Running head: WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE

Worksheet-Evaluation of the Literature

Vanessa Masias

University of Bridgeport
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE
Ethics of Care in Nurse-Patient Relationship
Key Words Search: Nurse-patient relationship
Title: Empathy in the emotional
interactions with patients. Is it
positive for nurses too?
Author /Date: De Santo, L., Pohl, S., Saiani, L., &
Battistelli, A. (2013)
Problem / Research Hypothesis:
Question / Hypothesis
 Empathy is positively related
to work engagement.
 Empathy is positively related
to job satisfaction
 Empathy is positively related
to turnover (De Santo et al,
2013)
Purpose Verifying the role played by
empathy in promoting well-being in
nursing work (De Santo et al, 2013,
p. 74).
Qualitative / Quantitative Both
Theoretical/Conceptual Some studies indicate possible
Framework associations between empathy and
nurse’s fatigue, hunger and
depression. On the other hand,
Hochschild noted that empathy, in
emotional interactions with patients,
2
Grade Comment
10/10 Since my work is about the
ethics of care and its incidence
on the nurse-patient relationship
I used those words and lead me
to this paper.
5/5 I think it is a complete title, it
shows the subject of interest in
the paper clearly
5/5 The authors are Italian
(University of Verona), Belgian
(University of Brussels) and
French (University of Bordeux
Segalen)..
5/5 The first two hypothesis are
related with my work because
they involve the very nature of
nursing’s profession which is
care and it depends on the level
of involvement nurses put in.
9/10 I think they used the media
available in order to check how
practice in nursing entails a level
of care and its effects.
10/10 Their findings are quantified
(survey results) and are
correlated with a perspective
which is empathy/compassion,
(qualitative) at work and its
effects on nurses.
10/10 References are well defined and
the authors depart from them in
order to corroborate their
statements.
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 3

enhances nurses’ job satisfaction.

Pedersen suggests that these
controversial results are found
because empirical research on
empathy is dominated by relatively
quantitative methods and the concept
of empathy has not been adequately
explored (De Santo et al, 2013).
Methodology A cross-sectional survey was 10/10 Their description of their method
conducted. A convenience sample of is clear and so it is its purpose.
registered nurses was recruited for Their target –registered nurses–,
this study. For the recruitment of the their questions and the way they
sample, hospitals within the public distributed them are well
sector and that were in urban areas defined.
were used. After contacting the
hospitals, the nurses for whom the
administration gave formal approval
to participate were contacted and
recruited (De Santo et al, 2013).
Analysis & Results Results confirm previous 8/10 The results are well deployed,
observations which claim that the yet the way the authors address
two components of empathy should to them is more quantitative than
be distinguished in order to better qualitative.
understand its nature. The cognitive
core of empathy (perspective
taking), is positively related to work
engagement, job satisfaction and
negatively to turn over intention,
whereas compassion does not (De
Santo et al, 2013).
Implications for Despite the consensus regarding the 9/10 What they assert is true, yet I
Practice/and or importance of an empathetic caring, think it lacks of a possible
Conclusions insufficient attention has been given proposal to improve the
to enhancement of the capacity for situation.
empathy in the design of nursing
education curriculum (De Santo et
al, 2013)
Implications for Future Better investigation on empathy 10/10 I think their conclusion is very
Research could help to highlight the invisible obvious since future
emotional workload of nursing and investigations are helpful in
could foster the quality of caring and order to get a better dimension of
promote nurses’ well-being (De the problem.
Santo et al, 2013).
Link https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v4n2p74
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 4

Grade Comment
Key Words Search: Nurse-patient relationship 10/10 Since my work is about the
ethics of care and its incidence
on the nurse-patient relationship
I used those words and lead me
to this paper.
Title: Trust in nurse–patient relationships 5/5 Its title is a clear show of what
their research is about.

Author /Date: Dinç, L., & Gastmans, C. (2013) 5/5 The authors are Turkish
(Hacetteppe University), and
Belgian (Leuven).
Problem / Research Reporting the results of a literature 5/5 It is a very thorough
Question / Hypothesis review of empirical studies on trust investigation on the subject. Both
within the nurse–patient relationship. in quantitative and qualitative
(Dinç & Gastmans, 2013). terms.
Purpose The aim of this study was to report 9/10 I think the authors reviewed the
the results of a literature review of sources available and then
empirical studies on trust within the referenced it in the study they
nurse–patient relationship. A search conducted.
of electronic databases yielded 34
articles published between 1980 and
2011. (Dinç & Gastmans, 2013)
Qualitative / Quantitative Both 10/10 Twenty-two studies used a
qualitative design, and 12 studies
used quantitative research
methods. The context of most
quantitative studies was nurse
caring behaviors, whereas most
qualitative studies focused on
trust in the nurse–patient
relationship. Most of the
quantitative studies used a
descriptive design, while
qualitative methods included the
phenomenological approach,
grounded theory, ethnography
and interpretive interactionism.
Theoretical/Conceptual Studies using the CBA tool. Studies 10/10 References are used as a source
Framework using the Caring Assessment Report for their study and they are
Evaluation Q-sort (Care-Q) constantly referencing the
instrument, which includes a
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 5

