify: a %r+y)+Ar-y) b (1 + 2m) — (m — 21) c &p—q)+4r-¢q-p) 4 4alb +c a) + 2c(3a +b) e ~(m—5) + 4mm + 2) f ~3(mn + m) + 4n{2 — m) 3S] Expand the brackets and simplify: 3(x + y) + 2x - y) 4G + y) + 3(2e + 5p) 8(a — b) — 3(2a — b) G(x = 3) + 5(x +2) x(x? + 1) + 2ele? +5) Ta — 4a(b +3) i] Expand the brackets und simplify a x — 3y) + 3(y — 22) + 4lz — 5x) b 3m(2 +n) + Sn(1 — 3m) + 12m © xe 1) ++ 2) - x65 - >eacce ;pand the brackets and simplify: m(2 +n) + nlm —3) — (nm ~ m) (= 1) = ¥(4- 3) +56 =) palp + 1) + pall +p?) Beets) aoe ty oe De — pt) +p oa + a) NG 1 $rp- 9) +30" +p) 2.4 Factorising expressions “The opposite of expanding brackets is to put brackets in, This is called factorising, For example: 3 is the highest common fa and 9n, So 3 + 6m + 9n = 3(1 + 2m + 3n) lor of the terms 31, 62 xis common fuctorof the terms av and bx. Soax + bx = x(a +b) xis common factor of the terms Sox +3y=x(x+3) and (x + 3) are the factors of x? + 3x 2m is one factor of in + 6mn + 1p. (U+ 3n-+ 5p) is the other factor. Exercise 2E 2 Copy and complete a 3x+3y=3( ) b sa-sb=3( ) © 4x+4y +47 =4( ) d@ 6a-6b+6e= ) e@ kx+6=X ) f sa-4b=4() EB ax+6y+%=3 ) h 2sa-10b-Se=s( ) Copy and complete: a ax+ay= al ) pace) = nnn) © prtpy+m=pl) a ) e f 8 ) hh Tia ~ afb — Ic ) Copy and complete: a pr+qx de b as—bs ds © pr+gr+m=( x ad ra—sa+ia=( da eS + 2my £ 6fh — 5h Beare op ee M7 hh lg — Img — 3 ds Copy and complete: a 3m + Sma + ne b 2p +3pr> © 61+ 2m +P = d Sre + Sons? + 1577 ) Factorise: a 2a+2 b 30-36 © 4x4 12y a 9p — 69 e pr+py f ra-rb g Jsr + dsy nh 2a — Tb Toxatxbt+xc J la—lb—Ie K dre + Sry + rz 1 pa 6ph ~ Spe Factorise: a let my b an— bn © Ipy + 2ay a ri —Sst e pitgtm ft ant bn—en @ Skt mes Qnx h dhe ~ 2g — mg TZ) Factorise: 4p + 2pr + 6p Sm + 1Smp + 25mg Osr + 3s + 65° 4in + 2nn + Spmn ab + Gab! + 22h? Bry! + ay? + ry? soaoce (Hint: simplify first)B] Factorise: v+dr b 2g + 3s a et dy f h i 1 yasy 4m? =m = ab’ + ab ar + 2arh Stet By? — oe in? + 8m 32y + 16y' + By? x-maow 2] Factorise: abe? + ab? + ab ir pe? sore Taxy + I4hey + 2lery 8x" + Lor! + 48 2tmp ~ im + Sine fe =e + Sabed + 35bcde 24klnen — 32kPnea® IGabex ~ 28bedx ~ Weder -sm70a0c8 fo) Expand the brackets, simplify, and factorise: a 3(x—5) + 4(v — 2) - b c aly +3) + 2x(4 — y) — Ixy al + c) + ble ~ a) +3 tm(5i + m) + 22(m — 3) + Gln? + D Factorise each expression anes ioe nda? Ors + 18ret + 8°e 14m? + 2mn + 8nen > Sma? + 10rsr b c 19, 4 53, a 3ehs a yah + Fe + eh @ xy t dy? +x + hy! ‘You can often factorise an expression as the product of ‘two expressions. This is known as factorising by grouping. Factorise a axt be tay +by bday ~ Spy + Spx —dne xa +b) + ya +b) = (x + y)at b) np lcconmon Factor a av + be + ay > by bo Any ~ Spy + Spw— dow = y(4n = Sp) — x(4n = Sp) = (y= )(4n = 5p) Exercise 2F [2] Copy and complete: a mtgtatgy=m Jt) =G+m ) bo ar—bxtay-by=x t+) =GtmM ) co wtust+wetw=u )tw ) =wtn ) dk + mx—my—Ay= xy) mtx) Ed Paciorise pairs of terms and then write the expression as a product of to expressions: rx sy bax try sy + 2ry + er + ox by + Bay + bx + Bax 2ap + 2bp + 2gh + 2ga Sap + 2bg + 2pb + 8aq "actorise: Ory +32 + 30r + Oye 2ax ~ Shy + 3hx ~ 2ay my? = 2nq = 2ng * np? gx ~ dhy + 2gy = 2he al bm + bl am Z enoce onoce 2.5 Algebraic fractions When adding fractions the numerators can be added when the denominators are the same: 2,34 Too me applies when the numerators or ude leuers’ a Ifthe denominators are not the same then you must first make them the same, using equivalent fractions to find a common denominator: Lg Bian 7 13 ata ay 21 is the common denominator here. The same method is used in algebra,a First, give the fractions