TEN VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE 10.1 VECTORS IN THE PLANE, ‘the plese in an ordered pair of real nomnbere (zy). The numbers = and y ate ‘all the componente ofthe vector (ey). Vetat (x) and (uc) ate egal # and only Pou anel yt 0 (0) inthe sery soto. In contract me eal 9 mimber& sel TA (ejay thon the dicted line segment DR, wher © bs the gin and A inthe point (ep ee he peston retin he oss AHP =) a8 = (ey {tn the directed line cogent RQ te» rpesetain of the sector (9, Pts Pa) We moe the abbreviaan a VIO) 101.2 Definition ‘Tie maytag ofa vector the lagi of any of ts representations, and the direction of & outers elo sthe dieton of any te rpreseatons. ‘The magnitude of tle vector A's enoied by JALAN =0 i and ont if B13 Theorem IEA i the vector (ayy thea All Yn fae TEA Oy the dretien of Ai the radia menue ofthe angle # €[0,29) sich that In navigation, the cvarse oe Aending ¢ ofa sip o airplane inthe angle measoned in degree clockwise from the north to tle dincton in which the vowel ie travaling. The angles ‘cotsidened postive Thos Oif0 <9 90, or 45F— cit g >90- 101.4 Deiniion “The sm of to veers A fsa: nd Do (by) nthe voter A-S By din by ALB=(e, 2.07%) “The rule fot addition of vcore it sometines refereed toa the parllagra lew Fone Fore is a veior quantity. Any set ol from acting ata singe point cas be mplaced by 4 single force, he rental, which thee vee su 1OLS Definition ICA = (0,22), then the neyaiveof A, dnotal by ~A, ie defined to be the vet (—s.~24)- 1016 Defiaition The diffrence of the two vectors A and B.denuted by AP, is the sector obtaiaed by adding A to the negative of Be hat A-B=A+(-B) By Defiation 10.1.6, flows tat the vectr represented by the dimeted ne segment Fe of the vector whowe pesion rqpesestatins are OG and OF. In ambols Be (t= Pity P3)- Furthermore, ABCD Wa paradclognan if and only D0). 104.7 Deion 1 a ela nd A in the vet (0) th the prod F< and A, denoted by CAs he ‘vector given by eA = e(@,, 43) = (€a,. 063), 14 0 theo i din ob JA. pie thet of vets tpi vit aditon and alr malian ‘su of terme of he form eA, cle inca cmblnton of he vecrs A, "Te linear obinaen tire ta essay 6 ere The set ot wet aepedent ace nowt comtinatin este vse. 1018 Theorem If A,B, and Cae any vos i Vande and date any seas, then wear atin and Peak snpeon ei the owing pooper696 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE ASB=B+A (commutative lew) At (2G) = (AD) +0 (onecinie ln) (ii) There ina vector O's Vy for which A'} OA (exitence of additive ientiy) (ie) Thee bn vector “A i Vy ch that A+ (-A) =O (cabtanee of negation (e8)A = oA) (asciative lam) (5) (A$ B) = od fo (Sietautoe Law) (vi) (e+ d)A eA HA (aitabate law) (Gi) TIA)» A Getence of wear maltipiative deat) 10.9 Definition A rea! vector space V i a set of elemats, alled vector, together with the st of eal funbesy eaed seals with Ovo eperation cal wctor eddton al salar muipliction Soc Unt for eves pai of votre A and Bin V aad fr eer scala ¢, vector A+B ard & ‘etoreA are defied no that groper () (8) of Toarom 10.18 are sti ny ctor that hes magnitede one ie called a anit vector. We define the vectow i andj (Thch form» ban for un vector apace Ve fallow: 0) ant (0.1) ‘hn an dot 6) Vp be (eyed aire 101.1 Them If tenon ver A= 0:44 he he tv U having the ine Section oe fens u = ig Tho Tat TRE lid tenia nin Set Eee ‘Te Cucly Schwa sey” ety tem eps se) ‘The Triangle noquaity fr Vectors A+ BIZiAL+IBI FE aa ae et i an RE me tn Bes In Exercaee 1-1, (aj draw the position repisentation of the vector A an alto the particular represecation PG Heough the given print P.(b) Bd the magne of A. prax(e3ied > Led Abe the point (4,0). The dtected line tegnent_ OA is the poston repmeeataton of vector ‘A, as shown inthe figure. LA PQ be the particular ‘eposentaton of ester A trough pon! P. Tye PG-a-pae mg__ose “Thos Q=(6,6). The mprewetaticn Fas ale tons in te figure: By Theorem 10113, the maguitude of vecor Ai given by Tale Vso = A In Baers Gand 6 find the cant (in (e) hn npn) maian mente of he ction angle ofthe vcr 5 (@) (Lt) an a 6) Vth d= 0d (8) [-80} tan . () (0 tan = Yadetned, =f pay aneazrnsie= tw O098 —— (6)(-2 tan Om Om x tants10a VECTORS 1 THE PLANE eo Ja e710, he var Abving Fa nratin, Dr Fde poitin mp o A BpeGor ac waiO ero Ae eek braGionan > Since PQ is a representation of A. we have anepe-Ar—=(-38) “The representation PG and the postion teneesentation a of the veetot A are town inthe figure. 2 Pa (-hm3KQ= Be qa PER (B= (2) +42) = (2 Thus $= (3-2) 13. P=} a= (6-25 MPa (= mes 1B (9) GA)4C38) = -BA43) = C19) ca 09, © (@)LetA= (0.8) and B= (2,3). By Defi I. AAR= (0.3) (2.3) = (04 -2),349) = 2 (0) tet Am (8) and = (V1) Thee ASB =(28)+(-V3.-1) =0- Vi.) 1s the Ggurn OACH i « paralogren. TR is he resto reprecntaon of vecur A and 08 & the ion reprocnation of vector B, The dingoeel fs the podtlon representation of A$ 4m Buereses 17 and 18, subtrct the second vector fom the fist ad strate geome ML. (0) (8-8) (60) = (8-610) = (1) () (le) 18 (8) (0.9) -(2.8) = ©-2,5-8)=(-2-8) @n-—.n= aries 19 a 20, Sd the vecior of alas fA = a2) (.-3), C= (232). (0) A+B (A). ran Yeon vii (oI7A-Di- 7049 --9) 20. (3) A-B; (hes (©) 2A43B (0428) (4, -8)] =] (1030) |= VEER = JOO THT = VT{698 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES. AND SURFACES INSPACE +9) and B= ij (0) 08 = 6G = 2+ 05 +2) IAS BI=1G+2if= VES = YIOFE = VO = 2/70 15-3 B44 (@) [AD =[-214 GI] = VE SE = 20 = 25 5E= VIH 4 (Bsn = SE a Mis 24i)= (1420 = Yiee a = VOT = 7B (@) IDAl-LeBI= Wal- cal ov P49" - oy + (I) = 5Vi9-6VF 24 (@)IAI-IBE 6) 38-24: (9158-208) L3B1- © IAL-1l =[2ie5]-Iss-j]= VPP YP HF (0) B= 2k = 14-9) 205+85.