Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims.”
3.Define Coordination.
Ans:-According to McFarland “ Coordination is the process whereby an executive
develops an orderly pattern of group efforts among his subordinates and secures unity of
action in the pursuit of common purpose.”
SECTION-C
1.Explain the Objectives of Management.
Ans:- (i)Organisational Objectives: These are survival, profit and growth.
(a)Survival: The basic objectives of any business is survival. Management must strive to
ensure the survival of the organisation. In order to survive, an organisation must earn
enough revenues to cover costs.
(b)Profit: Mere survival is not enough for business. Management has to ensure that the
organisation makes a profit. Profit is essential for covering costs and risks of the
business.
(c)Growth: A business needs to add to its prospects in the long run, for this it is
important for the business to grow.
(ii) Social objectives: It involves the creation of benefit for society. As a part of society,
every organisation whether it is business or non-business, has a social obligation to
fulfill. This includes using environmental friendly methods of production, giving
employment opportunities to the disadvantaged sections of society and providing basic
amenities like schools and crèches to employees.
(iii)Personal objectives: Organisations are made up of people who have different
personalities, backgrounds, experiences and objectives. These vary from financial needs
such as competitive salaries and perks, social needs such as peer recognition and higher
level needs such as personal growth and development.
2.Give any four grounds to say Management is important. (importance
of Management)
Ans:-Four importance of management are
2
(i) Management helps in achieving group goals: Management is required not for itself
but for achieving the goals of the organisation. The task of a manager is to give a
common direction to the individual effort in achieving the overall goal of the
organisation.
(ii) Management increases efficiency: The aim of a manager is to reduce costs and
increase productivity through better planning, organising, directing, staffing and
controlling the activities of the organisation.
(iii) Management creates a dynamic organisation: All organisations have to function in
an environment which is constantly changing. It is generally seen that individuals in an
organisation resist change as it often means moving from a familiar, secure environment
into a newer and more challenging one.
(iv) Management helps in achieving personal objectives: A manager motivates and
leads his team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal
goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective.
SECTION-D
1..Explain the characteristics of Management.
Ans:- The important characteristics of Management are
(i)Management is a goal-oriented process: An organisation has a set of basic goals
which are the basic reason for its existence. These should be simple and clearly stated.
Different organisations have different goals
(ii) Management is all pervasive: The activities involved in managing an enterprise are
common to all organisations whether economic, social or political.
4
experiments are not capable of being accurately predicted or replicated. Therefore,
management can be called an inexact science.
(iii) Since the principles of management are not as exact as the principles of science,
their application and use is not universal. They have to be modified according to a given
situation. However, they provide managers with certain standardised techniques that
can be used in different situations. These principles are also used for training and
development of managers.
Management as an art and a science are therefore not mutually exclusive, but
complement each other.
3..Define Coordination. Explain the characteristics of Coordination.
Ans:- According to McFarland “ Coordination is the process whereby an executive
develops an orderly pattern of group efforts among his subordinates and secures unity of
action in the pursuit of common purpose.”
characteristics of Coordination are as follows:-
(i) Coordination integrates group efforts: Coordination unifies unrelated or diverse
interests into purposeful work activity. It gives a common focus to group effort to ensure
that performance is as it was planned and scheduled.
(ii) Coordination ensures unity of action: The purpose of coordination is to secure
unity of action in the realisation of a common purpose. It acts as the binding force
between departments and ensures that all action is aimed at achieving the goals of the
organisation.
(iii)Staffing simply stated, is finding the right people for the right job. A very important
aspect of management is to make sure that the right people with the right qualifications
are available at the right places and times to accomplish the goals of the organisation.
This is also known as the human resource function and it involves activities such as
recruitment, selection, placement and training of personnel
(iv)Directing involves leading, influencing and motivating employees to perform the
tasks assigned to them. This requires establishing an atmosphere that encourages
employees to do their best. Motivation and leadership are two key components of
direction. Directing also involves communicating effectively as well as supervising
employees at work.
(v)Controlling is the management function of monitoring organisational performance
towards the attainment of organisational goals. The task of controlling involves
establishing standards of performance, measuring current performance, comparing this
with established standards and taking corrective action where any deviation is found.
The various functions of a manager are usually discussed in the order given above,
suggesting that a manager first plans, then organises, puts staff in position, then
directs, and finally controls. In reality, managers are rarely able to carry out these
functions in isolation. The activities of a manager are interrelated and it is often
difficult to pinpoint where one ended and the other began.