a common denominator, Th: -4,8_M+8 To You can work out more complex problems in the same way. 2 @1* a2 =2)_ 3s 1) @= D@=2) "= DE- x = 2) +3(e- 1) @=- 1-2) Note that Example 10 goes beyond what you are expected to do at stage 9 and is included here as extension work. Exercise 26 (Note: Question 9 is extension work.) 2 Work out 3,1 Za eats Poy Sul an © 673 a 3°49 2 Simplify: ala dala ass Bos 2a 3a_a@ ec 3a z a a6 a_ 2a Sala Nias Se 3. Simplify y 3y 2 3 x Sears Eira 24242 xv es aa 2 Sy y vd On ae 5 4 Simplify at P 3m is a det ab be fx * aa Ei the mean of p numbers is 48, The mean of another g numbers is 51. Express, asa single Fraction, the mean of p ~ q numbers, El Avril cycles 10km at xkm/h and then 14km at yy km/h, Express the time for the joumey as a single fraction. EE b bananas cost $1.45 and a apples cost $2.35. a How much does one banana cost? How much does one apple cost? © Write ava single fraction the cost oFone ‘banana and one apple. Xl simpy: (+3) a bd ©5 * Ge e Z + u (we -1) (fe +1) 64 Gan) @=a) 2.6 The product of two linear expressions Look at this rectangle. ‘The area of the big rectangle = sum of the four smaller rectangles V+ y+ br +6 Ht Se +6 Also, the area of the big rectangle = (x + 2) x (x + 3) So, (x +2) X (x +3) = + Sv +6 ‘This shows how the product of two expressions in brackets can be found Another way is (o use the distributive law G+ 3) x (v +2) = xx (x +2) +3 x(x+2) Yt Qe tar+6 V+ Set Notice that each term in one bracket is multiplied by each term in the other bracket. The box below shows this ‘When multiplying two linear expressions like this, you need (o remember to collect the x terms together to simplify the expression formed. ‘The expression formed, here x? + Sir + 6, has x? in it, ‘An expression like this, where the highest power of is 2, is called a quadratic expression. You can find out ‘more about these in Chapter 19. Exercise 2H In this exercise, simplify all answers 1 By considering the areas of the rectangles, simplify the products: aa Zz (+3)x (+4) ae by T +S) x@+) | | 2 Use the distributive law to work out: (x +3) X (x + 8) (x + 6) X («+ 2) (x +3) X (w+ 5) (+7) x (+ 2) (x +3) x (w+ 1) (+1) X (+ 2) 3 Simplify these expressions: (+7) X (x -2) sonore (x= 3) X (#2 (x ~ 3) x (x ~ 4) can be written as (x — 3)(x — 4), with the X sign left out. 4 Simplify each expression, as in Question 3 a (x—3)x—4) b (x-2)(e-5) € (x-7)(r-3) d (x-9)(x-7) e (=) -2) # (v= e-1) 5 Simplify the expressions: a (x+3)(x+9) b (x +4)(x—5) © (x—6)(x+7) d (x-4)(x-7) e (x—4)(v- 11) # (e+ 3)(v- 10) 6 Fatima and Aisha were both working out the answer to (x + 3)? Fatima wrote: (x + 3) = x +9 Aisha wrote: (x + 3 = (« + 3) + 3) eR EKER TI + OK TD Whose working is correct?7 Simplify: a (+5? b @+4y c @-1P BG e (p+ f G+) 8 Write down an expression for the area of each shape. a x47 and b x-8 aod e xt xed 9 Check that your answers for Question 6 are correct, by letting x = 2. Use the distributive law to explain why (et allx +b) = 27 + (a + b)a + ad EEA] Write the product (a + b)(c + d) without brackets. (3) Challenge 1 Show that (« + 2) + 5)ie + 3) =x + 10x? + 31x +30 2 Expand (x — 4)(x + 4) and simplify your answer. ‘Show how you can use this result to help you ‘work out 49 x 51. Oxia If you want some more help on this oF you want to ‘try some harder questions, go to ‘wrew.maths.comy algebre/expand-brackets/ ‘one-setof double brackets There are lots of examples and videos to watch, and a mixture of easy and harder questions to try. 2.7 Substitution into expressions and formulae When substituting into expressions and formulae, letters are replaced by numbers, multiplication signs need to be put back in, and the order of operations (BIDMAS) needs to be followed Using the formula A = 1001 ~ Sp*, find A when A E a Replace the p with (3) and the # with (0.5) = 1008 = 5p = 100105) ~ 5-3) BIDMAS telis| lis to work cut indices first: GF 3x3 “9 BIDMAS tells us to work out multiplication before. subtraction xercise 21 Itm= "4 “Sand r= 3, find the value of a 10m +y) bay tr © Smy ~6r a om Say ; 7 vin+p) Find the value of: x + 5 when v= 02 10007? when 7 9+? when m 10? + 2r= 4 when r 4W?