— i46)=8 (olan 2A 188-951 = VEE - YT ()i3BI-12al= [1-35] -[46)|- VPFE — VF = VB (B= 3/28 iu vector U having the se erection as: FATT = Vit = Sit A > AB=@i45)- (0. We spy Theor 10110, Bester 1A-BI=[5i+6i] = VEEE = Vet then te mit vector ae mee econo A ua fate ta tn Baer 29-25 the given ete io Be fin oc + Cletoe angle Ale in nivel havo thane deco, 28. (a) iG r= (PHM VF T= VB 881-4 = 5-Di UH B-B (6) 54.95 = bs f= VTS =F 4 25 ~ 2+ VB) = 2/ Bloom Jel + sin be vali iVvi (0) Heb r= VEE = Uo j= TOC. Ua AG (0) 2V5irdh r= VDHT =0.2V5i4 4) = ovate BU = hVEAR Bb a) r= |i aV/il= V4 GVA) = VTE = Vor = 84455 = MBit LVS) = Sem fei in Bj U = VG (yr ete = t= 16 a6 = 16+ 6) > len ea); UA sd Bi the01 vecToRs rm Pe ROK OR > Belacane RESP ase use cos 6 = Sh. 4. and sin ee aC 3) = SV Acos Fri + sin Fad) it vector having the same cretion athe given vor cos ra Fe or, eave, AV Or =1il= VF = ena that mad sine Fafa ‘Thus, 0=Jyand = Acs fri sia} ‘A us veter having he same direction a the given vcr 2) J Note Rat Uh FORE Halo gen BF or risa. HSCS AAS HB Sin = MEI) HUGH) = (28-48 +28 $9), B= ACA 2) = He 8) —H(51= 29). Terre 24H) (the ica this pater hes a elation, C cannot be wsttn inthe form hA-+ AB. 36, Two forces of magnitudes 340 Ib and 475 1b make ap angle of 34.6 wth eachother an ate applied to an ‘ijt at the came poi. Find (a) the tagoitde ofthe rltaat free and (b) 19 the nearer tenth of ‘egre the ali ales with the force of 475 Ib > (a) Heer tothe Sgure. Lat A= (4750) repent the fee of magatude 479 Ib, If B {exce of masgitude 940 Th, then because the angle between A aad Bis 34, we have by = 940 con 46° = 280 and b= 340 ain LE = 198 ba) presents the “Thus, B= (20,100). The reelant free i A+ Band sed A+B = (2750) + 280,198) = a ‘Then et ey Las Bls var Te = r9 sl 1 ‘The mamitude ofthe resultant fore is 779 1b (Q)I Bie the gle the vector At Bankes with A, thea van =42 = 0.2556 o=us "The angle tht the relent force males with the free of 47 bis U4. [7 Choose the anes 0 tha the pestion representation ofthe 60 1b face is long the yostive x ass. Then the ‘wetor -A' (G00) reprewnte this Toren. Let the sector B= (hh) tepetent the 10 he fone, Then y= 80con 3 se 60.3 and by =80 sin SU = 40. The renutant ore A = B= (60,0) + (69.440) = (190.40. lAsnt= fasay + ops us (0) Hon the angle betwen Aand AB hen tan = fl 0.308% #2217. BB. Let A= (34,0). Then B = (22 eos 0,22 sin 6). 467 =|] + BP = (34+ 22 com 9)? + (22 sin 0) = B+ 234-22 con 04224, om 9 0318, OTL TT‘NO VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE (8, Draw a figure similar to Figure 14 i the text Let oT Al Pane ieee ue “AL Apne bs ay leaped of 350 mh le order forthe actual course of the TE the wind lowing rom the west, (8) wha speed? spe 1 Refer to the Figure. Let OB = (by,f,) be the plane's velocity. Because the cx ‘healing i 540, the dzection of OE Is 9° 340° = 110. Thus 6, =380e08 110 = 1107 8 = 380.0 1102 1187 ‘Therefore isthe point (0,328.9) (2) The magaitade ofthe win’ re (5) The mmber of en per howr inthe pla? Iwel=u,) (op beading: 36F~sie“"(61/250) = "189° = 316. 6) Vivre = 18:20 kis. cone = 180 stan" = 1 (op eating ta 98S = 281 (8) w= VISFEH = (in oh mov 9S 2 OSS at A simmer wo can ovim tx sored 15 ih sive ote wate Teves the south bank over whine Cent is towacd the est st 0S tnifh He wishes to read a paint dectly north arom the iver (a) In what ‘iretion shoul he hea? (9) What Seed relative tothe land this eto tae Va 6? = 202-4 (wife) eee . the gare tot DA (bh) be hie evel and @ his nection. Then ee (9) The ewimmer’shrading shoul be 450 — 1222"= 9275. aN () is spd rdative tothe lad wil be 1.27 mi. (are) = (00) = 0. ta) THEO MBA (BAC) = (0.09) + (bya ba) (64.6) = (Osta) + (br + Carla + 62) = (+ (by tea haa + (ba) = flay +, ) Hey lay bg) Hey) = Cay + bys ay + Ba) + (eye) = arog) + ivbad) + (pst0) = (A+B) +E mle pata Cecuedense eiresioaelta Wm Hoes = Capa) = layed” 48. Prove Theorem: 10.1.8(iv). OTe Ac Aiacinc ie 5a ie pre hbase one eer f= (0, +(—ay),09+(~a9)) fn ech psec ts SOG AEN SES (dogg) = ay ig) = A) a) B+ dA.10. VECTORS IN THE PLANE 741 52, Two vce ae sid tobe dependent i and oly if ee pntonepeentaions ae no alla. Furth tore, vo etre A and Bae ed a form a bats othe eto secs Vand ety my vate in Vy coe ie wtiten aa limar comtinaton of Aad Bk theo cam proved hil sate ht oo ecto ara tan fer the vector pace Ve they ae dopant: Show tha i tnrem bd fo hat vet (5) sea (he) by dag the tolaning (a) Veily tnt te vcore ae indepadeet by showing ha te pete orectatinsar ot elie: () vel thatthe vars mn s bas by Showin tat sy ver ah aii wt). a=) wb cad wa Han in eg oo) > G)HA= (25) ti OR wth poo roreeation of ver (2,5), B= Duty then OB the postion representation of ector (3,-1). Bexause the slope of OA is 3 and ‘i dope of O is =$ 45 the position Tprestatins act elineat and thas the ver (2.5 and (v1) a independert. ware aj ete gy raga y = Ce radys aye asta goKc8 There, eta 2.8) cae, a= Hb5,-24) Tins ay vector on be writen asa lint conbiation of the vector 2.8) aad (1) That ig, with he values ofc aad d sbove, (29) 408.—) 228 Bina salar maltiple of A. Hence repnontations of ion repesenalons ofthe tio vectors ate cline Feb C=cA +a then bj ef 2))= dit) = (de CaN (-2e-+ td fe 1242 i = HAS, Sine: this ystem has to soluion, A and Barenot abasis, SA. 63H) + HG +4) + C4) = Coed H2|It eats ssjets | 15, We aregiven A= V(PG), B= VGH), C= VORB), Besse PC, TH, HE ag sen ofa triangle, S ‘= point P. From Figure 13 ofthe tert wo se that V(PQ) + V(Q A+B+C=V(PQ) + VIQR) + VORS) = WIFI + VERS) = ViPS) 56. Prove ently the thal angi for vers LA BI 9 >0, Werte 8 Sgt unded spelen if the aces potting Lo ws the pontve y als rotation postive daetion (eunteclckwine) Lo cance wth he postive = axis 10223 Theorem Aline paral 0 and only if ll poate ow the tne have Ree spat eordaates the ‘he 2 plane ‘ual y over the ay plane fal ¢ coordinates the xan thal y coordinates and equal = coordinates the yaxie ‘sein ¥ coordinates and equal = coordinates the fae (Sha! = coordates ad equal yeoordnates 10.25 Theorem The undizetnd distance betwen the two points P20. [PiPil= Va-a0? +n ea 10.2.1 Defisition ‘The raph of on equation in RY inthe set of all points (2y.2) who condinaen we nurmbers sntnying Ue egation, |A srfce i the raph fan equation in KS, (A graph ke fe] = 1 snot a surface. In $127 we Ay alane Sectaceslaclor to teure’ bn) One pantieala surface the sper. 10:28 Definition A sphere isthe eof al fut in thzee-cimensonal space sultant fom fae point. The Bid pointe ellod te contr of the sphere aad the ensure of Ue conan detance i called the mdi of tbe sphere. 