SECTION-E (Practical oriented questions)
1.Assuming that you are the manager of an organization, draw the neat
diagram of different Levels of Management to specify that authority
responsibility relationships create different levels of management.
Note:-As per blue prints four marks ( section-C) questions not asked in
this chapter. This section included only for tests and midterm exams.
6
II CHAPTER(TOTAL MARKS ALLOTTED=1+2+4=7+PRACTICAL)
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
SECTION A
SECTION B
8
5.What is Gang Plank ?
Ans : Gang Plank is a shorter route in a scalar chain which allows
employees at the same level to communicate with each other directly.
It should be used only in case of emergency
SECTION C
SECTION D (This section only for mid term and class exams)
1.Explain the functional foremanship of Taylor
ANS:-
In the factory system, the foreman represents the managerial figure with whom the
workers are in face-to-face contact on a daily basis. Foremen is the lowest ranking
manager and highest ranking worker. Taylor identified a list of qualities of a good
foreman and found that no single person could fit them all. This promoted him to
suggest functional foremanship through eight persons. Taylor advocated
separation of planning and execution function. It was known as functional
10
foremanship. Under planning incharge four personnel namely instruction clerk,
route clerk, time and cost clerk and a disciplinarian worked. These four personnel
would draft instructions for the workers, specify the route of production prepare
time and cost sheet and ensure discipline respectively. Under production
incharge personnel who would work were speed boss, gang boss, repair boss and
inspector. These respectively were responsible for timely and accurate completion
of job keeping machines and tools etc., ready for operation by workers ensure
proper working condition of machines and tools and check the quality of work.
Each worker will have to take orders from these eight foremen in the related
process or function of production. Taylor proposed eight specialists. Each
specialist is to assigned work according to his or her qualities for example those
with technical mastery intelligence and grit may be given planning work. Those
with energy and good health may be assigned execution work.
2.Explain the nature of principles of management
Ans : Nature of principles of management are explained below:-
(i)Universal applicability :-The principles of management are intended to apply
to all types of organizations, business as well as non-business, small as well
large, public sector as well as private sector, manufacturing as well as the service
sectors. However the extent of their applicability would vary with the nature of the
organization, business activity, scale of operations and the like.
(ii)General guidelines :-The principles are guidelines to action. But do not
provide readymade solutions to all managerial problems. This is so because real
business situations are very complex and dynamic and are a result of many
factors.
(iii)Formed by practice and experimentation :-The principles of management
are formed by experience and collective wisdom of managers as well as
experimentation. For example in order to remedy the problem of fatigue of
workers in the factory, an experiment may be conducted to see the effect of
improvement of physical conditions to reduce stress.
(iv)Flexible :-The principles of management are not rigid. They are flexible and
can be modified by the manager when the situation so demands. For example the
degree of concentration of authority or its dispersal well defend upon the
situations and circumstances of each enterprise.
(v) Mainly behavioural in Nature :-Management principles aim at influencing
behavior of human beings. It is not that these principles do not pertain to things
and phenomenon at all it is just a matter of emphasis more over principles enable
a better understanding of the relationship between human and material resources
in accomplishing organizational purposes.
(vi)Cause and effect relationships :-The principles tells us if a particular
principle was applied in a particular situation what would be its likely effect.
Principles of management assists managers in establishing these relationships
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(cause and effect) to some extent and are therefore useful. In situations of
emergencies it is desirable that someone takes charge and others just follow.
(vii)Contingent :-The application of principles of management are contingent.
The application of principles has to be changed as per requirements. For example
employees deserve fair and just remuneration. But what is just and fair is
determined by multiple factor. They include contribution of the employee and also
prevailing wage rate for the occupation under consideration.
Conclusion :-Having described the inherent qualities and characteristics of
management principles, it should be easy for you to appreciate the significance of
these principles in managerial decision making.
SECTION E
(Practical Oriented Question)
1.As a General Manager list out any ten Fayol’s Principles of Management which
you would like to adopt in your business organization.
