ATERM PAPERSUBMI

TTEDTOTHE

DEPARTMENTOFCHEMI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG

FACULTYOFENGI
NERI
NG

NNAMDIAZI
KIWEUNI
VERSI
TY,
AWKA

I
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LMENTOFTHEREQUI
REMENTOFTHE
COURSE

SEPARATI
ONPROCESSI
II
[
CHE431]

BY
GROUPI
V

ONTHETOPI
C

“
PROCESSESI
NVOLVEDINTHEPRODUCTI
ONOF
GELATI
N”
S/ NAMESOFSTUDENTS REGNO
N

1 AHACHI
EMI
RACLECHI
SOM 2016214031

2 OKOYESTEPHENOBED 2016214038

3 ANI
CHUKWUMOSESCHI
DERA 2016214034

4 AGWARAMGBOJOHNBOSCO.
C. 2016214037

5 OKAFORCHARLESOGOCHUKWU 2016214040

6 UGORJIKELECHUKWUNATHANI
EL 2016214032

7 ORAHI
KECHUKWUBASI
L 2016214036

8 UZOMAHCHUKWUEBUKAJOSI
AH 2016214035

NAMEOFLECTURER:
DR.I
FEOMAOBI
ORA

24TH JANUARY,
DATE: 2021
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

-
INTRODUCTI
ON

-
LITERATUREREVI
EW

-
MANUFACTURI
NGPROCESSES

-
QUALI
TYCONTROL

-
FLOWCHART

-
CONCLUSI
ON
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
GELATI
N
Gelati
nisapr oteinsubst ancederivedfrom coll
agen,anaturalprotei
n
presenti
nt het endons, l
igament s,andt i
ssuesofmammal s.Itisproduced
byboili
ngt heconnect i
vet i
ssues,bonesandski nsofanimal s,usuall
ycows
andpigs.Gel ati
n' sabil
it
yt oform strong,t
ransparentgel
sandf l
exi
blefil
ms
thatareeasilydi gested,solubl
einhotwat er
,andcapableoff orminga
positi
vebindingact i
onhav emadei tav al
uablecommodi t
yinf ood
processi
ng, phar maceut i
cals,photography,andpaperproduct i
on.
Asaf oodstuf
f,gelatinisthebasisforj
ell
ieddesserts;
usedi nt
he
preservati
onoff ruitandmeat ,andtomakepowder edmi l
k,merinque,t
affy
,
mar shmallow,andf ondant.I
tisalsousedtoclari
fybeerandwi ne.Gel
atin'
s
i
ndust ri
alappli
cationsi ncl
udemedi ci
necapsules,photographi
cplate
coatings,anddy i
ngandt anningsuppli
es.

LI
TERATUREREVI
EW
Unti
lthemi d-
ninet
eenthcentury
, makinggel ati
nwasal abori
oust ask.
Calv
es'feetwer el
oadedintoalar geket
tl
et hatwast henplacedov eraf i
re.
Thefeetwer eboil
edforseveralhoursafterwhi cht
heliquidwasst rained
andtheboneswer ediscarded.Afterset
tingf or24hours,alayeroff at
wouldri
set othetop.Thi
swasski mmedof fanddiscarded.Sweet eners
andorflavori
ngswereaddedt ot heli
quidandi twaspour edintomol dsand
al
lowedagai ntoset.
Bythe1840s,howev er ,someproducerswer egri
ndi
ngt hesetgel at
inint
oa
fi
nepowderorcut t
ingi tintosheet
s.Oneoft hem wasChar lesB.Knox ,a
sal
esmanf r
om Johnst on,NewYor k,
whohi tontheideaofmaki nggelat
in
moreconvenientafterwat chi
nghiswif eRosemakei tintheirkit
chen.Knox
packageddri
edsheet sofgelati
nandt henhi redsal
esment ot ravel
door-t
o-
doortoshowwomenhowt oaddli
quidt othesheetsandusei ttomake
aspi
cs,molds,anddesser t
s.In1896,RoseKnoxpubl ishedDai nt
yDesserts,
abookofrecipesusi ngKnoxgel at
in.
Thefi
rstpat
entforagelat
indesser
twasissuedi
n1845t
oindustr
iali
stand
i
nvent
orPeterCooper.Cooperhadalr
eadymadeanameforhi
msel fasthe
i
nvent
oroftheTom Thumbst eam engi
ne.Hehadal
somadeaf or
tunein
t
hemanuf
act
ureofgl
ue,
apr
ocesssi
mil
art
othatf
ormaki
nggel
ati
n.
In1897, PearlB.Wait,acarpenterandcoughmedi ci
nemanuf actur
er,
developedaf rui
t-
flav
oredgel at
in.Hiswi f
e,MayDav isWait,
namedhi s
productJell-
O.Thenewpr oductwasnoti mmedi at
elypopul
arandWai t
soldther i
ghtstothepr ocesstoOr at
orFr anci
sWoodwar d,ownerofthe
GeneseeFoodCompany ,f
or$450.Sal escontinuedtoli
mpal ongunti
l1902
whenanaggr essi
v eadv er
ti
singcampai gninLadiesHomeJour nal
magazi negeneratedenor mousi nt
erest.Salesjumpedto$250,000.
Theuseofgel at
ininfoodpreparat
ioni
ncreasedsi
x-f
oldinthe40-
year
peri
odf r
om 1936-1976.Today,400mil
li
onpackagesofJello-
Oare
producedeachyear.Overami l
li
onpackagesarepurchasedoreat
eneach
day.
Inthefiel
dofphotography,gel
ati
nwasint
roducedinthelat
e1870sasa
substi
tuteforwetcol
lodion.I
twasusedtocoatdryphotographi
cpl
ates,
mar ki
ngthebeginni
ngofmoder nphotogr
aphicmethods.