1029 Thiotem An evestion ofthe sphere of aur rane crater at (ty) eon ein eP not [An equation ofthe sphere with diameter endpiats Alby.) and B(Ap pt) is (Ex 28) (eh Meh) OA Me By) (2B ME be) =O 10.210 Theorem The graph of a stcondegree equation in x and =, of the form staP+ Sees tiny ) and Pyle va) is ven by is either a sphere x pnt, or the enpty se 102.11 Dafeition ctor i thrersimensionl space isan onde tiple of real numbers (2,2) The numbers 2, pland are called the components ofthe veior (2.02) Vectorn (ena) and (von) ate epee and only = Peprsentation ofthe Yeetor A yan and ¢= a The position (rea) the decd ine segment fom the eign 1 the12 VECTORS IN THREE DD INSIONAL SPACE 103 it (ey ah The sero sector the vector (0,0 0) atti denoted by 0. “The magutude of the veer A = (aay) is given by TA Vals oi and onty 10212 Defnitin ‘The direction angle of 4 nomero vector ate the thzce angie that have the small ounegatve radian measure 7 measured frm the ponitive x, yvand = ane, rerpetvels, {6 the postion reprenntation of te veer. ‘Tas the direction angles forthe vet OS 3< 4 and0e em, meh at cove mip oy coe ‘The three numbers ca, 8 9a cor ate call the direction cones of vector A. 102.18 Theorem If so, cos 9. and eos 7 am the itcton cosines ofa vector, then cola emp + coy = 1 Ae 14) are a, @ aad 7 with 0 0: the opposite distin ie < @ Als FeAl =Ie Al 1026 Tacorem ‘The coornater of the midpoint of the lve sg Pafsgsvnts) a sive by Hate) 9K tn) t= Hated ‘orem 10:26 says thatthe pation representation of the midpost P of sequent PP is ven by p= doy + lop Moe generally. if P's the faction wf the way fan P, to Py. thet ponent pe V4 the att of vecons tagether with addition and selar multipeation and satis the properties gives in Theaces 10.25, Thus Vy oval vector apace, ‘The thae ual ects $5 (1.0,0) 1=(,1,6) k= (0.0)) form 3 bats for Vi beause any eclor an be expres terms of them a floes = (tts) = 20.0.0) + (01,0) =2,(0.0,1) yh +05) + 0gk 102.14 Theorem Ifthe noraero vector A= ai-+ aj + ag, thes the wat vector U having the same ctelon as Aisgiven by Tavitg endpoints Py(ey yy) and Brerewes 102 In cee 15, plata A and B ave opposite vertices of e vstangulas prllopipa, bering Bo face pall to the eameinate planes. In each execs, (a) shech the figure, (b) find the eordintes of the otber ai vatlew, (6) Pied thelength oft diagonal AB. © TEN(ayy¢p¢3) and Bibby by) are opposite verti of paalepiped hay plans the my were han the form oe.) wre, a 5 1. O00), (T2388) (720), (00,3), (02.0), (62.9), 70.3), (70,0) (OIRB|= it ~0F + @=0 +(@-0F = VOTAFE= VE nS4,2) 0) (Ua ‘te fees pra to the coontinate{T0¢ VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURPACES IN SPACE 3 A= (H1,2),8-= 3,5). (0) 1.2) (182), (1.19). 28.9) (LAS) GLB) (@IKBI= VOI S850 2 =Vort 8 = VE 4 AQ=1.-3); B40.) © (a) Theme tome the panillopiped Rectangles ACDEand PGBHar parallel face. (0) We ue Thmorene 10.223 to fd the eandinstes of vertex C. Dena ine BC paral to te 92 plane then pats B and C have ial = coordinates. Basse Tine AC «parle te the 2 xin then ponte A ané C have cata» exons ad sual ¢ courinnten Thus C= (,-1,-3) By. similar rewoning. we find the CSmrdinaten of the remaining vertices Thewere. D—(40.8} B= 2.0.8), Fa@-1-1kG nijand B= (20.1) (@ We ow the distance formula. Thus [abl = a=aP +04 IF +153) 5. A= (L.-10),B = (3.5) (0) GDN), (Bd. (1.5.0) (1,45), (IRB (O=? es DG -OF = VETTE = YB aay 6 (6) a= Vis EI =a VP TSP =a In Bxereies 7-11, find (a) the undirected distance between polsts A ané B and (b) the midpoint of segment AB. He NG423 9.6.3). () IAB = Y= +k OF + =a = VATA = Vm (bj The midpoint of segment AB is (318 + 1), 44 +6).424-3))= (255 1, (4-18) JeTETE = {Or We Lops Foren 1020 0 in ese pt ofp AB, Tas pelea! woken Tae e point of repent AB i (0,0,-B- 8 AG.—4), G23) [ABL= EPPO (b) he midpitofengmens AR (Y2-+BAHA-2) 40 18. A(-2, 55; BG,1.-8- IAB = Jade (0) The midi of sega AB is (245 @h) MAS 24, B10) (IRB S=phs 0-28) = VATE = VO = 1V (8) The midpsint of segment AB is (HS 43),H2 +7420) = (“1-H 1 Prove thatthe thee plats A(1,-1,3), B17}, (4,2) are the vatice of «eight tiangle Find ite wea, Applying the distant formal, meget lani= Yop a4 —3F = VT Iwcl= fe—2)* 42-1 HEF = ve lacs (aan rae ea = VT Becnute| ABP-+IRCE = 21 +6~ 27 =1ACP, the tsinsgle ADC i right rangle with hypotente side AC. ‘To find the ate, we use the aren Gru Bh, We take b=1AB]~ y21 and h=IBCI= y& This, the umber of aqare unite inthe aren is F/21 76 ~ 3/4. 18, Because the tine i perpen tothe ye gla, # i parallel tothe = ax Th any point on thi line dters frome (6.42) only fu r= coordinate nad wo has tho ers (2.4.2) eaten the distaner rm (4,2) t0 the pint (04,0) 10 ante then yle—OF +a OF Terefo the requ polis Me (4/4, 4.2} and (44,2) 10; 244 = 100, 27 96; 2 = 24/6102 VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE 705 Ma. The: paint (64,3) iv 19 unite trom (0,40). Then, l6—OF FAP ESOP = wh a6 Paha 18. Te pote nr (0,49) Ce). 18 Let A m(-9,2.4), B= (64,2), =(-12,86), Theo laBl= (643° +02 + 0-4 = aT TE a VS [itl= Yo +9 $6 -3P 416-9) = Vata TFA Vm Wiol= Vin 64 G84 6-98 = Jamra ~ Yard = 2% HEA, ByC are verti of tangle then [AB|+/ACI> IBC) But |ABIIAC| = V6 + VSB =IBCL Hen ‘A.B, atd Care aot the vties of anal nl they ar lina. 16, Fiad the veto ofthe tingle whowe sides have midpoints at (3,28), (1s 8) and £(,3,4, et Ay B,C be the vein of the lage, with Py thr tks of HG ike Midpinl Ot AC and F the Iitpoint of AB. Thin DEAF isa parllogam, zd ant ising poniton sector we hate 100, FA=0E ated Ba mdb eH t= 8.23) + (031) 4-115) =(-428) Silas b= dmetf=(8.2.3) 0.3.4) 4(-1,1,5) Fe f= 8.25) 6055) Than A= (42,6) B= 2.0.4) © H A= G-8,9,B= (17,6 (1RBle fOr ys CSF G08 = OTTHTB— VIR 9y8 Rl las oF 8 oF+O—TF— yer we ~ yOi8 -2VeF itl= (cl saFs Gas = VoFTTe = ve 0) Th mld ated AD e— D434 4940) = | ‘The midpoint of side AC & (2 ~4).4-5-49).1+7)) =(-1.2.5). ov midoit of ae BC i= 1 = 1,40 49).0+1)) = (43) XCF th fron aa te ay om PtP tee Fe ad 0 =p P= (nvm, sume j webave p= 1) = Ula tephdy oa fy | Bate tGretyentseo P4Ge4]0) +6 Hye oP HP) = hots ata) HGF + (r+ Ba + eH HOt +a) (e-aP UEP GIP EK bei. 1= Yana = fora Py, 1s Exes 2,25, deteine th graph of he oqation lay re mtyt ts t= ‘Wecomplete the squus othe tr nya: Thus Fe VPs 410) 