Lime Soda Water Softening Calculator - S.I.

Units

Workbook Contents

Click on tabs at the bottom of the screen to access the following:

Tab 1. Contents (current tab)

Tab 2. Basic Information Input & Calculations

Tab 3. Two Stage, Excess Lime Treatment Process

Tab 4. Single Stage, Selective Calcium Removal Process

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NOTE: The cells containing formulas are locked (protected) to avoid the
possibility of inadvertently typing over any of the formulas. You may,
however, adjust the number of decmal places for any of the cells.
 Lime Soda Softening Calculations - S.I. Units
Basic Source Water Information

Enter values in yellow cells only.

INPUT PARAMETERS

Source Water Parameters and Design Flow Rate

Alkalinity, ALK = 205.00 g/m3 CaCO3

Total Hardness, TH = 255.00 g/m3 CaCO3

Calcium Hardness, CaH = 175.00 g/m3 CaCO3

Typical Values (changeable by user)

Design Final TH, THf = 80 g/m3 CaCO3

Target MgH resid, MgHtarg < 40 g/m3 CaCO3

Fraction of assumed pre-recarbonation CO3=

LATED WATER PARAMETERS

Alkalinity, ALK = 4.10 meq/L

Total Hardness, TH = 5.10 meq/L

Magnes. Hardness, MgH = 80.00 g/m3 CaCO3

Ca carb. Hardness, CaCH = 175 g/m3 CaCO3

Mg carb. Hardness, MgCH = 30 g/m3 CaCO3

Calcium NCH, CaNCH = 0 g/m3 CaCO3

CALCULATED WATER Magnes. NCH, MgNCH = 50 g/m3 CaCO3

CO2 Conc., CO2 = 32.3 g/m3 CaCO3

Resid. Mg Hdns., MgHR = 40 g/m3 CaCO3

Resid. Ca Hdns., CaHR = 40 g/m3 CaCO3

TRTMT PROCESS

Type of Source Water:

Click on yellow cell and then on surface water

the arrow to the right of it and use
the drop-down list to select the type of source water.

Use Excess Lime, Two Stage Treatment

groundwater
surface water

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.

oftening Calculations - S.I. Units The equations used and general informatio
Source Water Information of each worksheet. For more details and b
for water softening, see the following refer

Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Prin

Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineerin

r Parameters and Design Flow Rate Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition, 13.

pH = 7.50 Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drin

Temperature, T = 20 oC Equations Used for These Calcu

Design Flow Rate, Q = 0.18 m3/sec 1. To convert conc. in mg/L CaCO3 to m

Values (changeable by user) 2. Calc. of hardness types from alkalinity

40 g/m CaCO3
3
Lower Limit of CaH residual Magnesium Hardness: MgH = TH -

CO2 Equil. Constant, K1 = 4.02E-07 For CaH < ALK:

Calcium Carbonate Hardness: CaCH =
to convert to HCO3- = 0.50
Magnesium Carbonate Hardness: MgC

Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness: CaN

Design Final TH, THf = 1.6 meq/L Magnesium Non Carbonate Hardness: M

Calcium Hardness, CaH = 3.5 meq/L For CaH > ALK:

Magnesium Hardness, MgH = 1.60 meq/L Calcium Carbonate Hardness: CaCH =

Ca carb. Hardness, CaCH = 3.50 meq/L Magnesium Carbonate Hardness: MgC

Mg carb. Hardness, MgCH = 0.60 meq/L Calcium Non Carbonate Hardness: CaN

Calcium NCH, CaNCH = 0.00 meq/L Magnesium Non Carbonate Hardness: M

 Magnes. NCH, MgNCH = 1.00 meq/L 3. Calculation of Carbon Dioxide Concen

CO2 Conc., CO2 = 0.65 meq/L CO2 conc. (in meq/L) = [(10-pH)*(ALK/1

Resid. Mg Hdns., MgHR = 0.80 meq/L (Note that ALK is in meq/L in this equa

Resid. Ca Hdns., CaHR = 0.80 meq/L

Guidelines for Choice of Treatment M

Criteria:
If MgH < 40 g/m3 CaCO3, use Selective C

If MgH > 40 g/m3 CaCO3 with groundwat

If MgH > 40 g/m3 CaCO3 with surface w

gs, LLC. All rights reserved.

 used and general information about the calculations is shown on the right side
heet. For more details and background information about the lime soda process
ning, see the following references:

water Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, 7.2, Lime-Soda Softening

ok of Environmental Engineering, Second Edition, 5.6.12, Softening

Plant Design, Fifth Edition, 13.3. Softening Processes

reatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water, Sixth Edition, 13.3. Precipitative Softening

ns Used for These Calculations

vert conc. in mg/L CaCO3 to meq/L, divide by the equiv. weight of CaCO3, 50 meq/mg

f hardness types from alkalinity, ALK, total hardness, TH, & calcium hardness, CaH:

m Hardness: MgH = TH - CaH

Carbonate Hardness: CaCH = CaH

m Carbonate Hardness: MgCH = ALK - CaH

Non Carbonate Hardness: CaNCH = 0

m Non Carbonate Hardness: MgNCH = TH - ALK

Carbonate Hardness: CaCH = ALK

m Carbonate Hardness: MgCH = 0

Non Carbonate Hardness: CaNCH = CaH - ALK

m Non Carbonate Hardness: MgNCH = TH - CaH

tion of Carbon Dioxide Concentration:

