z (@) Sam artived at 10:00. ‘The past perfect expresses an q ¢ Ann left at 9:30, activity that was complete before e § In other words, Ann hac already Jef! another activity or time in the 2 & when Sam arrived. past, (b) By the time Sam got there, Ann had already Jer. In (a): 1st: Ann left 2nd: Sam arrived. ‘Advetb clauses with by the time are frequently used with the past perfect in the main clause, as in (b).* (©) Sam had left before Ann got there. It either before or afteris used in the sentence, the past @) (e) w Sam left before Ann got there. Afforthe guests had lott, |went to bed. ‘Afferthe guests left, went to bed. perfect is often not necessary because the time tionship is already clear. The simple past may be used, as in (d) and (0). Nore: (c) and (d) have the same meaning; (6) and (f) have the same meaning. (9) (bh) Actual spoken words: | lost my keys. Reported words: Jenny said that she fnad! lost her keys. ‘The past perfect is commonly used in reported speech.** Ifthe actual spoken words use the simple past, the past pertectis often used in reporting those words, as in (h). Common reporting verbs include tell (someone), say, find out, learn, and discover. wi Written: Bill felt great that evening. Earlier in the day, Annie had caught one fish, and he had caught three. They had had a delicious picnic near the lake and then had gone swimming again. It had been a nearly perfect vacation day. ‘The past perfect is often found in more formal writing such as fiction. In (i), the fiction writer uses the simple past to say that an ‘event happened (Bil felt great), and then uses the past perfect to explain what had happened before that event. 0) Vdfinished. You's finished. We'd finished. They'd finished. She'd finished. He'd finished. Iv finished, Hadis often contracted with personal pronouns in informal writing. Note: I'd finished. I Vd like to go. Pd Thad would *For more information about by the time, see Chart 17-2, p. 368. **For more information about verb form usage in reported speech, see Chart 12-7, p. 261. CHAPTER 3“1 Exercise 23. Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-6 and 3-5) Use the simple past or the past perfect form of the verbs in parentheses to complete the sentences. In some cases, either tense is correct. 1. Samir (be) was had been __ a newspaper reporter before he (become) ——became _________a businessman. I (feel) alittle better after I (cake) the medicine. Iwas late. The teacher (give, already) a quiz, when I (get) —____ to class. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) over, the rain (stop) . Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) ____ the earth, bur they (become) ____ extinct by the time people first (appear) 1 (see, never) __ any of Picasso’s paintings before I (visit) the art museum. . After work, I went to Rosa’s office to give her a ride home, but I couldn’t find her. She (leave) with someone else. 1 got ready to pay the bill, but when I (look) in my pocket, I discovered that I (leave) my wallet at home. With some embarrassment, I told my friend that I (forge) —_________ my wallet. She kindly (offer) to pay my part of the bill for me. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 519. Yesterday at a meeting, I (see) —__ Rick Collins, an old friend of mine, I (see, nor) ____ him in years. At first, I (recognize, not) him because he (/ose) a great deal of weight. 10. In 1980, my parents (emigrate) to the United States from China. They (travel, never) _____ outside of China and were, of course, excited by the challenge of relocating to a foreign country. Eventually, they (settle) in California, My sister and I were born there and (grow) _____up there. Last year, I (go) to China for the first time to study at Beijing University. 1 (vant, aleoays) to visit China and learn more about my own family background. My dreams finally came true. 4 Exercise 24. Looking at grammar. (Chart 3-5) Underline the past perfect verbs. Which of the passages is typical of fiction writing? Which of the passages is typical of spoken English? What are the differences in verb form usage? 1. The thief simply walked in. Mrs. Garcia had forgotten to lock the door. Her son’s school had called to say that he was ill, so she had rushed out the door without thinking to lock it. 2, Hey,Anna! Did you hear? A thief got into Mrs. Garcia’s house. Yeah. She forgot to lock the door. The school called and told her that her son was sick, so she rushed out the door without locking it 3, Sometime in 1995, Mr. Parvaz took a long, hard look at his life. He had had the same job for almost three decades. His dear wife had passed away. His children had grown and moved away. So he quit is job, packed everything he owned, and moved to London. That was the beginning of his adventure. Q Exercise 25. Warm-up: listening. (Chart 3-6) G Tisten for reduced speech in these sentences. How is had pronounced? {f21, 1. I'm sorry we missed the meeting. We had forgotten about it. 2. The movie had already begun by the time we got there, 3. Icouldn’t change my schedule. I had already planned my day. 4, Igot home late. My roommate had already gone to bed. 52 CHAPTER 3