649) =m +1049 Py OR (era ‘By Theoren 102.9, ne Sind that he prop sa splice with cnto k (,8) and a BM Pte Prete (2A s2t 1s vive) (ena sy 2) s “The grep the sphere with enter at ( IH 5/9 wit siesta 1) andr 5,‘0s VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE BaP etizy-3r4200 (Coe D iG OTE DG a= 20d =D O-PF+e-P=} “The graph isthe sphere with center at (43) and B P4742 —os9en terse) A Poy +P 85+ y= 42413 =) > Wecompise ue square. (Pate 419 GE HOH 29 4H 8 (e444 (2-27 22 ‘By Theorem 10.2.9, we find that the graph is a sphere with center at (4,~5,2) and radius 92 = 4/2 units. Bo Parts geeay—tety=0 (P6249 40% sy 41) 4 (2 eS In Beets 26-2, fad equation of th phere satin Ue conditions Bi Ca) A inet nn cdptnts Ay by) and Bh ty ‘If Pass} ison the apere, then AP ea ih rg aed so AP = BP? (=A (y— byes ett eye by ee EP = (hy tl Cy So cht hh ebaP ately tye tte tt {0} a te aa vpn (025) abd ALOT) C20} +) HE BHD mn Paps? eee ss ty “Tpeceater of te geyser 4 IP +e +4 =o 2B cota te pois 0,04) (2.3), and (0.26) nla ie eter nthe ple ivi. ‘The graph he potat (0,0.3) 44) =—194 94144 sth gap isthe py hat Pek? oye=7) Getly+letd= (+942) Boca the ceer i inthe y= plage, ny hay Hyti+i= (ety +) ‘Wesubatiute th coordinate of the gen peat: (0,04): as. ry (kee matt: @ (026. a+ +I= a0 @ Pron (2) Wa a= 12-3(~ Theequato Srp t8— syns u0102 VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE 707 1M. (9) 2A-C=21,2.3)— (8-88) =04,94(4,-9)= 0.72) @) LAA 1h = VP FP FF ~ VHP SS Vid ~ 58. (c) 4B+6C~ 2D. Md, BI) 6-5-5), 6) = (1684-84 4-8, 18,20) § (4-218) = (10,9814) (LOL oC h-leD t= A/F aos FV FST 2 Fa Tae atV% + 659-2 31. () C430 ~6A = (5,-1.5) 43-2 1,6) 81,23) Coad.) (H63. tae nib B) ela 16-1) (TANBEC—D)=[0.2.3)f{4.-3,-1) (5,-3.5) ~(-210) = VIFTESVIEFOTH 8, -4,-3) = Vi B(-3,—1-1) = VET AH-8, 4-1) = 281-341) = (BV, BV 91,2) 2. Pad: (6) 82040120, ()1AK-IBD (8A 2846-109 =20,23)~16,-2,-1) + a Mlaaiecnease Cooks Gata Ta) = 4.8 2) JEPITE = Vi Int [48-9 ]= fas OF VE (TH+ 28,3 - 28,513 -6VB) (2.1.6) = 0.0.0) and te b= 0. In Exercises 35-38, find the direction cosines of ViIPjP,) and check by verifyiag that the 35. PY(S,—1, 41): P.2.4) 1h 3.24 1444) = (6.985 |B) |= Vi8e Tete ce = 0 B= c= Aa andes tem = Br =I 6. Py(=2,6.5) Pe(24.2) > We have [Pras (aPae apostle} Ne ahIVE= VETTE Fete teats seats Behe. ) = (ns JTFTET = VIB =3y7 View sha -fVieteseale sty £4Bed then WFP = IMD. 8) ~BlemB he Os peatedonthtsa dnd ye 0uaed 8490Q an 4th; Qt pat IAD Vm{08 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE = =P. 40, Given P13, and P14 Gd the pia Rs tha OF Expres he vectra rap, = -21~ pa) Be = mt fey = ad. 8)4 20-1 += G5) $42) bee Seno fosanee 2) P89) Py = BE, ws, = Bley 4)= 5P,— Py P= OPM) = KABA r= GBH) the VRP) 28) = (-82— In Exercies 42a ero he vctor in emt ofits agate and dnt ping Bake sis ek Tenlal= yoeTeea= yet. (0) Lt A= 2645 —28 TheolAl= JT SD = VR. A= Vi 4A, (0) 2-3) +k (0) Bah > Ifa, and 7 are the direction angle forthe wstor V = i+ 6 tele then ee eee ee ee) ois rel= fe P as cos om} con = 3p con Theron, in g+k-3Q-$ ik) Bd m = a VAG A + VS- HV) In Bern 4 and, fate ait wr U having the sm 45. (3) VPP 4TH Ivers = G3 (0) Fy = (2.5.2), Py= (47.5). WE) (A478 a Va | Wetal= VHT = VB =2V5.0= Joe tp. 46. (9) y(8,0,—1),Py(-R8=D. V= (3-48-0141) = (-6,80)- VI = VTS R10. = $0) (0) (8,-5.2), PA-3,-0.4) 148)-94 54-2) 2) IVEa VF SEE = B= 15/75 U=GVomsvikevs) te Bxerche 7 and, poe the property if As Band Carey eon nd cand dae ary sas Sa} aed Bip in) Us tbe ae ype of ero mbes (Qs De Groin tiney TA)= 6, 4aphy tay hyt a) = BA yh Rebcba site gone ose = (ty ty.) Then A+{—A) = (05 + (1) + (—1hag + (ahh = (0.0,0) = 0. tae dioy spay) = elo rhpicloyt elon) Gosrelpea)'sehncdgedh veh +B direction as VOPTPa). 6) = (18.4) 2.9.3. anno) "(em Hehyeay + cb e05 +102 VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE 709 48. ()A+@+E) = (A+B) +O (associative aw) (6) (ai =a) {anocinive lam) () (HAS cA en (cisbative las) © lat Am (eyty.0qh B= (ysbp by), and C= (etn) We Apply the defitcns for aliion of vectes and vealarmultipiation and the asceiative ad disrtie Infor el umber. GaLwrO = evened Hoetney seneneg) lorena Ore enbyt eahy te) ROH Hehe Oy heady Obs beam leh tenlegth)+enlnth) te) = opm Hey) ett) = lode! bh) +696) = (he D)+6 8 Gedih= Coyne = eld lebbng edn) = (dayne) = de dog de) seen) (CH OR= (6+ ae og =e Maylene a) fem day + day 4) (eajeayeay) + (doy .£0g) =e, 85.3) + dete) = cA +A Ia Herc St, pore hn sn nee 48. hc fo dra etna pasa a nh th > Gos the Sots pans igure af tsa sth vt of be pried we A440) Sess Gab Weber Dei, lobe Hone.) and AO} cso oe ag BC OVER Gee ete pli Ma Sr 60.17, 0,4 Sate fo pun ose he midis 8 BG Def PQ.QR, BS. t Melon coferasceharseniesaen fern foe ae Shy aia a cna dg cg yarn ea aera pee ean ar ee aids mammraec inlet oo, blebs) Cab Wo.0es Dad), Gch Has} ad HON Ti raphe forma pantldopan Keomee a= De. [Wal= Vie + @=oF HO=oF = VP RITE leFI= flo-a¥ +0 0F Oo = VETO 52. Taree vectors in Vy ae sid ta be mdepedent if and only if thir poston presentations do not be in 2 plane, and thrwe vttore By, By ad Har aid to fon = basso he veer space Vy if and lyf a0 ‘ctor in Vs can be written as linear fombizaton of B, Hy ad By. A thrown ena be feoved whic sate: ‘at to vert form m Sane fr the vector spe Vy they ar independent. Show that tis thoorer hele far the three vecers (10,0), (11,0) and (ily) By dong the fallowing (a) Ves That the veto are Inlependent by showing thatthe postion mpresentation are not coplanar: (8) verily that the veto faa boss by showing that aay vetee Acan be enter, (L050) +s, 10} + 1.4.1) ) ere rs, and tar salir. (c) IFA = (6,-2.8), Sad th parelar vals ofr 5 and (0 that (1) hols, © (9) The positon representations of the weiors (10,0) até (11,0) a in the 9 plane bneaane thet ‘emnponents ate both ser; Dreause Sey ave not cilia, they donot Be in any other lane, The potion ‘roresentation of the veto (1,1) it bot inthe cy peor benuse ie» enmponent isnot sre ‘Terefere, the Dition representations ave not coplanar an the rector a ndepesdent. (0) Let A= (eb) We stow tat thee et sears r= and # seh that (ube) =r(, 0,0) + o(11.0) 40.1.1) = 0,0) fn} +(G t= Ce heb be Be) ‘Correapming