Ans : As a General Manager I would like to adopt the following ten
principles of Fayol in our organization
(i)Division of work (ii)Authority and responsibility
(iii)Discipline (iv)Unity of command
(v)Unity of direction (vi)Remuneration of employees
(vii)Scalar chain (viii)Centralization and Decentralization
(ix)Order (x)Equity
(xi)Stability of personnel (xii)Intiative(xiii)Subordination of individual interest to
general interest (xiv) Espirit De Corps: (team spirit) (WRITE ANY TEN OUT OF 14
PRINCIPLES)
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Chapter 3 --Business Environment
(TOTAL MARKS ALLOTTED=2+4=6+PRACTICAL)
SECTION-A
1.What is Business Environment?
Ans:- It means the sum total of all individuals, institutions and other forces that
are outside the control of a business enterprise but that may affect its
performance.
2.Which of the following does not characterize the business environment?
(a) Uncertainty (b) Employees (c) Relativity (d) Complexity
Ans:- (b) Employees
3.Which of the following is an example for social environment?
(a) Money supply in the economy (b) Consumer Protection Act
(c) The Constitution of the country (d) Composition of family
Ans:- (d) Composition of family
4.Liberalization means
(a) Integration among economies (b) Reduced government controls and
restrictions (c) Policy of planned disinvestments (d) None of the above
Ans:- (b) Reduced government controls and restrictions
5.Which of the following does not explain the impact of Government
policy changes on business and industry?
(a) More demanding customers (b) Increasing competition
(c) Change in agricultural prices (d) Market orientation
Ans:- (c) Change in agricultural prices
SECTION-B
1.Give the meaning of Globalization.
Ans:- Globalisation means the integration of the various economies of the world leading
towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy.
2.What is Privatization?
Ans:- The new set of economic reforms aimed at giving greater role to the private
sector in the nation building process and a reduced role to the public sector.
SECTION-C
1.Explain any four features of Business Environment.
Ans:- Four features of Business Environment are as follows:-
(i) Totality of external forces: Business environment is the sum total of all things
external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature.
(ii) Specific and general forces: Business environment includes both specific and
general forces. Specific forces (such as investors, customers, competitors and suppliers)
affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their
day-to-day working. General forces (such as social, political, legal and technological
13
conditions) have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual
firm only indirectly.
(iii) Inter-relatedness: Different elements or parts of business environment are closely
interrelated. For example, increased life expectancy of people and increased awareness
for health care have increased the demand for many health products and services like
diet Coke, fat-free cooking oil, and health resorts. New health products and
services have, in turn, changed people’s life styles.
(iv) Dynamic nature: Business environment is dynamic in that it keeps on changing
whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences or entry
of new competition in the market.
2. Explain any four points to explain how important the understanding
of Business Environment for managers is.
Ans:- . The importance of business environment and its understanding by managers
can be appreciated if we consider the following facts:
(i) It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover
advantage: Opportunities refer to the positive external trends or changes that will help a
firm to improve its performance. Environment provides numerous opportunities for
business success. Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first
to exploit them instead of losing them to competitors.
(ii) It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals: Threats refer to
the external environment trends and changes that will hinder a firm’s performance.
Besides opportunities, environment happens to be the source of many threats.
Environmental awareness can help managers to identify various threats on time and
serve as an early warning signal.
(iii) It helps in tapping useful resources: Environment is a source of various resources
for running a business. To engage in any type of activity, a business enterprise
assembles various resources called inputs like finance, machines, raw materials, power
and water, labour, etc., from its environment including financiers, government and
suppliers.
(iv) It helps in coping with rapid changes: Today’s business environment is getting
increasingly dynamic where changes are taking place at a fast pace. It is not the fact of
change itself that is so important as the pace of change.
3.Explain any four challenges that were to be faced by business and
industry due to changes in Government Policy.
Ans:- The following four challenges that were to be faced by business and
industry due to changes in Government Policy.
(i) Increasing competition: As a result of changes in the rules of industrial licensing
and entry of foreign firms, competition for Indian firms has increased especially in
service industries like telecommunications, airlines, banking, insurance, etc. which were
earlier in the public sector.
(ii) More demanding customers: Customers today have become more demanding
because they are well-informed. Increased competition in the market gives the customers
wider choice in purchasing better quality of goods and services.
(iii) Rapidly changing technological environment: Increased competition forces the
firms to develop new ways to survive and grow in the market. New technologies make it
14
possible to improve machines, process, products and services. The rapidly changing
technological environment creates tough challenges before smaller firms.
(iv) Necessity for change: In a regulated environment of pre- 1991 era, the firms could
have relatively stable policies and practices. After 1991, the market forces have become
turbulent as a result of which the enterprises have to continuously modify their
operations.