+ 1+ Wwhen W= 4 10 ~ 200y — 10 when y= 04 & Sp+2p?+2Wwhenp= 10 Copy these expressions into your ex Sy wey Gy = yy Tick (¥) which expressions have the same value when x= 0.5 and y = ~6, sone book:5 Using y = w+ ar, find v when a u=10,a=25and1=30 b u=10.a=34and1=20 6 Using s = at + jar, find s when a 25,a = 0.7 and t= 10 b w= 80.a~ 3andt=5 7 Using A = me — ny find A when x = 03 and y = 0.2. (Use m= 3.142) Bye weiaives he volume of cytincer with radius 7 and height h. V— "2 gives the volume of a sphere with radius r, Which of these two solids has the smallest volume? r=6em 7 = Gem EX The cistance, d, between two sets of coordinates, (x,.),) and (1.9), ean be found using the formula V(x: = 217 + (v2 — 91)? What sort of triangle joins the points (0, 3), (3, 9) and (6,0)? ONEImm Heron of Alexandria (also known as Hero) was an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer who lived around 2000 years ago. He worked out a way of finding the area of a triangle from its side lengths. Horon’s (or Horo’) formula states that tho area, A, of a tangle with side lengins a, b and cis A= Vé(s ~ a)(s — 0)( ~ 0), where sts halt the perimeter (the ‘semiperimeter’) ofthe triangle: atbte Z Using the rightangled triangle with side lengths 3, 4 ‘and 5, work out the area of the triangle using ; bh, ‘then work it out using Heron's formula. Check that the two answers agree. Investigate this further 2.8 Changing the subject of a formula ‘The formula for the circumference of a circle is C= 2ar. sence, sige 6 How would you find the radius, 7, given the circumference, C? You can find the circumference of a circle using a Function machine: 1B cece You can use the reverse machine to find the radius ie e Te Z ro ee | -[ 2 a Thats, = 5 rris now the subject of the formula. ‘A funetion machine can also be used to find the radius, vr of a circle given its area, A. Remember, the arca of a circle, ana - >a 4 oo a Thatis,r = | s vMake P the subject of the formula 1=PXRXT ‘The formula can be shown as a function machine: p—feR] <7} 1 P can be found by reversing the machine: p<} Which gives the formula P= Notice that in Bs 1 1 THE r= Ror ample 12 we do not weite 1+ 32: Wis common for students to write “two-tiered fractions such as 7, which are messy and should be avoided. It is worth remembering that dividing by x is the same as multiplying by !. This is wh dividing Eby Ris shown ss multiply Example 1 ig the Ty B: Exercise 2) x ‘Using function machines to help you, rearrange each formula to make the letter in brackets the subject: air=utv (y) b d=h+y (y) © x=f-3 (Nd m=2%e+e 0) b g=5 wrt faa «@) sue ‘The simple interest formula is PXRXT 100 @ Draw a function machine for finding 1 when starting with 7. b Draw the reverse machine, and complete oxo the equation 7 = ES ‘The formula for converting temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius is C = 5 (F ~ 32). a Draw a function machine to show how you can find C, starting with a value for F. b Use your machine to find C when F is iar li 50° iii 86° Ww 212° a Draw the reverse machine for Question 3 a. b Use this