Gel
atini
saproteinsubstancethati
sex t
ract edfr
om col
lagen,
anat ural
prot
einpr
esentinskin,bones,
andani maltissue.Asaprotei
n,i
tcont ai
ns
manyami noacidsthatlendi
tselft
oadiv erseamountofapplicat
ions.
Gel
ati
n’
suseinthemanuf
act
ureofmedi
cinal
capsul
esoccur
redi
nthe
t
wenti
ethcent
ury.
RawMat
eri
als
Animal bones,skins,
andtissueareobtainedfr
om slaughter
houses.Gel
ati
n
pr
ocessi ngplantsareusuall
ylocatednearbysothattheseanimal
byproductscanbequi ckl
ypr ocessed.
Acidsandalkal
inessuchascausti
cli
meorsodium carbonat
eareusedto
extractmi
neral
sandbact er
iafr
om t
heanimalpar
ts.Theyareeit
her
producedi
nt hefoodprocessi
ngpl
antorpur
chasedfrom outsi
devendor
s.
Sweetener
s,fl
avori
ngs,andcol
ori
ngsar
eaddedi
nthepr
epar
ati
onoff
ood
gel
ati
n.Thesecanbei nli
qui
dorpowderedf
ormsandar
epur
chasedf
rom
out
sidevendors.

TheManufact
uri
ng
Process

I
nspect
ionandcut
ti
ng

 Whent heani
mal partsarr
iveatthef
oodprocessi
ngplant,t
heyare
i
nspectedforqualit
y.Rott
edpartsar
ediscar
ded.Then,thebones,
ti
ssues,andski
nsar eloadedint
ochoppingmachinesthatcutt
he
part
sintosmallpiecesofaboutSin(12.
7cm)indi
amet er.

Degr
easi
ngandr
oast
ing

 Theanimal part
sar epassedunderhigh-pressur
ewat erspraysto
washawaydebr i
s.Theyar ethendegreasedbysoakingt hem i
nhot
watertoreducet hefatcontentt
oabout2%.Aconv eyerbeltmov es
thedegreasedbonesandski nstoanindustri
aldr
yerwher etheyare
roast
edf orapproximatel
y30mi nutesatabout200°F( 100°C) .

Aci
dandakal
inet
reat
ment

 Theani
malpar t
saresoakedinvat
sofl i
meorsomeot
hert
ypeof
aci
dorakal
iforappr
oxi
matel
yfi
vedays.
  This process r
emov es mostoft he mineral
s and bact
eri
a and
faci
li
tatestherel
easeofcollagen.Theacidwashi stypi
cal
lya4%
hydrochlor
icaci
dwithapHofl essthan1.5.Thealkal
i
newashisa
potassi
um orsodium car
bonatewit
hapHabov e7.

Boi
li
ng

 Thepi ecesofbone,ti
ssue,andskinar el
oadedint
ol ar
gealuminum
extractorsandboil
edindisti
ll
edwat er
.At uber
unningfrom t
he
extractoral
lowsworkerstodr awofftheli
quidt
hatnowcont ai
ns
gelati
n.Thel i
qui
dissteri
l
izedbyf l
ash-heati
ngi
ttoabout375°F
(140°C)f orappr
oximatel
yf ourseconds.

Evapor
ati
ngandgr
indi
ng

Fr
om t
heext
ract
or,
thel
i
qui
dispi
pedt
hroughf
il
ter
stosepar
ateoutbi
ts 

Thechemi calstr
uct
ureofgelat
iniswhatmakesgel ati
nwater
sol
uble;form digest
ibl
egelsandfil
mst hatar
estrong,fl
exi
ble,
andtranspar ent
;andform aposi
ti
vebindingacti
onthatisuseful
infoodpr ocessing,
pharmaceuti
cals,
photography,andpaper
pr
oducti
on.

ofbone,t
issueorskinthataresti
l
lattached.Fr
om thef i
lt
ers,
the
l
iqui
dispipedint
oev aporat
ors,machinesthatseparatetheli
qui
d
fr
om thesoli
dgelat
in.Theliqui
dispipedoutanddi scarded.
 Thegelati
nispassedthroughmachinest
hatpr
essiti
ntosheet
s.
Dependingonit
sfinalappli
cati
on,t
hegel
ati
nsheet
sarepassed
thr
oughagr i
nderthatreducesthem t
oafi
nepowder.