SECTION-D
1.Explain the features of business environment.
Ans:- Features of business environment are explained below:-
(i) Totality of external forces: Business environment is the sum total of all things
external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature.
(ii) Specific and general forces: Business environment includes both specific and
general forces. Specific forces (such as investors, customers, competitors and suppliers)
affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working.
General forces (such as social, political, legal and technological conditions) have impact
on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly.
(iii) Inter-relatedness: Different elements or parts of business environment are closely
interrelated. For example, increased life expectancy of people and increased awareness
for health care have increased the demand for many health products and services like
diet Coke, fat-free cooking oil, and health resorts. New health products and services
have, in turn, changed people’s life styles.
(iv) Dynamic nature: Business environment is dynamic in that it keeps on changing
whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences or entry
of new competition in the market.
(v) Uncertainty: Business environment is largely uncertain as it is very difficult to
predict future happenings, especially when environment changes are taking place too
frequently as in the case of information technology
or fashion industries.
(v i ) Complexity: Since business environment consists of numerous interrelated and
dynamic conditions or forces which arise from different sources, it becomes difficult to
comprehend at once what exactly constitutes a given environment. For example, it may
be difficult to know the extent of the relative impact of the social, economic, political,
technological or legal factors on change in demand of a product in the market.
(vii) Relativity: Business environment is a relative concept since it differs from country
to country and even region to region. Political conditions in the USA, for instance, differ
from those in China or Pakistan. Similarly, demand for sarees may be fairly high in India
whereas it may be almost non-existent in France.
SECTION-E
1.Show the different Elements of Business Environment that influence
the success of business Enterprises with a neat diagram.
17
ANSWER- Chapter 4(Total marks allotted=1+2+4=7+practical)
4.Planning
SECTION-A
1.What is Planning?
ANS:- Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do.
2.Which function of management involves decision making?
ANS:-Planning function of management involves decision making.
3.State the first step in Planning Process.
ANS:- The first and foremost step is setting objectives.
4.What is Single Use Plan?
ANS:- A single-use plan is developed for a one-time event or project.
5.What is Standing Plan?
ANS:- A standing plan is used for activities that occur regularly over a period of time.
6.Give an example for Single Use Plan.
ANS:- Budget is an example for Single Use Plan.
7.Give an example for Standing Plan.
ANS:- Procedures is an example for Standing Plan.
8.Give an example for a plan which is neither single nor standing plan.
Ans:- A strategy is an example for a plan which is neither single nor standing
plan.
9.State the meaning of ‘Rule’
Ans:- :- Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done.
10.What is a ‘Budget’?
Ans:- A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms.
11.Which of the following statement is not correct with regard to
planning?
(a) It is a mental exercise (b) It provides direction for the future actions (c) It
is end function in the process of management
(d) It involves setting objectives and developing courses of actions.
Ans:- (c) It is end function in the process of management
12.Which of the following is not the feature of the planning?
(a) It focuses on achieving objectives (b) It involves identification and
division of work (c) It is the primary function of the management
(d) It is a pervasive function
Ans:- (b) It involves identification and division of work
13.Which of the following is an example for the single use plan?
(a) Policy (b) Procedure (c) Budget (d) Method
Ans:- (c) Budget
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SECTION-B
1.State any two features of Planning.
Ans:- Two features of Planning are
(i) Planning focuses on achieving objectives
(ii) Planning is a primary function of management
2.Give the meaning of Planning Premises.
Ans:- Planning is concerned with the future which is uncertain and every planner is
using conjecture about what might happen in future. Therefore, the manager is required
to make certain assumptions about the future. These assumptions are called Planning
premises.
3.What do you mean by ‘Objectives’?
Ans:- Objectives can be said to be the desired future position that the management
would like to reach.
4.What is a ‘Strategy’?
Ans:- . It refer to future decisions defining the organisations direction and scope in the
long run.
5.What is a ‘Policy’?
Ans:- Policies are general statements that guide thinking or channelise energies towards
a particular direction.
6.What is ‘Procedure’?
Ans:- Procedures are routine steps on how to carry out activities. They detail the exact
manner in which any work is to be performed.
7.Give the meaning of ‘Programme’.
Ans:- Programmes are detailed statements about a project which outlines the
objectives, policies, procedures, rules, tasks, human and physical resources required
and the budget to implement any course of action.
SECTION-C
1.Explain the importance of Planning with any four points.