(in meq/L) = [(10-pH)*(ALK/1000)/K1]*(2000 meq/mole)

hat ALK is in meq/L in this equation.)

es for Choice of Treatment Method:

40 g/m3 CaCO3, use Selective Calcium Removal

40 g/m3 CaCO3 with groundwater, use Split Treatment

40 g/m3 CaCO3 with surface water, use Excess Lime Treatment

 Lime Soda Softening Calculations - S.I. Units
Excess Lime - Two-Stage Treatment

Enter values in yellow cells only.

Input Information
INPUT INFO

% Ca(OH)2 in Slaked Lime = 90%

% Na2CO3 in Soda Ash = 95%

Calculation of Design Excess Lime Dosage

Target final MgH = 40 g/m3 CaCO3

EXCESS LIME

(from Basic Info worksheet)

Target final MgH = 0.8 meq/L

Typical values - changeable by user:

Solub. Product Const, Ksp 1.8E-11
(for Magnesium Hydroxide)

Design pH increase factor 1.12

(This design increase factor is used because the pH attained will be about one pH unit
below the theoretical value calculated from Ksp, due to the reaction not being truly at equilibrium.)
OSAGE CALCNS

Dosage Requirements

Lime reqmt, SLLIME: 273.24 g/m3 Ca(OH)2

DOSAGE CALCNS

Soda Ash requirement = 10.60 g/m3 Na2CO3

1st Stage CO2 needed = 40.48 g/m3 CO2

2nd Stage CO2 needed = 8.80 g/m3 CO2

( NOTE: This is an estimate for the 2nd stage recarbonation. It should reduce the pH to about 8

Daily Chemical Requirements

Daily Lime Requirement = 4249 kg Ca(OH)2/day

DAILY AMOUNTS

Daily Soda Ash Reqmt = 164.9 kg Na2CO3/day

1st Stage CO2 needed = 629.5 kg CO2 /day

2nd Stage CO2 needed = 136.9 kg CO2 /day

Daily Lime Requirement = 4722 kg/day

(at lime conc. shown above)

Daily Soda Ash Reqmt = 173.5 kg/day
(at soda ash conc. shown above)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.

Quicklime
Slaked Lime
tening Calculations - S.I. Units A flow diagram for the two-stage excess lime

me - Two-Stage Treatment this worksheet. For more details and backgr

see the following references:

Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Princip

Input Information Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering,

Type of Lime used : Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition, 13.3. S
Slaked Lime

Click on yellow cell and then on Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinkin
the arrow to the right of it and use
the drop-down list to select the type of lime used.

of Design Excess Lime Dosage

Required OH- conc, [OH-] = 0.00021213 equiv/L

Required pH = 10.3

Design pH = 11.6

Design [OH-] = 0.0037 equiv/L

Design Excess Lime = 68 g/cu m Ca(OH)2

attained will be about one pH unit

to the reaction not being truly at equilibrium.)

Lime Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

osage Requirements LIME = CO2 + CaCH + MgCH + MgNCH

Total Lime reqmnt, LIME = 7.38 meq/L Soda Ash Requirement (all terms in meq/L):
Excess lime rqmnt: 1.84 meq/L
 Lime reqmnt for Ca: 4.15 meq/L SodaAsh = CaNCH + MgNCH - MgResi
Lime reqmnt for Mg: 1.40 meq/L
1st Stage CO2 Requirement (all terms in meq/L):
Total reqmnt, SodaAsh = 0.20 meq/L
Soda Ash for Ca: 0.00 meq/L 1st Stage CO2 = Excess Lime + MgResid
Soda Ash for Mg: 0.20 meq/L
2nd Stage CO2 Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

1st Stage CO2 needed = 1.84 meq/L 2nd Stage CO2 = (fract. of resid. CO3= to c

2nd Stage CO2 needed = 0.40 meq/L Daily Chemical Requirements:

e recarbonation. It should reduce the pH to about 8.)