‘trusting relationship’ subscale. A material to support their study.

study by Widmark-Petersson et al,
among others (Dinç & Gastmans,
2013).
Methodology Initially, the authors evaluated all 10/10 Their description of their method
identified studies on the basis of is clear and so it is its purpose.
titles and/or abstracts against the Their target –registered nurses–,
inclusion criteria. Those deemed their questions and the way they
irrelevant were excluded. distributed them are well
Subsequently, they retrieved and defined.
evaluated the complete text of
articles that met our inclusion
criteria. All included empirical
articles were read thoroughly to
obtain an overall understanding of
the material. Finally, the authors
extracted data from the included
studies using a specifically designed
data extraction form (Dinç &
Gastmans, 2013).
Analysis & Results Evidence from this review suggests 10/10 The results are well deployed,
that trust is a relational phenomenon yet the way the authors address
and is vital for an effective nurse– to them in both quantitative and
patient relationship. The qualitative terms. However, the
development of a trusting main object of study is from a
relationship between nurse and qualitative nature which is
patient was considered a dynamic “trust” between nurses and
and ongoing process that includes patients.
various stages from initial trust to a
specific reconstructed trust, during
which trust could be shattered and
re-established (Dinç & Gastmans,
2013).
Implications for This review suggests that although 10/10 Nurses cannot only rely on their
Practice/and or patients have a generalized trust in professional skills but also
Conclusions nurses as professionals, the social skills in order to generate
development of trust is strongly trust with the patients.
related to the professional
competence and interpersonal caring
attributes of nurses as human beings.
Implications for Future Trust is crucial in nurse–patient 10/10 There is a need for further
Research relationships not only for the quality research on the characteristics of
and positive outcomes of nursing organizational trust and its link
care but also, as evidenced by the with trust in nurse–patient
qualitative studies, for patients (Dinç
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 6

& Gastmans, 2013). relationships.

Link doi:10.1177/0969733012468463

Grade Comment
Key Words Search: Nurse-patient relationship; caring. 10/10 Since my work is about the
ethics of care and its incidence
on the nurse-patient relationship
I used those words and lead me
to this paper.
Title: Exploring Nurse’s Communicative 5/5 I think it is a complete title, it
Role in Nurse-Patient Relations: A shows the subject of interest in
Qualitative Study the paper clearly
Author /Date: Ali Fakhr-Movahedi, Zahra 5/5 The authors are Iranian
Rahnavard, Mahvash Salsali, Reza (University of Semnam and
Negarandeh (2016). Tehran University of Medical
Science)
Problem / Research Problem: Recognition the nurses’ 5/5 It deals with the subject of care
Question / Hypothesis communicative roles can influence from the nurse’s perspective on
quality of patient’s care. their influence of the level of
care.
Research Question: “What are the
skills and roles of nurses in
relationship with patients?” (Fakhr-
Movahedi et al, 2016)
Purpose This study was aimed to explore 9/10 I think they explored all the
nurse’s role in nurse-patient materials that were relevant and
relations. available in order to conduct
their study and reach their
conclusions.
Qualitative / Quantitative Qualitative 10/10
Theoretical/Conceptual Cites works from: Shafipour et al. 10/10 References are well defined and
Framework Norouzinia et al., Azimian et al, the authors depart from them in
among others. (Fakhr-Movahedi et order to corroborate their
al, 2016) statements.
Methodology This study was a qualitative research 10/10 Their description of their method
in which collected data was analyzed is clear and so it is its purpose.
by content analysis method. The Their target –registered nurses,
participants were 23 nurses, patients patients and families–, their
and their families in medical and questions and the way they
surgical wards of a referral hospital distributed them are well
in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected defined.
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 7