Ans:_Four Importance of Planning are as follows:-
(i) Planning reduces the risks of uncertainty:Planning is an activity which enables a
manager to look ahead and anticipate changes. By deciding in advance the tasks to be
performed, planning shows the way to deal with changes and uncertain events. Changes
or events cannot be eliminated but they can be anticipated and managerial responses to
them can be developed.
(ii) Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities: Planning serves as the basis
of coordinating the activities and efforts of different divisions, departments and
individuals. It helps in avoiding confusion and misunderstanding. Since planning
ensures clarity in thought and action, work is carried on smoothly without interruptions.
Useless and redundant activities are minimised or eliminated. It is easier to detect
inefficiencies and take corrective measures to deal with them.
(iii) Planning promotes innovative ideas: Since planning is the first function of
management, new ideas can take the shape of concrete plans. It is the most challenging
activity for the management as it guides all future actions leading to growth and
prosperity of the business.
19
(iv) Planning facilitates decision making: Planning helps the manager to look into the
future and make a choice from amongst various alternative courses of action. The
manager has to evaluate each alternative and select the most viable proposition.
Planning involves setting targets and predicting future conditions, thus helping in taking
rational decisions.
(ii) Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is
dynamic, nothing is constant. The environment consists of a number of dimensions,
economic, political, physical, legal and social dimensions. The organisation has to
constantly adapt itself to changes. It becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends
in the environment if economic policies are modified or political conditions in the
country are not stable or there is a natural calamity. Competition in the market can also
upset financial plans, sales targets may have to be revised and, accordingly, cash
budgets also need to be modified since they are based on sales figures.
(iii) Planning reduces creativity: Planning is an activity which is done by the top
management. Usually the rest of the members just implement these plans. As a
consequence, middle management and other decision makers are neither allowed to
deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own. Thus, much of the
initiative or creativity inherent in them also gets lost or reduced. Most of the time,
employees do not even attempt to formulate plans. They only carry out orders. Thus,
planning in a way reduces creativity since people tend to think along the
20
same lines as others. There is nothing new or innovative.
(iv) Planning involves huge costs: When plans are drawn up huge costs are involved in
their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money for example, checking
accuracy of facts may involve lot of time. Detailed plans require scientific calculations to
ascertain facts and figures. The costs incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits
derived from the plans. There are a number of incidental costs as well, like expenses on
boardroom meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary
investigations to find out the viability of the plan.
4.Explain any two types of Plan.
Ans:- (i)Objectives The first step in planning is setting objectives. Objectives, therefore,
can be said to be the desired future position that the management would like to reach.
Objectives are very basic to the organisation and they are defined as ends which the
management seeks to achieve by its operations. Therefore, an objective simply stated is
what you would like to achieve, i.e., the end result of activities. For example, an
organisation may have an objective of increasing sales by 10% or earning a reasonable
rate of return on investment, earn a 20% profit from business. They represent the end
point of planning. All other managerial activities are also directed towards achieving
these objectives. They are usually set by top management of the organisation and focus
on broad, general issues.
(ii)Strategy:- A strategy provides the broad contours of an organisation’s business. It
will also refer to future decisions defining the organisations direction and scope in the
long run. Thus, we can say a strategy is a comprehensive plan for accomplishing an
organisation objectives. Whenever a strategy is formulated, the business environment
needs to be taken into consideration. The changes in the economic, political, social, legal
and technological environment will affect an organisation’s strategy. Strategies usually
take the course of forming the organisation’s identity in the business environment. Major
strategic decisions will include decisions like whether the organisation will continue to
be in the same line of business, or combine new lines of activity with the existing
business or seek to acquire a dominant position in the same market.
SECTION-D
1.Explain the importance and limitations of planning.
Ans:- Importance of Planning are as follows:-
(iv) Planning facilitates decision making: Planning helps the manager to look into the
future and make a choice from amongst various alternative courses of action. The
manager has to evaluate each alternative and select the most viable proposition.
Planning involves setting targets and predicting future conditions, thus helping in taking
rational decisions.
limitation of Planning are as follows:-
(i) Planning leads to rigidity: In an organisation, a well-defined plan is drawn up with
specific goals to be achieved within a specific time frame. These plans then decide the
future course of action and managers may not be in a position to change it. This kind of
rigidity in plans may create difficulty. Managers need to be given some flexibility to be
able to cope with the changed circumstances.
