These are preinstalled perpendicular to the pipe route at the desired buckle spacing.

The vertical out-

of-straightness and reduction in lateral soil restraint, reduces the buckle initiation force and lifts the
high curvature section of the buckle off the seabed, reducing lateral restraint on the pipe, reducing
peak and cyclic loads. This technique can only be used where there is little chance of snagging due to
fishing and span lengths are acceptable. If a slug-flow regime is expected inside the pipeline then
fatigue damage due to oscillation may become a design challenge, as described by Sinclair et al. 2009