to write down the rearranged formula with F as its subject. © Find Fwhen Cisi 50° it 80° Draw a function machine to show how to find Vusing V = 1 bh, stating with | 2nrh, starting with r ing with r starting with r is nr(2h + r), starting with h susing s = (w+ yar), starting with a moaoce Use the reverse machine for each part of Question 5 to rewrite the formula, ‘Make the letter you originally started with the subject ‘The time, 7, for each complete swing of a pendulum of length fis f aaiven by the formula ‘ T= 2m 1 where gis the _ acceleration due to gravity. Tis the subject of the formula. a This function machine is for finding T when you start with /. Copy and complete the machine, 1—Fa r b Taking a ay 3.142, use your machine to find T when / = 20 and g = 980. a Draw the reverse machine for Question 7 a ‘and show that the formula ean be rearranged as = (LY i-(E) xe b fT = 1571 and g = 32, uve the formula in part a to find /. (Take 7 as 3.142) @ Use this machine to write down a formula with y as its subject. b Use the reverse machine to rewrite the formula with « as its subject.10 V= jar. a Draw a function machine to show how to find: iY, starting with r fir, starting with V b Find rift = 2.1emand V = 100 em‘. (Take a as 3.142) 11 a Derive the formula for the area, A, of this rectangle: 2r+4 b Rearrange the formula to make x the subject. © Use this rearranged formula to find x when the area, A, is 63, What is the length of the rectangle in part ¢? 42 a Derive the formula for the perimeter, P. of this triangle: he a+4 b Rearrange this formula to make « the subject, © Use this rearranged formula to find x when the perimeter, P, is 30. 4 What are each ofthe side lengths of the triangle in part a? lv = aa(? —r). a Find V, when k = 2em,R = 7.5em and 2.5em, taking 7 = 3.142 b Draw a function machine to show how to find V when starting with R, Use the reverse machine to rewrite the Formula to give R in terms of Vf, rand 7. [4]a Draw a function machine to show how to find y: starting with: i yprtg A(x 1) Wy y= mi(nx =!) b Use the reverse machine to rearrange the formula, making x the subject. £5] Rearrange each formula, making r the subject arr S= wh(R+r) ta are Ee (1+ 7) Using the balance method Itis not always possible to use a function machine to change the subject of a formula, particularly when the chosen letter appears more than onc Remember th: the equation b: change the subject formula is an equation, By keeping weed you can rearrange the formula to Make R; the subject of the formula V=1R, + Ry) Step 1> Divide both sides of the equation Z 77 (Ri + Re) Step 2 Subvract Ry from both sides UG F-R=-R Step 3: Turn the equation around ‘Take care when the letter you want to make the subject is negative or in the denominator of a fraction, Example 14 shows you how to avoid mistakes. It is easier if the letter you are trying to make the subject is positive. Itis also ‘easier if the letter isin the numerator of a fraction, Make x the subject of these formulae: M=40- 9) 4@-») Step I: Divide both sides by 4:e= £ Suep | Step 2: Siep 3 Aas bo esto matte Mores Subiact from both sides ‘Subtract y from both sides: f g-y=4 Multiply both sides by «so itis no longer in the denominator: Don't forget the brackets Divide both sides by (e — y). f Nekice that when G~ Wisin the denominator brackets are vo longer necessary because. of the lerg fraction tive. Adi e to both sides. Penh Divide by 2. This is the same as aatustying iy 3 Sere 2 You can leave your answer like this ‘or you ean write the » first: This means evactly the same ting a5 5(P =e) the balance method, make y the subject of each formula. ac 2 d@ S=ayt4 2 Rearrange the formula V = the subject is ak br (R, + R,) so that 3 Rearrange the formula 1 = "Xo that the uae 100 subject is a Rk bP AEP =P, (ete e) rearrange the frmmnla so. that the subject i a Py be enn 5 Rearrange the formula and make the given letter the subject: = m meaoce See m sinr=2n/! 