Daily lime requirement as CaO = LIME (in meq/L

Daily Solids Production
Daily lime requirement as Ca(OH)2 = LIME (in m
Daily Ca solids produced: 7375 kg/day
Daily Soda Ash requirement =
Daily Mg solids produced: 363 kg/day
Daily 1st Stage CO2 requirement = 1st Stage CO
Total daily solids produced: 7739 kg/day
Daily 2nd Stage CO2 requirement = 2nd Stage C

Daily Solids Production:

Daily Ca solids produced =

[CO2 + 2*CaCH + CaNCH + (MgH - MgHResid) +

Daily Mg solids produced = (

ngs, LLC. All rights reserved.

agram for the two-stage excess lime softening process is shown below along with the equations used in

ksheet. For more details and background information about the lime soda process for water softening,
following references:

Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and Practice, 7.2, Lime-Soda Softening

Handbook of Environmental Engineering, Second Edition, 5.6.12, Softening

atment Plant Design, Fifth Edition, 13.3. Softening Processes

lity & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water, Sixth Edition, 13.3. Precipitative Softening

Equations Used for These Calculations

quirement (all terms in meq/L):

CO2 + CaCH + MgCH + MgNCH + Excess Lime

h Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

sh = CaNCH + MgNCH - MgResid

e CO2 Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

ge CO2 = Excess Lime + MgResid

e CO2 Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

ge CO2 = (fract. of resid. CO3= to convert to HCO3-)*(CaHLimit)

emical Requirements:

e requirement as CaO = LIME (in meq/L)*(28 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

e requirement as Ca(OH)2 = LIME (in meq/L)*(37 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

da Ash requirement = SodaAsh (in meq/L)*(53 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

Stage CO2 requirement = 1st Stage CO2 (in meq/L)*(22 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

d Stage CO2 requirement = 2nd Stage CO2 (in meq/L)*(22 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

ids Production:

solids produced =

CaCH + CaNCH + (MgH - MgHResid) + Excess Lime - CaH Resid (in meq/L)]*(50 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

solids produced = (MgCH + MgNCH - MgHResid) (in meq/L)*(29.2 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

 Lime Soda Softening Calculations - S.I. Units
Selective Calcium Removal

Enter values in yellow cells only.

Input Information
INPUT INFO

% Ca(OH)2 in Slaked Lime = 90%

% Na2CO3 in Soda Ash = 95%

DOSAGE CALCNS

Dosage Requirements

Lime reqmt, QKLIME: 116.06 g/m3 CaO

Soda Ash requirement = 0.00 g/m3 Na2CO3

Recarb CO2 needed = 8.80 g/m3 CO2

Daily Chemical Requirements

DAILY AMOUNTS

Daily Lime Requirement = 1805 kg CaO/day

Daily Soda Ash Reqmt = 0.0 kg Na2CO3/day

DAILY AMOUN Recarb CO2 needed = 136.9 kg CO2 /day

Daily Lime Requirement = 2006 kg/day

(at lime conc. shown above)

Daily Soda Ash Reqmt = 0.0 kg/day

(at soda ash conc. shown above)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.

Quicklime
Slaked Lime
ftening Calculations - S.I. Units A flow diagram for the selective calcium remo

tive Calcium Removal used in this worksheet. For more details and
softening, see the following references:

Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Princi

Input Information Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering

Type of Lime used : Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition, 13.3.
Quicklime
Click on yellow cell and then on Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinkin
the arrow to the right of it and use
the drop-down list to select the type of lime used.

Dosage Requirements

Lime reqmt, LIME = 4.15 meq/L

Soda Ash requirement = 0.00 meq/L

Recarb CO2 needed = 0.40 meq/L

Equations Used for These Ca

Lime Requirement (all terms in meq/

LIME = CO2 + CaCH

Daily Solids Production
Soda Ash Requirement (all terms in
Daily Ca solids produced: 5323 kg/day
SodaAsh = CaNCH
Daily Mg solids produced: 0 kg/day
Carbon Dioxide Requirement (all term
 Total daily solids produced: 5323 kg/day
CO2 = (fract. of resid. CO3= to c

Daily Chemical Requirements:

Daily lime requirement as CaO = LI

Daily lime requirement as Ca(OH)2 =

dings, LLC. All rights reserved. Daily Soda Ash requirement = Sod

Daily CO2 requirement = CO2 (in me

Daily Solids Production:

Daily Ca solids produced = (CaCH

Daily Mg solids produced = 0

e selective calcium removal softening process is shown below along with the equations

et. For more details and background information about the lime soda process for water
lowing references:

ngineering: Design Principles and Practice, 7.2, Lime-Soda Softening

nvironmental Engineering, Second Edition, 5.6.12, Softening

esign, Fifth Edition, 13.3. Softening Processes

nt: A Handbook on Drinking Water, Sixth Edition, 13.3. Precipitative Softening

ns Used for These Calculations

irement (all terms in meq/L):

CO2 + CaCH

Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

= CaNCH

oxide Requirement (all terms in meq/L):

 act. of resid. CO3= to convert to HCO3-)*(CaHLimit)

mical Requirements:

equirement as CaO = LIME (in meq/L)*(28 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

equirement as Ca(OH)2 = LIME (in meq/L)*(37 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

Ash requirement = SodaAsh (in meq/L)*(53 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

equirement = CO2 (in meq/L)*(22 mg/meq)*(3600*24/1000)*(PlantFlow)

s Production:

olids produced = (CaCH + CaNCH + LIME - CaHResid) (in meq/L)*(50*3600*24/100)*(PlantFlow)

olids produced = 0