components of equal sets ae egal numbers Ths, errtett baest car Saving forr,«, and € in tems ofa, & and ¢, we stain110. VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURPACES IN SPACE e peenb acboe t “Thus, any vecor Aca be wit ‘A= (1,050) 0160) 440,150) snd the voto (14.0) (Ll 0) and (1,11) form «ba for Ve Pete Ande = 5 Soblitating thee values or 0, and «Taio Eqs 0) = (ee) fr eye Brttna—e-tabyrmet Thus (abe) =ee2.1) +e (Sanz beh en5in BA Let Fy= (itt), p= (Lb) P= Qs teamed also avecoplsae. (8) INO a0 L3) #40212) (0, Peat = Tenn ie tere to wton. Uh ap Gf t= hg A= 1 ene yt ah merc A 16. Wie radian meanre of each cretion ange i the sme, what it? 0) a 20{1,~10) 90 the vetan form » bas 5) (2) 829, f= (-8)— 26) = 12. (a) Becase Hy =P, + Fy the wetors repenent the sides of » iv thea rpet2t= a, 2+t=b, and teva te thesadin mare ofeach det ale of ete By Them 102.19 we have ca scars tomanzeata= few en tocar" Jar aeor (=p) tos bor pRopucT 10541 Defiition ‘The dot produc of two verte A and Reet hy A-Bis defied a follows i 1h) = hi ghaze two vectors in Vp Li yj bare two vers In V5 ‘Werote thatthe dot prods, or ner prods, of to wetors is 2 salar Work We te tr dot prod tofind the wok W done by free P that cases a displacement D of abn object, We bnve WFD. 1032 Theorem IF AB, cod Cure any vectors in Vy or Vy then G)AB=B-A RUC) A-B=Age 1022 Theorem If 4 and Bape any vectorsin V3 Va (4A: B)=(ea)-B Ghen=o (i) A-A=IAl 1034 Definition Le A and B be Uo nonaro vets uch that Ais not a aealac manip of BC OF ‘postion representatin of A and OG isthe position representation of B, then the angle Fee A and denoted by (ABs dei 1 be the angle of psi svgrare between BF cad 50 interior to the triangle determited by the points 0, P, and Qf A= eB, where € Or ee ther ie > 0, te ange tntecea the vecora Be radian mvaeute Ot if 620, the angle ‘beeen the vectors bas odin measure» 1.35 Theorem Ifo the radian measur ofthe angle between the ono nonter weetors Aand 1 then AB =IAIBleos a ‘Ths, RB>UtOcacte AB=vilande ABcOit case We sce that the dot product of two veto does net depend on the coordinate system: is any cali, therpee ruitaaa Ft ae efi isa sein fi be ae Esl hoor Seemed Geos e arene oli ea tala ema tecnad aoe toric sesh at tele t 1 U is a unit vector, then Ay ~ AU, and the salar pejetion of A cato U is cade the component of the vector Ain the diction 96, Asa spel ener, fr 1 ‘Bumbers oj and ej ar the componente of the ecto Ain the dictions eerives 12.9. In Bercses 1-4, find AB. 1.) 12) (4,9)= (10-8) +208) = 10 (0) (8-5-4438) = 211) + 2198 = 1 2G -B-Gd)~ ©) 2-44) = (2N-1} +00) =2 2 OGD (b) (-28)-(4 45-38) = 001) +312) 4 2X3) = 9 4. @) A= (4,02), B= 6. 25h B=Gi+ 42k 1 Weapily Defnition 1031 2)-(5.2,~i) = 465) 402) + 2-1) =18 Hk) T+ 28 = 36) = (27 +102) =6 5 0) (1.0.0) = 12) + (0) +04 © FF 101.0-(.40) 2000) 10+ (0) 1 010) 011) =0 = (0) 0(0)+1(3) = FA= (1.0)-(0.03) = (0) 1(0) +00) =0 (0) +001) +0 In Byereies 7-10, prove the seorem for vector in Vy B LEAS (aapag), B= Cyl, C= Cnet TAD (oyingg) abe 201 4g egy = bi +B & Treoren 10.2263) FAB HC)= ey.09)-y Heybetegdy +e) Failbs $6) + aby be) Heady 4) F2.e)) “(exh taged + lady 25) (disibutive la for real numbers) (oi toby ak) (over ane 499) Pyaar Pb s)) = dagb, + achat ashy) = oayhy) + (hy) + eCagb) Eat ee opts s(cigy = Gapcaneay tsi SCA) B 10, 0-4 600) (nen) = Om + 5 oy AAS Gytpts) utnes) at tag 449 tn Brin 8,9 eh ae nen Aad i nt. = AB TABI Was 42 Bo Dis kj, We wish to find £ so tha A Toe aBh Be = 525 92, Set a8k — 20 1. And Rare orthogonal + 0~ (i —2)-(Hi+ 6) = 12, & IAUBigs x: 6-4 = VTiViFPEV9) b= —fore= 10 aVib= 2281712 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE A=; o(5i= A) = A140, 16, Find Rauch thar A = =} and B= +6) have opposite drectens > And B have oppitecrcios Tf Am eB forme rgative alr lene 5, Bornace Eck then (€— 1 65, A-B=(-8\0) + 4-6) = 80, A, ae o=-1 s 45s Ba ABA wa. 6 ae i Hisdie Decatse ¢— 10, then #= 0. ITF = 4V5 B= VPS Fen Jae int hcp fa te Ba i icon em clatter Bh mde Bene Aha aa) Mo a be Beng 2-38 A (424827, ohond D= Guth 21 (a) AD=0) = h 4 20) = (A 2-A (6) (A-BYC-D): wenan las ADB (20-812) (2: BAL Tat AG (Cans oe (2.7 =1))(6,—80)-(. 5) saya) 1620) 3) G4) D)A~ DAR (2.1.1) 15 A, Bote 2.) = (ofa 2.40 = (00428 £3)(-4,—28) ~ (20 8~ 1292 7-1) = AYA 2.) + 402,7,-1) = = ($104,216) + (0,280.40) = (81,198,120) Ba) ABA AC = (4,24) (2,7,-1) 41-4, 28) 1,-8.0) = 0) (ADID-G) = (hm 84) BF —IUET AA) 69,0) = 2464 0— a8 402 21 4 0) = (26-9) = (A248) 2 -1YIC (BT, 1) 4,8 09)0 = ~26(6.,0) =H, (8,68) + 6,21,-8)) (2422.0) (5.4.39) = 2NT.S)- (09.16 9) = |= VEFAFTS = 0, 01= YHOO = VB = BY =: Ce a 4) = Boh (o) The vector preietion of Co Ae AiGa «lB. 2M. Finda) co i the angle betmeen Bad Dr {0} the component of Bia the direction of Ds (c) the veter potion of Boato D. Bl=[en-il= VEHF +0 Ini=[0.4.-3 B= B11 -3) = 20470) 42-11) =A (mend = Bg = Sg = fv (8) The component of Bia the direction ef D is Bp BER = 96.4.-3)=eRe Seetiiemncnantaiitie | 103 DOT PRODUCT 733 : 1B VIP = VoE= ave (0) Te sea potion of oat Bin $= ye (0) The vce ree of Ato Bin ASB = Er HB +9) == 12440 =16, |= VOTE = BBs ~ BV5 0) De = FE RO= HE —0)= BO) {7 units ia the distance from P(2,—1,—4) wo the ie thugh A(3.-2.2) and B(-8, 66). WB) = (1-6, [VRP — 121-496-238, VOR) = 12-4 [VGA = 416416 = 8 (WGP vin VRP) = 2-4-2416 4 (Iva p- “ae 2 8-FE- VE 2, Hind he distance & fom the point F821 ote ine sro the polis A(2.8) and 3-6-3) > Lee Dobe the foot o the perpendicular fem P on AB So the gue. B= 0.2.1) 4.2.9) = 2,0,-8). et e INP] = VF EPR = 9) =(-4,-8,-10) seco =a BEB Leones Tae] Vier rR 2, let A= (22,2), B= C=(41-1), D= 1480. VBC)= ea. ‘slldogiem, VIRB)-V{RB) = (020-1) (hal, 2}-0 so there Se 2 Hight gle al AW Thereote the aralldogram isa retaege 90 A= (.22) B= (G12, C=(-129), B= 60,1). B= (1,-2,-1) = TB > ADSC sa paatlcoga, BW AR -31), R= 0.2.9) P=0,—224 [BE 1.1201 4, verre = [(6.