by semi-structured interview and

observation. (Fakhr-Movahedi et al,
2016)
Analysis & Results Data analysis was led to the 9/10 The results are well deployed,
emergence of a main conceptual yet the way the authors address
category: The patient's need-based the subject in qualitative terms
communication. This category was such as: “patient’s needs”
derived from two categories: “caring attention”, “trust”,
“patient’s problems”, among
1) Identifying the patient’s needs;
others.
and 2) Communicative behavior in
the face of the patient’s needs.
“Identifying the patient’s needs” was
related to “type of the patient’s
problem”, “patients’ inquiring about
their health status” and “monitoring
the patient’s health status”.
“Communicative behavior in the
face of the patient’s needs” was
composed of four subcategories:
“caring attention”, “informal
education of the patient”, “inducing
calmness to the patient”, and
“obtaining the trust of the patient”.
(Fakhr-Movahedi et al, 2016)
Implications for The findings of this study can be 10/10 This study is a tool that can help
Practice/and or used as a guideline for stakeholders developing new policies in health
Conclusions and nursing policy makers to facilities and nursing schools, in
formulate appropriate strategies to order to improve communication
enhance the quality of nursing care between nurses and patients so
and communication process. (Fakhr- they can fulfill the patient’s
Movahedi et al, 2016) needs.
Implications for Future This study was performed with a 10/10 The authors suggest that this
Research qualitative approach and the findings same study and its methodology
were limited to the field of study. can be conducted in other
Therefore, researchers suggest more facilities in order to get relevant
studies on this topic in other clinical data.
settings. (Fakhr-Movahedi et al,
2016)
Link doi:10.15171/jcs.2016.028
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 8

Grade Comment
Key Words Search: Theory of Human Caring 10/10 Since Dr. Jean Watson Theory of
Human Caring was my chosen
theory, I found this case study
relevant because it applies her
concepts.
Title: Implementation of Watson’s Theory 5/5 Its title is a clear show of what
of Human Caring: A Case Study their research is about.
(2015)
Author /Date: Ozan, Y. D., Okumus, H., & Lash, 5/5 The authors are Turkish
A. A. (2015, October, 26th) (University of Dicle, Şifa
Üniversit,).
Problem / Research A case study detailing the 5/5 It is a very thorough
Question / Hypothesis application, and the outcome, of the investigation on the subject. Both
Watson's Theory of Human Caring in quantitative and qualitative
to an infertile woman receiving in terms.
vitro fertilization treatment. (Ozan et
al, 2015).
Purpose The aim of this study was 9/10 I think the authors reviewed the
implementing Watson’s ten carative sources available and then
factors, inherent in the theory, to referenced it in the study they
provide a supportive nursing care conducted.
are. (Ozan et al, 2015).
Qualitative / Quantitative Qualitative 10/10 This case study is an example of
the value of a theory-based
nursing practice that can enhance
human health and healing in
stressful life events, such as “the
moment” when the patient in this
case study realized her inability
to have conceived a much
desired child, even with
promising medical treatments,
and turned to her nurse for
healing
Theoretical/Conceptual Watson’s Theory of Human Caring 10/10 References are used as a source
Framework for their study and they are
constantly referencing the
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 9

material to support their study.

The authors make a follow up of
the patient and show how
Dr.Watson’s theory relates to her
case.
Methodology Initially an approval for this single- 10/10 Their description of their method
case case study was obtained from is clear and so it is its purpose:
the institutional review board of the Implementing Dr. Watson’s
medical center that operated the IVP postulates and see their effects
clinic in a city located in the on the patient.
Southern part of Turkey. The
participant for this study was, then,
randomly selected from the group of
individuals receiving care at the
clinic. (Ozan et al, 2015).
Analysis & Results Evidence from this review suggests 10/10 The results are well deployed,
that trust is a relational phenomenon yet the way the authors address
and is vital for an effective nurse– to them in both quantitative and
patient relationship. The qualitative terms. However, the
development of a trusting main object of study is from a
relationship between nurse and qualitative nature which is
patient was considered a dynamic “trust” between nurses and
and ongoing process that includes patients.
various stages from initial trust to a
specific reconstructed trust, during
which trust could be shattered and
re-established (Ozan et al, 2015).
Implications for The theory of Human Caring focuses 10/10 Dr. Watson’s theory could be a
Practice/and or on human characteristics that strive useful guide in giving nurturing
Conclusions for healing and love in stressful, and caring relationship.
physical or emotional conditions and
makes it a suitable guide for IVF
nurses in providing care that
projects, hope, respect, trust, and
compassion. (Ozan et al, 2015).
Implications for Future This case study is an example of the 10/10 This same study and its
Research value of a theory-based nursing methodology can be conducted
practice that can enhance human in other patients and facilities in
health and healing in stressful life order to get relevant data and
events, such as “the moment” when positive results.
the patient in this case study realized
her inability to have conceived a
much desired child, even with
promising medical treatments, and
 WORKSHEET-EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE 10

turned to her nurse for healing.

(Ozan et al, 2015).
Link doi:10.1177/0894318413500346.