(ii) Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is
dynamic, nothing is constant. The environment consists of a number of dimensions,
economic, political, physical, legal and social dimensions. The organisation has to
constantly adapt itself to changes. It becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends
in the environment if economic policies are modified or political conditions in the
country are not stable or there is a natural calamity. Competition in the market can also
upset financial plans, sales targets may have to be revised and, accordingly, cash
budgets also need to be modified since they are based on sales figures.
(iii) Planning reduces creativity: Planning is an activity which is done by the top
management. Usually the rest of the members just implement these plans. As a
consequence, middle management and other decision makers are neither allowed to
deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own. Thus, much of the
initiative or creativity inherent in them also gets lost or reduced. Most of the time,
employees do not even attempt to formulate plans. They only carry out orders. Thus,
planning in a way reduces creativity since people tend to think along the
same lines as others. There is nothing new or innovative.
(iv) Planning involves huge costs: When plans are drawn up huge costs are involved in
their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money for example, checking
accuracy of facts may involve lot of time. Detailed plans require scientific calculations to
ascertain facts and figures. The costs incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits
derived from the plans. There are a number of incidental costs as well, like expenses on
boardroom meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary
investigations to find out the viability of the plan.
2.What is Planning? Explain the various features of Planning.
Ans:- Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do. It is one of the basic
managerial functions.
Various features of Planning are as follows:-
(i) Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Organisations are set up with a general
purpose in view. Specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be
undertaken to achieve the goals. Thus, planning is purposeful. Planning has no meaning
unless it contributes to the achievement of predetermined organisational goals.
(ii) Planning is a primary function of management: Planning lays down the base for
other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the
22
framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning precedes other functions. This is also
referred to as the primacy of planning. The various functions of management are
interrelated and equally important. However, planning provides the basis of all other
functions.
(iii) Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in
all departments of the organisation. It is not an exclusive function of top management
nor of any particular department. But the scope of planning differs at different levels and
among different departments. For example, the top management undertakes planning
for the organisation as a whole. Middle management does the departmental planning. At
the lowest level, day-to-day operational planning is done by supervisors.
(iv) Planning is continuous: Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for
a month, a quarter, or a year. At the end of that period there is need for a new plan to be
drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a
continuous process. Continuity of planning is related with the planning cycle. It means
that a plan is framed, it is implemented, and is followed by another plan, and so on.
(v) Planning is futuristic: Planning essentially involves looking ahead and preparing for
the future. The purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best
advantage of an organisation. It implies peeping into the future, analysing it and
predicting it. Planning is, therefore, regarded as a forward looking function based on
forecasting. Through forecasting, future events and conditions are anticipated and plans
are drawn accordingly. Thus, judgement. It is basically an intellectual activity of
thinking rather than doing, because planning determines the action to be taken.
However, planning requires logical and systematic thinking rather than guess work or
wishful thinking. In other words, thinking for planning must be orderly and based on
the analysis of facts and forecasts.
3.Explain any four types of Plans.
Ans:-Four types of plan are as follows:-
(i)Objectives The first step in planning is setting objectives. Objectives, therefore, can be
said to be the desired future position that the management would like to reach.
Objectives are very basic to the organisation and they are defined as ends which the
management seeks to achieve by its operations. Therefore, an objective simply stated is
what you would like to achieve, i.e., the end result of activities. For example, an
organisation may have an objective of increasing sales by 10% or earning a reasonable
rate of return on investment, earn a 20% profit from business. They represent the end
point of planning. All other managerial activities are also directed towards achieving
these objectives. They are usually set by top management of the organisation and focus
on broad, general issues.
(ii) PolIcy:-Policies are general statements that guide thinking or channelise energies
towards a particular direction. Policies provide a basis for interpreting strategy which is
usually stated in general terms. They are guides to managerial action and decisions in
the implementation of strategy. For example, the company may have a recruitment
policy, pricing policy within which objectives are set and decisions are made. If there is
an established policy, it becomes easier to resolve problems or issues. As such, a policy
is the general response to a particular problem or situation. There are policies for all
levels and departments in the organisation ranging from major company policies
23
to minor policies. Major company policies are for all to know i.e., customers, clients,
competitors etc., whereas minor polices are applicable to insiders and contain minute
details of information vital to the employees of an organisation. But there has to be some
basis for divulging information to others.