-.1) P= 25416-4102, ViAP)-WAB) = 18.44+2= 21.10 A square units the ares, opm ves tab I VR VD -F =hyan)—en? MIO = iV ctor ha he pointe ACB... 82.4.) and C1, —2.1 form = 1-21) 216) Because AB-AC =. A149) CUS ‘then ABC is a right angle. sea = PABUREL = VP SaT RTT S IT = VIVE = LTO Buy =2 yw 5 yO) HA Th (ll) tangent voce, U= (1A) VERE 2 N/E 3A. For Ue panbola y =2%, y= 2s. Reace » normal tothe parabola atthe polat (2) has. slope of. Than ‘rte Aas el aac se 38. A=Si45)-34, B= -3}43k = ‘The eamponent of B in the dection of A~714 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURPACES IN SPACE. 136, Find the eovines of th angle ofthe triangle having vertices at A000), BC, 3}, and CC 23) Thorens 1035 equie the ealelation of tee magne and thee dot product, wih «diet aplication oft lam of counes needa ely the thece magites We fd vie ia VERPSP = Vm = Sis cecottPod wom = ava NT ein Jil = at 4Vi. COUNT ETE ca ey ie moving an bet long the x axiom oe vg 2th aa (0 ‘then F -(6,0) = (44/3) - (6) t. Ne i ee Cal a Fi mpvng an object leg the y ai rm he vg the pst (6 hen Wy = F-(08) = (hai) (06) = 248. W=P-De= t0(eos f+ sini) -(5—(-2)5 = 100)V9) = S5VA. The work done is 35/2 for-pounds. F 2 9(con fit sin Fa = -4+3V5- TW hipg teed dopey Pi meving an ois fm the fino (4-2) then RA ana) = ayant 4. "Two form epraeted by the vector y= i=j ad = —A-+5j act ot patil ad cate to move eSATA te Avo gone (TAL I the mops Othe fee ace mre fe foun ad distances enird i fo, a te work > Thedeenent ser gen by Dabman Gh) @9) =~ Pi bate Sor Sonn Gt wok one by he we ce Wath Fy De leieps(aks wy-D= (1B srhaar ale la morgen 41 IEW Ubi the woth doe by he oe F Shon WS PeWiP Pyiat—F War Daim ((56.)-U Forfre Py eon = V8 and co VBP + V0? Fy rolpvi+ vii +BVe%) EW fut ite work done i Pla ing bjt te tigi (7-42) an W = PVG) = Gv i=iBV6i + V5) Th 4 28 = BVb-BVE4 BVI = HVE (AL IC Aan B ve onan vectors poe tnt ewer A=cB in othogeal to Bite = A: BABE pe eye pert tna be o unin) ee and oly if boca tnaam Beaute Lor wey ive Ea, (2) whieh ohn seal, for. Thus (1 tre “AR m. re by the tw fnces acting together = 2-41 in moving an objec fom Py (24,2) to Py(1,—35), 12, The werk dose i ~12 foet- pond, Be ®@ 103:DOF PRoDTCT 115 1. A= i+ 95h. 44 3-5 om Bani HB A and V= -B the dnections of A a let U= pA and V= FB beth nction of A and, The i keg: >= raha” FAT™ dashes dia a Ghee p U-W=V) isu-y t= Obi tot = ioe Vp _VUs¥)_140-v Tviloi= apr Bocaur cos; = om the ange betecen A and Chas the same tran a the ange Bete B al A aod B ate two nonzero paral wetos, then B= KA. Ifa b the cadian measute of the ange between Aig AGA) _KA-A)_ HAP Shenson a= ON HAA) HAE aa than Or Convently, 4 =0 then con 9 = 1 Merefire Ait AnarAiB BB t 2s ren myA (Bon -fB (har a) = fibrin BB! -2+1 = emo hy Byam afta Thos theresa wala = IBM Al sich tat B= Hao A ad Bae al Stay if9 = then osa=" and B= MCUBIMADA nad apn hl Bare purl Ip Bern 50-2, roe the hem by vei nase 50. The late ABC aca spe ae at Ge thepoit ff he mf Alte midi of BC Then g= (13a Xf) = Jor der By syncs. we te that G Bho i on th oe tno sis 1. Te met ing the mpl ve eo ag pall athe isd nd it agth cna the agit teed ie oH the mien of AD co themida ‘Thon Fi tale AD and sr 52 elm ning te mip ronpaal sides ofa tape eal te pl io and hat i lagi > chat het ofthe aps tt pct ae + ACD i» upto psi! le Ab ad WC. Lt Bt he mdplat of side AD, ad the midplae ide Berto the gare To inp th tation, wet E dee ts ve ave hee erent All nso nyrecn, nl tbarty br ane avert ne ears Tae ee Oe ae Besue Ese min of open AD, and Pb sheet af b> hee UE= + wa pie DR = i+ IRfellows that TP GPO = (08 +198) GOR + {OU} = 108 - TR) 4408-08)76 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE = ibm ® Aca TH and ace paral and he wecoeshave he ane cto, heres a pase salar sth that « Saati fom (4 nt (2) ne Bae F. Because EF’ is a scalar rrultiple of XB, then EF s parailel to AB. Furthermore, Tile [yo sent] 40 salntl asso dtl at = 8a ee) sale) (toes) 5 Abate 58, Let Pl a et ctor jn the intenice pointing to the eft tm bo the complement of supplement of 0, Then A-F+aB-F = cos a; +j'ensog ~sin isn 54, We harelzA— BI> 0 unless B= 2h. The Ociish— BP = (CA—B)-(eh—B)=29A-A 278-84 BB = AAI 224-B BP Becatse the quadratic bas no rots, dsinant is aegtie, that @A-)—APIBP <0 > (A-N) (AVA ~2AV BY B-B)=20-As2B/8 = HAP +H BF, ‘The geometscintespretation i that a pallelgram's pert uals the sum ofthe length ofits digonals ‘The eanveree in alo tre: ' quadeatera Q snk seme hat We perimeter equals the stn ofthe leh of fis diagonals, then © is plane paalelogr AP sime 2e8 18, Prove the pelericlion identity MUA BE —1A— BIE) ~3[(A 4 By. (A: B)—(A—BXA~B)) HQCAV 2A. BE BB)-(A-A~28-B 4 B-B) = HA. 8, = fy = Bes pled ad B= BB norton oH (60, Find the total evenue R= A-S for cach éay ofthe week. 1 Mon. (280,180,210) (5 50,16.84 54.85) = $2300.0, Toes. (185.210,115)-(27.50,14.68,61.20) Wed. (400.120, i80)- 21 9,21.80.66.50) ‘hrs. (858,165,200) 25.40, 18.5,62. Pek GT145,240)-22.60.19.10561.75) 104 PLANES AND LINES IN 1 MALL Defiition If Nis «given nonzero victor and My e= ptes pola, then the set of al puins for which V{P,P) and Nate orthogonal is defined to be a plave through Pq having N as a nermal as 5951.0 1042 flan If Paley.) spin In plane sal sora ver the pages H = (a) hen a quo of te place ale 29) + Hy= 39) + ‘Theorem 104.3 I, 6 ad cate aut al oo dhe graph ofan equation ofthe form az by 4c24 platy and (ec) Ba need wear Ue planer one of the coffins sad in"Thesem 10-1. 6 zero, she the plane pall to flordinate axe If ofthe swfiess 1, an ¢ re ero et the pe spall toto Cfordinate axe end, beace, prpeeiular 19 one oft coordinate aes, We rurenaion the pie eases10.4 PLANES AND LINES IN 717 Plane spall to the 2 axis rats Plane paul to the yal Plane pail fo the # asi. = Onnds=0 Pla peewee to Ure ss Z0ande=0 Plane & perpendiale 1a the yas baoande=3 Piao perpen ta the # ans 10:44 Defsition An sage between two plane dened tobe the angle been tora vectars of the planes. ‘Thee ace uo nag beinees two planes It one of thowe siges fe My the other te supplement a 10.45 Defaition Theo plane ate paral if ad only if thir normal vectors are parallel 10.46 Defaition Toe plane are perpenicalar ad onl Lise A line 1 that contains the poat (rope) sl parallel Lo eepremntatins ofthe veetor 36) has parametric equations sot y=yyttt 2 syset 0 1 nat the symmetric oqetine itet0.s 40.040 ao +t wea kenga: sella #62 0x0 dscns . ne end. diacon ro na a