On-the-job training

This is where employees learn while they are performing the job. On-the-job training may take
several forms:
Job rotation — as was discussed in earlier chapters, this involves a lateral transfer of
employees to enable them to work in and learn about other job responsibilities in the
organization
Apprenticeship — this is where new employees understudy more experienced employees in
an attempt to learn about the task being performed
Coaching — trainees are guided by a coach who will give the necessary instructions to carry
out a job or use a machine or equipment

Mentoring — a trainee is paired with an experienced worker who acts as an adviser for the
trainee while he/she carries out the job.

Advantages of on-the-job training

Usually cost effective
Employees are working while learning
Less productive time is lost than with external training

Disadvantages of on-the-job training

The quality of training might be compromised since it is dependent on the person giving the
instruction
Bad habits might be passed on
Production may be disrupted during training.

Off-the-job training
Off-the-job training is where employees are trained away from their immediate workplace. This
training could be done elsewhere within the firm's premises or in an educational facility, such as
a university. Some examples are:
Lectures — these are verbal presentations on a specified area and are conducted by a person
qualified in the field
Audio-visual — this can be done using videos or films to conduct training. Workers may watch
a presentation on how to perform a particular task or set of tasks

Simulation — this is where a real-life situation is created and participants may be asked how
they would respond in such a situation. For example, it could be used to assess tellers in a bank.
Simulation exercises may incorporate case studies, sensitivity training and role play

E-learning and distance learning — both of these can take place over the internet and so are
convenient for a number of employees. People are able to upgrade their skills at their own pace.
Advantages of off-the-job training
A wider variety of skill and qualifications available
Trainers may have specialist training
Employees can be exposed to the latest information available
Usually more systematic and organized.

Disadvantages of off-the-job training

More costly
Loss of productive time while workers are being trained externally
Firm may lose workers to other firms after they are trained
Firms may still have to do supplementary training.