(iii) Procedure:- Procedures are routine steps on how to carry out activities. They detail
the exact manner in which any work is to be performed. They are specified in a
chronological order. For example, there may be a procedure for requisitioning supplies
before production. Procedures are specified steps to be followed in particular
circumstances. They are generally meant for insiders to follow. The sequence of steps or
actions to be taken are generally to enforce a policy and to attain pre-determined
objectives. Policies and procedures are interlinked with each other. Procedures are steps
to be carried out within a broad policy framework.
(iv)Rule:- Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done. They do not
allow for any flexibility or discretion. It reflects a managerial decision that a certain
action must or must not be taken. They are usually the simplest type of plans because
there is no compromise or change unless a policy decision is taken.
SECTION-E
1. As a manager what logical steps you follow in Planning process
before executing a project? ( 7 steps)
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5.Organising
(Total marks allotted=1+2+8=11+practical)
SECTION-A
1.Which management function translates the plans into action?
Ans:- Organising function translates the plans into action.
2.What is Organisation Structure?
Ans:- Organisation structure is the outcome of the organising process.
3.Which type of organisation structure is suitable for enterprises
having large variety of products?
Ans:- Divisional Structure structure is suitable for enterprises having large
variety of products
4.What is Delegation?
Ans:- Delegation refers to the downward transfer of authority from a superior to a
subordinate.
5.What is Authority?
Ans:- Authority refers to the right of an individual to command his subordinates and
to take action within the scope of his position.
6.What is Responsibility?
Ans:- Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned
duty.
7.Can Accountability be delegated?
Ans:-No. It Cannot be delegated at all.
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12.Which of the following does not follow the scalar chain?
(a) Functional Structure (b) Divisional Structure
(c) Formal Organisation (d) Informal Organization
Ans:- (d) Informal Organization
13.For delegation to be effective, it is essential that responsibility be
accompanied with necessary
(a)Accountability (b) Authority (c) Responsibility (d) Informal Organization
Ans:- (b) Authority
14. Span of management refers to
(a) Number of managers (b) Length of term for which a manager
appointed
(c) Number of subordinates under a superior (d) Number of members in top
management
Ans:- (c) Number of subordinates under a superior
15. Grouping of activities on the basis of functions is a part of
(a) Decentralized organization (b) Divisional organisation
(c) Functional organisation (d) Centralised organisation
Ans:_ (c) Functional organisation
SECTION-B
1.Define Organizing.
Ans:-According to Theo Haimman “Organising is the process of defining and
grouping the activities of the enterprise and establishing authority relationships among
them.”
2.Give the meaning of Organizing.
Ans:- . Organising can be defined as a process that initiates implementation of plans
by clarifying jobs and working relationships and effectively deploying resources for
attainment of identified and desired results (goals).
3.Write any two differences between Functional and Divisional
Structures.
Ans:- Two differences between Functional and Divisional Structures are as
follows:-
Basis Functional Structure Divisional Structure
Formation Formation is based on Formation is based on product
functions lines and is supported by
functions.
Specialisation Functional specialisation. Product specialisation.
SECTION-C
1.Explain the steps in the process of Organising
Ans:- The following steps emerge in the process of organising:
(i)Identification and division of work: The first step in the process of organising
involves identifying and dividing the work that has to be done in accordance with
previously determined plans. The work is divided into manageable activities so that
duplication canbe avoided and the burden of work can be shared among the
employees.
(ii) Departmentalisation: Once work has been divided into small and manageable
activities then those activities which are similar in nature are grouped together. Such
sets facilitate specialisation. This grouping process is called departmentalisation.
Departments can be created using several criteria as a basis
(iii) Assignment of duties: It is necessary to define the work of different job positions
and accordingly allocate work to various employees. Once departments have been
formed, each of them is placed under the charge of an individual. Jobs are then
allocated to the members of each department in accordance to their skills and
competencies. It is essential for effective performance that a proper match is made
between the nature of a job and the ability of an individual. The work must be
assigned to those who are best fitted to perform it well.
(iv) Establishing reporting relationships: Merely allocating work is not enough. Each
individual should also know who he has to take orders from and to whom he is
accountable. The establishment of such clear relationships helps to create a hierarchal
structure and helps in coordination amongst various departments.
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2.State any two advantages and two disadvantages of Functional
Structure.
Ans:-Two advantages of Functional Structure are as follows:-
(a) It promotes control and coordination within a department because of similarity in
the tasks being performed.