a a] Se ee eet eee th tall ghey indieterr tril, Il Lantypeeneuas Secu ea an wae caries ems Cow Waceier ey tne? date ound vee Lalo ie 2 pede 1 lace hn hs) tn seer fe it ie nae or Puta wt hn Gi cha Sie oo tant Tega tee ‘Rott do wt enon phason og vie ad Delecisan A sed seria dat y| feat Aire dria ny dened yung he it ; of clea] & oe 13 shies 2 fender detemnoant ts define by expanding along is ev rw: by bs by hy by hy bbe Vaca eel Vas ‘A determinant of any order has lowing properties () A ermbant sete Hf atd ony if some tow & linear combination of the others: In parteulae a determinant iro iftwo rown at eal (i) Malupying se ements of row by 4 number. muiplie the value o he Getersinant by e. The following wut useful beause Aer expanding ang the int row we can aie our srapics calculators to evaluate the four sumereal dettrlnaae. See Txerene®. Determinant Form An eatin of te plane shag the there pata Pyiy ay ih Palen z2) Pysd ss) i py Anal Bal aw al Proof Expuclng by tbe Ast rom, we se from Theotn Wt tak this i te eqeation ofa plane Parthermare, i 2.3.2) (eydrt) the two roe of tn determinant ae equa, Thus, Py tatisee te mgntion, sila, Pyne Fy sat the equation,718 VECTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACIS IN SPACE Anterept Form a, 8, and e are aonters and ate the 2 Intereept, y ntteep, and = intercept, respectively of {pao hen an eaten ofthe plane in xo yk nfo = 1 Sn Fearn 22 Distance toa Plane ‘The distance from the ple ae by #62 alto.) ven by (a ao cai. ‘hig Fan ean lm ing iit Pag ving ee Bm 1 ray Nea ae Hee) yt) elteedy-eri=o eet o 2) Aye 2)2 sw 0er18=3y 4 tee = O32 Bn Micti We —0}+ 10 -1C it) tthe S Oy sto pfa0 yoee mile+1)= (9-8) fesy-sbo=0 5. P(Q i -IN= +34 Ake -2—2) 4569-1) FH) = Oe 24g 94 AEE AR Nhe Dy He 6. PCOD): N= ise Hee 194+ 049=0)-4 162-0) tu Beeches 7 and 8, find en equation o the plane containing the thre given plats ‘E By Tavorem 10-43 aa equion athe plane ino the form ae sy ber =O o Bec th ple cnt (4,1) (1) an (I-25) wee th She eations Ee wae rey wai + 16 petted sr 4aFe By + By bee Haase —d ro) ua 1 ant sat affaae pithder eddie rida Biartesifiaat pase sing od cnt lhe cutn e+ 84 2:10 8 hich oe & (0.0.2), 241), (25,3) a een iveees Seen ET Ga sve nti tn ina iw cl A(O0,2)5 soy easy ols en OE w auc cpr orient it - e 4 oz. ozs oon ooe petri i ile tifa cite ad Det ieqsgipyad pyaa plas» 104 PLANES AND LINES IN 719 Benluating the detrminants, we get the ation Tes ~ $8 = 0 which i quivlet 0 (I) In Bierce 9-14, sete the plane and find te unit vector oemal to he ple 8 Axor vor tothe phae 21= 922 6 = 0.9 (2-1/9) [@et.2)f= ATTA ‘ence tro unit vers neal othe lave are (Ef 3) aa (2-3). 10. A normal vecr tothe pine 42~ 4y6 22 = 9 ~ Oi (4.2). 4-49} VETP TE Lene to ant vectors rial wo the plane ate hd) and (246-9). eA nea weve to be pine 42+ 39 2) 12) = BEIT = Ja i a eee mali een eS ae Ia gto Tatas the coeticeat of = i eo, the pane i paral tothe 2 ais and Dependcuas to the pe plate The ye tote © the line ta the ge pve ermine by y-+22—4 0. This fw inerecs the y ai at (22.0) and ‘es ao at (,0,2) The figure shows atch of th pane: By Theos 1643, amoral ecr ofthe pane ie ~ 01,2). Becaune Unt= Veer +2 = Yount noma water se SOL = 2 0AVEEVS) 1K A normal velo to che plane 324226 = i (0,2). [(2.0.2)|= V9ZOST= VE tothe plane te (2.0, faa (=F 0,= ae i vce mal he ad (28 1. Galt onl he pla =—5 ae (1a (00, I Bache 15-2 acquaint plane ninhag he oto BW Le A= (22-9), Be Gh.) Thee Wad) = (7 ea normal vcr tothe plane Bet th ha ttn sept (2.3) an aoe pane raters recive elas 18 Peel he plane de 2p -+:~1 = and containing the pint (26-1) As ae prt pes pve pei Suing te ccna of te in pit went sooaeconene a - The felyyssesno 2 A soma vie te ae 243921 2013-1) A or vet (othe ue! pane wl beottornalo (3-H eee) (ant) =0 44 oe—0 (Wee AOD ne MO ice she required plane, V(XB)=(-2,2.—6) will be oethogmal to (abe) 50 (a.bve}> 2,2, 6) ht Babe =0 (Sing equates (I)and @)snaantnly we go> “Ded 0 ha ation oe rege pan “Rien d)ady =O) ts—8) 0; eyes 1M, Repent o 2—y'42 =O and 2051650 salen (4 Grhiiahgads Aorkeerd Gi-ponoee wh Beat ee Q 29 Hass hs id pan penta he gpl Hace bs te foe lave 22-4228 thei normal weetore make the tame angle: Thesfore (be)- 2-1 Fo ee ee er es from whith we scan 6 =O and b=. The ple contin the pi 21.) When b= 0) (te) ap on geitn OE Beye) sete When §= “Se N= 10, Lec)- negation 02-2) “ky 1) vee La normal vecoe bas aS rs component. = (.bi). Brentse the rquted plane mae an angle ef mesure tos"4(Q) wih the =2F +e‘790 VECTORS AND PLAN! LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE ‘20, Contaiting the point P{—3,3.~2) and perpendicular to the vector WOR). ning it 2 ee rH (se ion oe IF y-9- sep be ele ot fa sn a ho ae rnc el te a a thon Bohl edit a fenee Bh mpetendsGe-Bysdeh= 0-90 CRD AE, ETE aya fh [oe ee ES Tae Sacha Tait 8 er ave eB Or ah Biases telnet Se [ete ance _ [223 4 22) aatee aT ‘5. A nonmal vector othe plane e+ thy ke 2€ 0 N=, 11,2). Clante any pint in the grem plane say Rebuy It Pa (226-3) ten VOPC) = (56.3) AF nite the distance from the plane to pint Fy flow By Egaenple 10.45 tha MGA GILD-C86) mses. a2 1g TTR A" Yeon] Vesta” Vio 26, The point (0,9) lee i Ae By—2+9 = 9, Dstanceto te—89—2— +2)=0 genay 422408 =0 2. ten 434 Be betty =O and Ty she C=O om e _,s.=s0o- 9-0) ares 17, Choe» pit in the plane ~6:—2T = 0, sy P= (00, za pin inthe plane 4 = Ge ona eke) raga tthe prallel plana itd ite the dance between te place hen PENNE) okt) lo "'s/2 eT Yea _ 12, Prove the inlenny form of the ation a a plane a ens Stan thes they, aod interop of plane arm by and c Thus the pnts (20,8), (0,0) aad Tots BUN pase Suositaine hee print into the given equation fa + y/b 42/6 = 1, we eet he en arent at t0= tant O-+0-4 1 =1. Thus the gives equation i tanto se plane with te Ben interes In Berne 29-26. find psametic and symietec oquations for the Ee Lsatefhing the cotons, PV iss ditedlon veto. B.tot P= (lI) and Py ‘equations 2= 1 +41, y= 2-31, 30. P52) ¥ 1. Threagh the origin and perpendiclar 10 tothe ise (= 10) fat ies eretion, et of Taseads cgentons the en lee k= 104My y= Sy 2 Be Lk P = (AL 4 19420) om the re Kot Raa intenorion, caw 1 conaion the origin ad the tno Tine ate perpendesly it flows that Fenn e ara| and YCOR) = (414 10.3.28) are ophoronal, There 7 43.2) 16E4 10+ 2 4 Bhai) nen [AB] 8 oP icewion muabers of ly and 2 the proporinal = othe eyed eatons of L Sed aig = oy poamneti equations ae 2 = 13h y 1,1). Then Syms equations af Late ie | Choosing Fo =P, we got parametcie (auc rab eay yates 28ee =e ree 104 PLANES AND LINES IN R721 ‘32. Through the ovgin and perpenicuas to the nes having deition wumber [4,1] acd (~8.