Fl
avor
ingandcol
ori
ng

 Ifthegel
atini
st obeusedbyt hefoodindust
ry,
sweeteners,
fl
avori
ngs,andcolor
ingsmaybeaddedatt hi
spoint
.Pre-setamounts
oftheseaddit
ivesar
et hor
oughlymixedintot
hepowder edgelat
in.

Packagi
ng
Thepackagi
ngpr ocessi
sautomated,
wit
hpr esetamountsofgel
ati
n
pouredi
ntooverheadfunnel
sthr
oughwhichthegelati
nfl
owsdowni nto
bagsmadeofei t
herpolypr
opyl
eneormulti
-pl
ypaper.Thebagsarethen
vacuumedsealed.

Qual
it
yCont
rol
Gelati
nmanuf actur
ersmustadher etostri
ngentnat i
onalandinter
nat
ional
foodprocessingrequi
rements.Theser egulat
ionsincl
udebutarenot
l
imitedtocleanli
nessoftheplant,equi
pmentandempl oy
ees;and
all
owablepercentagesofadditi
ves,fl
avorings,andcolori
ngs.
Automatedandcomput eri
zedtechnol
ogi
esall
owt heprocessorst
opreset
andmoni t
oringredientamounts,t
imeandtemperatur
e,acidi
tyand
al
kali
nit
y,andflowl evel
s.Val
vesareinst
all
edal
ongpipelinestoal
lowfor
conti
nuoussampl ingoftheproduct.
Gel
atinispr
ocessedtovaryi
ng"bl
oom"v al
uesthatmeasurethegel
st
rengthorfi
rmness.Thedesir
edstrengt
hcorrespondstot
hemannerin
whichthegelat
inwil
lbeused.Thebloom val
ueistechni
cal
l
ymeasuredand
monitoredt
hroughoutt
heproducti
onprocess.

TheFut
ure
Since1986whent
hepr
esenceofbov inespongi
form encephal
opathy(BSE)
,
al
soknownasmadcowdi sease,wasr epor
tedi
nGr eatBri
tai
n,t
herehas
beenmuchconcer
nabouttheprocessingofbeefbonesfortheproducti
on
ofgelat
in.I
n1989, t
heUnit
edSt at
esFoodandDr ugAdminist
rati
on(FDA)
bannedtheimportati
onofcattl
efrom t
heDepartmentofAgri
cult
ure'
sli
st
ofofBSE-desi
gnatedcountr
ies.However,a1994FDAruli
ngallowedthe
conti
nuedimportati
onofbonesandt i
ssuesfort
heproducti
onof
pharmaceuti
calgradegel
ati
n.
By1997, howev er,theFDAhel dheari
ngst oreconsideritsdecisi
on.After
i
nter v
iewinggel atinpr ocessors,
theagencyf oundt hatwhilegelati
nhasnot
beeni mplicatedi nthespr eadofBSE, official
sar enotconv i
ncedt hatt
he
manuf acturingpr ocessingi sext
ract
ingal lpossibleagent sthatare
responsiblef orthedi sease.Itwasgener allyagreedt hatbeefsourcescarry
mor eofar i
skt hant hosef r
om pork,t
hatbonescar ryahigherr i
skthan
skins,andt hatalkalinepr ocessi
ngismor eef f
ectiv
et hantheaci d-
extracti
onmet hod.Thesef indi
ngswillcer t
ainl
yaf f
ectt hegelati
n-
processingi ndustryint henextcentury.

FLOWCHARTOFTHEPROCESSESINVOLVEDI
NTHE
MANUFACTUREOFGELATIN
I
nspect
ionandCut
ti
ng

Degr
easi
ngandRoast
ing

Aci
dandAlkal
i
ne
Treat
ment

Boi
l
ing

Ev
apor
ati
ngandGr
indi
ng

Fl
avor
ingandCol
ori
ng

Packagi
ngandSt
ori
ng
 CONCLUSI
ON
Thepr oducti
onofgel at
incutsthroughser i
esofchemi cal
processes,manyofwhi chmadegel atinheal thyandsafefor
consumpt i
on.Thepr oducti
onofgel atinisv eryrel
evantasit
s
usescut sacrossimportantareaswhi chi ncludesfoodprocessi
ng,
pharmaceut i
calsandproductionofv ariouscommodi ti
es.