Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_organizations_based_in_Geneva
with monitoring the balance of payments and currency exchange rates while the World Bank is
principally a development institution.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that oversees a large
number of agreements defining the "rules of trade" between its member states. Its broad goal is
the reduction or abolition of international trade barriers. Located in Geneva, Switzerland, it has
148 member states. The organization is relatively new, founded in 1995 but has its origins in
1945 when the Bretton Woods Institutes were established, when it was decided that an
International Trade organization should be established to promote free trade and the scrapping of
protectionist measures. These policies have provoked similar criticism as the IMF and the World
Bank have from the development community for promoting damaging neo-liberal policies.
The United Nations (UN), founded in 1945 as a successor organization to the League of Nations
is committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations
among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. There
are 192 member states of the UN, each of which has a vote and a voice in UN decisions. The
organization is deeply involved in setting the international development agenda. Two the most
popular development documents have emerged from the UN, the Universal Declaration on
Human Rights in 1948 laying out the basic rights that every person is entitled to and providing a
framework for international law and more recently, the eight Millennium Development Goals
aiming to eradicate poverty and inequality by 2015.
Despite the UN’s mandate to maintain global peace and security, the organization has been
heavily criticized for several gross failures. For example during the Rwandan genocide in 1994,
800,000 people were killed while the UN did very little to intervene or prevent the genocide. One
of the possible reasons for this was because it was not the in the strategic interest of the USA of
France, two of the permanent members of the UN Security Council.
LIST OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
1. United nations
2. International monitory fund
3. European union
4. World trade organization
5. World bank4
FORMULATION AND OBJECTIVES:
One of the conditions for building world democratic governance should be the development of
platforms for citizen dialog on the legal formulation of world governance and the harmonization
of objectives.
This legal formulation could take the form of a Global Constitution. According to Pierre Calame
and Gustavo Marin, "Global Constitution resulting from a process for the institution of a global
community will act as the common reference for establishing the order of rights and duties
applicable to United Nations agencies and to the other multilateral institutions, such as the
4
http://unitingforpeace.com/resources/speeches
International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization." As for
formulating objectives, the necessary but insufficient ambition of the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals, which aim to safeguard humankind and the planet, and the huge difficulties
in implementing them, illustrates the inadequacy of institutional initiatives that do not have
popular support for having failed to invite citizens to take part in the elaboration process.
Furthermore, the Global Constitution "must clearly express a limited number of overall
objectives that are to be the basis of global governance and are to guide the common action of
the U.N. agencies and the multilateral institutions, where the specific role of each of these is
subordinated to the pursuit of these common objectives."5
Calame proposes the following objectives:
1. Instituting the conditions for sustainable development
2. Reducing inequalities
3. Establishing lasting peace while respecting diversity.6
OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT:
Non-Governmental Development Organizations (NGDOs) exist for a variety of reasons. They
may be dedicated to providing humanitarian aid, establishing long-term educational projects or
addressing environmental issues while others campaign and lobby government and influential
bodies. They may be secular or religious. They can vary in scale from multinational, multi-
million dollar agencies to small grassroots community groups. Although NGDOs are
independent of national governments, many governments and multilateral institutions recognize
NGDOs as important partners in development. One of the major advantages of NGDOs is that
they can bypass corrupt national governments and ensure that aid reaches the people who need it
most. However, NGDOs, like every other development actor have also been subject to criticism.
The scale of work that NGDOs do is usually tiny in comparison to the scale of the problems.
Many organizations have been criticized for being based on a supposed “do-gooder” philosophy
and often perpetuating a paternalistic and unequal relationship between the developed and the
developing world. Closer to home Dachas, the Irish Association of NGDOs has developed a
Code of Conduct in relation to Images and Messages of the Developing World to address one of
the negative results of many NGDOs; their portrayal of undignified and uninformed images of
the developing world in their advertising and publicity. These images create, at best, a distorted
understanding of the developing world.
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are corporations or enterprises that work in more than one
country. Today there are over 50,000 such companies. They are a cause of and product of an
increasingly globalized world. 25% of all global trade is controlled by 200 companies and 51%
of the world’s largest economies are TNCs. As such they are highly influential on the global
trade agenda. Many TNCs have been accused of committing human rights abuses and exploiting
5
Jump up to: a b Calame, P. and G. Marin (2005), "Main Points for the Discussion with the United Nations
Secretariat", in "Reforming the U.N. and Redefining Global Governance"
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Calame, P. (2003), La démocratie en miettes. Pour une révolution de la gouvernance, Ed. Charles Léopold Mayer,
Ed. Descartes et cie. p. 145
poor people in order to maximize profits. Accusations have included using child labor and sweat
shops (where employees work in extremely poor conditions for very long hours and very low
wages, often forced to sleep in their factories) and damaging the environment and the health of
their employees through overuse of pesticides. Many activists choose to boycott TNCs for their
immoral practices; others are pushing to introduce ethical practices into TNCs as they believe
that it is only with the cooperation of TNCs that a just system of global trade can be established. 7
CONCLUSION:
ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGINIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW:
First, it is important that intensive efforts are made to develop appropriate laws and enforce those
that have already been enacted. I know that this is an area of attention that has been harped upon
repeatedly. I also know that the development and adoption of new legislation is not without its
difficulties and challenges. The process can be long and arduous and requires real commitment
to the cause to get the new law to come into existence. However, this is an area of
implementation that cannot wait or be set aside because of lack of political will. Legislation must
be backed by appropriate and adequate resources. Governments must lead policy makers to
provide, within national budgets, services to women and girls to protect them and their human
rights and freedoms.
To successfully transform the national legal framework for addressing violence against women,
an enabling national environment is required. In this regard:
• Policies that promote and encourage the participation of men and boys in the elimination of
violence against women must be adopted.
• Consideration must be given to rethinking the approach to education in order to transform
educational curricula to eliminate stereotypical presentations and violence.
• Above all, consideration must be given to establishing a mechanism for holding actors
accountable for the implementation of policies and enforcement of laws.
In addition to these, international organizations have also provided to Member States training,
capacity development and a variety of direct services to support victims of violence and to help
to develop national institutions to be better positioned to address this scourge.
By providing a platform for sharing ideas and developing consensus, and through the
establishment of appropriate monitoring mechanisms, international organizations have provided
Member States with opportunities to pay attention to emerging issues, to share ideas on strategies
that work at the national and community levels and on best practices.
REFERENCES:
1. Principles of Public International Law by Ian Brownlie.
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Regan, C. (ed.) (2006) 80:20 Development in an Unequal World
2. International Law by Malcolm N. Shaw.
3. International Law Frameworks (Concepts and Insights) by David J. Bederman.