~2, 1, (© Tat fade] be et of dimetion numbers of the reuied line Tz Deane line le perpendicular to the Rie with rection nurnbers 12,1) the sector a.5.¢ is orhogonal tthe vetor (21) Tine tebe (6.21 Gaba 0 [Beeause line Lis perpendenlar to the ine with detion numbers [-3,~2,1], we have (eabe) (cde ath bee ® (4G: ate aa)eaae 2047 “Thos, e226, b= to climiste the traction and obtain [1,72] a6 set of ection somber for L. Desaue I contain dhe ergy we we prune equations {1} Mitt (Syonig) = 005 “Thus, paramere gaatione for Late 2 We ue symietric muntons (lt) to obtain anti 3B. Lat [adie] be a set of diction members of L. Because Lis perpendicular to thn Tine: having dvetin ‘mmbers (5.1.2) and [2.~3, =f the Wesbe)(-8. Solving fr baad ewe obtain b =—da, ¢= 18a. Thes Is the proportional set [2,—16,19}. Because Leatait the pe 24%, y= -164, se ofdreetin auabers of Ly ad (2.0.8), pasametic mquations of Lae es +4130 and syminetrc equations aw Wi. P-B.1.-5), V= (4-20) 2-3 44h ‘35. A normal vrtor to the plane £49 6:—8=0 & (I8,-6), Hesce « set of dition numbers of ie (3-6), Mecause (4.5.20) ison Ly ast of pacameticeguations fl bigs =44t, y= i422 20-6. ped_ves so Saronic eqations ae 24-248. 2=20 36, Tarosgh the point (2.0, and para wo each of the planes2e + y= =~ O and = 489-482 =0. © Le (ore) bea direction vector ofthe line Beease the veto (2, 1.1) b nota tothe plane 2z-+9 ~2 =O, avd the vector (ab) i valle the plane ey = 2% 0, then 1,1) 8 orthogonal to 8c Thue Blea) fab) © ad ts (8,5) rhognn to (0 @ “11, Thus fohe)=(8.-11,8) is a dinetion vector for the lise, We ose peremetc eqetion (1) with the given poi (2,0.~2) and the direion vector (8 =e 48 ponte =—t43e ‘wtich ame parametric equations ofthe ine. We ds syietre equations (I) to dtain122 VPCTORS AND PLANES, LINES, AND SURFACES IN SPACE. we plats! eden] 248 2642 = hey —Se—-4= SH Se 451 Me 2M 9 = BSE ‘The ne colnide bean rep € ith 2~» yields te aie parsmetsie equations. 38. The line He —8) = iy #2) = He-+1)=¢ hs panties equations «= 3424, y= 2481, = 1 + Substring In tbe autaton ofthe pane 2 —2y 4+ = Gr we ge the Monty Gerd) 2-2-4304 (1+ Ae 26. There Us given Tine isin te pane, 40. Prove that the line ++ 1 =—H(y~6)= = lis in the plane 3e +9 (> We write the uations ofthe ie in pazarntrie frma by seitiag == att peso eat Subaitting late the equation ofthe plane, we have Bt i)+(2t+8) ts Bente the sation of the pla seated fr al points af the line, the ie les in the plane. In serene 1-H, the planes though Hine that are perpentcala t0 the coordinate planes are called th projecting plane ofthe ie, Find equations ofthe peectng plans ofthe give line and sketch the Hise. 0 afi tben 41 The gl neha gunn (205 30H ‘Tha iiminaing « betwien thet equations we ge 1by~ liminating y betwee the two equations we get Ib2~ Se — 12 = 0, Hlminaing Yboeween the tee equations we gee Se y~ 68 =O. "These ae equations of the proeting pans, 42. The gen ih equations {4952 7¥ 2 Ty The otis of be prcting lao ae [Bae 3a 2)—Besy—3e— 12 = Oye AOA BeBe $= AB ee 2-130 Br tt chin nto Elis virrente stoma a Piet haren htm Ses ioc eee Sam auancigsice Sea Ardroyts-720 Beiz-p+te— >» Let L te thegiven ine Tpoist Pon b, (the coordinate af) Pstishis (1) fn P salifis (2). Thon, Paiste a Liner eombnon of (1) 2nd (2). We farm combitations of {1} and (2) to elininate each of 2, y. and = to get the Fojecing planes perpendule tothe yo #2" aed zyplaes. pect Bees: yteti=t Tod Bey 2260 or, eqivabatlyy t2-3=0 SAB: 2229-8 lor equivalently 2 yA 20 “The gure slows inline and the thee prejeting plane, 4S. Choong y as prromeer, the Hes x= 29-44, 2=—y4 anh e=y47, ema +? have parametti equations #22944 9 aot hand #= p47, yap 2+ Hence vectors whone rprecataions ‘parted to there ines ave ads 1) and (I). The ange @ beeen the tno vectors the angle between fhe two ines There weiWnD | tet 2 ote BELLA) eae ved 40. Webeve £0 14th y==2465 2-947 Wah #0, C= 1 and the given (6.200, we at syd 641 erat |= ~2te + a0y~ 212200" He=10y+92—90=0104 PLANES AND LINES IN R723 Ie nk 4a in oe ie ing Ws ta nn pha Bt ag toed (ET Seated Sica ives LG aay 2a Wa oie ws OS SUGh he Slog tote wed ne 121 guest pont ©) wish ester fr tp hee Deeuipeadewacerarchiab ee tic enlist oe ee es pont {R41 of tr sed tng av tne BULENT TTI Ceca Bere foe allcbalmrtnredce ns See ae eget ate 1 Becanse the numerniors ace sane i both ines, we sen that P(0, 21) a on both line, Let N= job) be & noma sector ofthe reqsted pane. Adiccion vitor ef the fee ve fe A» (1), ‘the second ines B= (Io). Because he plane contains the lines, N i erthogoal to both A aad B. Ths, 3 C5 ‘bestite Oy oot (1.1) abies + Sate (22: Sbne Choosing 4,15}. Applying There 104.3, with Wand the pene {0,2 1), we gt a saxation of the plan serie Sasi, ai Reeser ear ths ii anf ne eis eg Hh 49. The piven lines have eas { Because (hfI] is & st of dicetion numbers (en 0 em plane ising the fin ine Bromine Ub repr plane sn (eh) -20)- 1 +H-E Hesee an cquaton of the plane f (Re —2y — ines? 32 ¥oE The lines A= PoE Planes containing the Fist ine are 242 heace (252 ~I8)-+ Hy +2242)— second lite, we have [3348) Is] +4 +218) +7] (2nB2—16) +My 422-21) <0 a + Wty 45+ 6d SL. We wish to find the intersection of the lane Sz 9 42 Teer. Sota = 180 and p= = 25-8 4 2047 a 0 and Have C mst contin th pitt (3,43) of the BW 9 =O; EH Hence an omation of 542) Chat ‘2. Fint equation of the Tne through the pit (1, theplane= 9 Let (abe) be dreion vector of the requitd line, Because symmetric eqeaions of th gives line are inne the equation of se plane we get Ifa, The pnt of intesetion is peependicula the fine te thea the vector 1) i a deetion vector for the given ine. Hens Gh ehao Is orthogenal to (abe, ther