6 Make r the subject of each formu! a S=40r b V=3arh © A=5H(R+r) d Y= ah(R- PF) 7] Make rthe subject of each formula: (w+ v)t > b PY R ai d Ce)p= 4+ mv Rearrange the formula so that the subject is: ak bm ey dda(Cons Consolidation Example 4 Simplify these expressions: a 6a ~ 4h + 2y— 5b = 6a ~ 4b — 5b + 2y = 6a ~ 9b + 2KxXxXxXyXy “Oka kek aKaxpRexcKee LRAKKKEK YX 3MaXEMEREME Sag Example 2 sinpity3—# Common denominator is ab: Example 3 Simplity: a fee a (e+ 90-5) Example 5 Factorise: a 4x- 12y Sy xBy—yxdtyx sy? y= 4 + Sy") Example 6 Using the formula M = 10y + 39°, find M when y and r= 2, M= ly +377 10(2.2) + 30-27 10X224+3x(-2) =10X224+3x4 +12 =34 Example 7 Make x the subject of these formulae: a y=30+x) [divide both sides by 3 [subtract 1 from both sides Bly pb m-2-, Mera 2 add rto both sides (M+) =P [multiply by xto clear the denominator P x= yep Ieivide botn sides by at + Exercise 2 1 Simplify: a exe b yxy © 2 xsxt dws erxxtxe f yxyixy 2 Simplify: aves b yey ce vee a yey e exe f yxyiaySimplify: a W— 2 tae Sy b 6x— 3y — 5x — Sy © 6-2 3y— Se d (4y*) avy? wy oey (eye? Simplify: yx ye aes Pax mt Xm? X me? xp oY Txt x ae Sn" Onl exq xq 1 (ex py a (Rx RY Roe Expand and simplify: (+ OXx +2) (+ 3Xe+5) (+ 4Xx-7) (r= 2Xr+ 8) (r= 4Xx 3) (= 10) 1) ats &—9F Factorise: a 3v+9y © 6x— 12y e 15x + 18y g be + 72) Factorise: a ay+ Bay b © bry + 2ry a e@ sm-Smp f & or +dpr—2gr h e f soacce ct zRrone oD ax tay an = 3am Bax ~ 18ay 4pq - 3pr 3ab — 3a + ac 8 Write down a formula for a the area, A b the perimeter, P, of these shapes: 1x43 © Use your formulae to find the areas and perimeters of the shapes when x = 10. 9 Writeasa g h 10 Rearrange each formula to make the letter in brackets the subject: a } b wo c (en) a o e @ f © 14. Make h the subject of these formulae: h a R=F-5, b © A=2nrh aA and formulae 42 The volume of a sphere, V. is given by the formula V = ar, where ris the radius of the sphere, a Make r the subject of this formula. bb What is the radius of a sphere with volume 200m"? 43 I staried with a number. 7. Usubiracted 10 from this number and then multiplied the result by 7, and got the same number as I do when Ladd 18 to 2 and multiply the result by 3. What is? You should know ... 414 Find the val soaoce of 2 whenx = 0.5 10m" + 5p when m= ~0.1 andy = 4 4+ y' when y = ~2 S0h* + 10h = fwher 200g” — 20g when g Os and f 03 Shw + 200? + kwhen k =~ 10and w = 0.1 Check out 4 How to simplify algebraic expressions by combining like terms. 1 Simplity: For example: Bry + dz — Qty +z Say t 5 2 The mules for indices, Cg ae at=a" w= il 3 How to use the distributive law to simplify a For example. 6(3x — 2y) + 2(x — y) = 6K 31-6 Wt2Kx-2Xy = 18x — 12y + 2x — 2y 20x — L4y 4 How to factorise an expression For example: Bax + day = a(3x — 4y) a 7x + 2x b o+3r G a-b-2% d 3b’ — 2b +b’ — 4h Work out Dx ao Fe 3a°b 2ab Sa'bice Pe 3 Expand the brackets and simplify: a 4(2r~3) 6(2x + 7y) 3x(2 ~ dy) 6x7 = 4x) 3x(1 + 2y) = 2x1 = 21) 4y( = y) + 32-5) 4 Factorise a 20x+ ISy b 3x dy a 6x +72 eHew to form equations to solve problems. For example: In four years’ time James will be five times as old as he is now. ‘What is his present ag Let his present age be xr years. In four years’ time his age will be x + 4 Five times as old ay his present age is Sx so x+4=5x a] 4=4e #4) 1=5 James is 1 year old now How to change the subject ofa formula For example. Make the subject of y = mV + ¢ y= mVa +o ~el y-e=mVe ri) wen VE Does (= How to expand the product of two linear expressions and simplify the resulting quadratic expression, For example: Expand and simpliy (x + 7x = 2) (+ Ne= 2) =x2+Tr—2e— 14 v+5r—1d How to add and subtract simple algebraic fractions by finding: a common denominator. For example: ve numbers into an expression oF fo the result following the rules of BIDMAS. For example. Using A= nv? — ny", tind A whenx='5 andy: Using = 3.142, A = 3.142 x 5? = 3.142 x 2.47 = 3.142 K 25 — 3.142 x 5.76 = 18.55 ~ 18.09792 ‘The width of a rects is wm, Iis length is more than its width, IP the perimeter of the 28cm, find Make x the subject of these equations: a y=m b oY spac expand and simplify: a (e+ Se + 1) b (r-3)rt 4) © (r+ 2\(x-6) d (v= 3-8) e Write as a single tion: Use the tr ie Gate when = 20, a= meShapes and mathematical drawings Draw 3D shapes on isometric paper. Analyse 3D shapes through plans and elevations. Identify reflection symmetry in 3D shapes. Use a straight edge and compasses to: construct the perpendicular from a point to a line and the perpendicular from a point on a line Some of the elements of design are form, shape and symmetry. Knowledge of shapes and mathematical drawings informs us about these and enables architects to design attractive buildings. You should know ... 2 How to measure angles using a protractor. For example: POR = 105° ~ inscribe squares, equilateral triangles, and regular hexagons. and octagons by constructing equal divisions of a circle. © Use bearings (angles measured clockwise from the North) to solve problems involving distance and direction, © Make and use scale drawings and interpret maps. Check in 2 Measure these angles with ‘your protractor: a2 How to find lines of symmetry 2 How many lines of symmetry For example do these shapes have? A cegular hexagon has six lines of symmetry. a arectangle : b asquare i ie) aregularpentegon | q How to consiruet the perpendicular biseetor of aline | 3 Make a rough, enlarged copy segment using a pair of compasses and a ruler. of this diagram: For example: Construct the perpendicular bisector of line PQ. es P Q Draw an ate with centre P and radius more th 3 Draw another are, cenire Q, with the same radius, : Construct the perpendicular bisector ofthe line segment AB. ‘The ares meet at X and ¥. Join XY. XY is perpendicular to PQ and biseets PQ at the midpoint 2. PZ = OZ3.1 Three-dimensional (3D) shapes Isometric drawings Here is a drawing of a building: pO ‘The basic shape of this building can be drawn on isometrie paper: Ani cequilt ngs, all horizontal lines should be p. other. All vertical lines should be parallel to each other and drawn vertically on the paper. Often in isometric drawings hidden edges are shown as dashed lines, as here, or they are not shown at all, as in the next drawing. of a cube. metric drawing is made on a grid consisting of ral triangles instead of squares. In isometric lel to each Plans and elevations You can alko represent a three-dimensional (3D) shape two-dimensional 2D) drawings of it. The: called ‘plans’ and ‘elevations’, and they are projections of a 3D object onto a 2D surface. The plan is the view from directly above the abject, while elevations are Views of the object from the front, back or sides. EXAMPLE 1 Draw the plan, front elevati this object: Wotice that te plan wreludes the ‘step in the solid, shown by the vertical line inside Ure rectangle. Tris wets doesn’t tell you row deep the. step is