(b) It helps in increasing managerial and operational efficiency and this results in
increased profit.
Two disadvantages of Functional Structure are as follows:-
(a) A functional structure places less emphasis on overall enterprise objectives than the
objectives pursued by a functional head. Such practices may lead to functional
empires wherein the importance of a particular function may be overemphasised.
Pursuing departmental interests at the cost of organisational interests can also hinder
the interaction between two or more departments.
(b) It may lead to problems in coordination as information has tobe exchanged across
functionally differentiated departments.
(a) Conflict may arise among different divisions with reference to allocation of funds and
further a particular division may seek to maximise its profits at the cost of other
divisions.
(b) It may lead to increase in costs since there may be a duplication of activities across
products. Providing each division with separate set of similar functions increases
expenditure.
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5.Mention any four features of Informal Organisation.
Ans:- Features Informal organisation
(a) An informal organisation originates from within the formal organisation as a result of
personal interaction among employees.
(b) The standards of behaviour evolve from group norms rather than officially laid down
rules and regulations.
(c) Independent channels of communication without specified direction of flow of
information are developed by group members.
(d) It emerges spontaneously and is not deliberately created by the management.
(e) It has no definite structure or form because it is a complex network of social
relationships among members. (write any four)
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SECTION-D
1.Explain the importance of Organizing.(1 for introduction + 7)
Ans:- The management function of organising ensures that efforts are directed
towards the attainment of goals laid down in the planning function in such a manner
that resources are used optimally and people are able to work collectively and
effectively for a common purpose.
The following points highlight the crucial role that organising plays in any business
enterprise:
(i) Benefits of specialisation: Organising leads to a systematic allocation of jobs
amongst the work force. This reduces the workload as well as enhances productivity
because of the specific workers performing a specific job on a regular basis. Repetitive
performance of a particular task allows a worker to gain experience in that area and
leads to specialisation.
(ii) Clarity in working relationships: The establishment of working relationships
clarifies lines of communication and specifies who is to report to whom. This removes
ambiguity in transfer of information and instructions. It helps in creating a
hierarchical order thereby enabling the fixation of responsibility and specification of
the extent of authority to be exercised by an individual.
(iii) Optimum utilization of resources: Organising leads to the proper usage of all
material, financial and human resources. The proper assignment of jobs avoids
overlapping of work and also makes possible the best use of resources. Avoidance of
duplication of work helps in preventing confusion and minimising the wastage of
resources and efforts.
(iv) Adaptation to change: The process of organising allows a business enterprise to
accommodate changes in the business environment. It allows the organisation
structure to be suitably modified and the revision of inter-relationships amongst
managerial levels to pave the way for a smooth transition.
(v) Effective administration: Organising provides a clear description of jobs and
related duties. This helps to avoid confusion and duplication. Clarity in working
relationships enables proper execution of work. Management of an enterprise thereby
becomes easy and this brings effectiveness in administration.
(vi) Development of personnel: Organising stimulates creativity amongst the
managers. Effective delegation allows the managers to reduce their workload by
assigning routine jobs to their subordinates. The reduction in workload by delegation is
not just necessary because of limited capacity of an individual but also allows the
manager to develop new methods and ways of performing tasks. It gives them the time
to explore areas for growth and the opportunity to innovate thereby strengthening the
company’s competitive position.
(vii) Expansion and growth: Organising helps in the growth and diversification of an
enterprise by enabling it to deviate from existing norms and taking up new challenges.
It allows a business enterprise to add more job positions, departments and even
diversify their product lines. New geographical territories can be added to current areas
of operation and this will help to increase customer base, sales and profit.
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2.State the advantages and disadvantages of Formal Organization.
Ans:- Advantages of Formal organisation are as follows:-
(a) It is easier to fix responsibility since mutual relationships are clearly defined.
(b) There is no ambiguity in the role that each member has to play as duties are
specified. This also helps in avoiding duplication of effort.
(c) Unity of command is maintained through an established chain of command.
(d) It leads to effective accomplishment of goals by providing a framework for the
operations to be performed and ensuring that each employee knows the role he has to
play.
(e) It provides stability to the organisation. This is because behaviour of employees can
be fairly predicted since there are specific rules to guide them.
Disadvantages of Formal Organization are as follows:-
(a) The formal communication may lead to procedural delays as theestablished chain of
command has to be followed which increases the time taken for decision making.
(b) Poor organisation practices may not provide adequate recognition to creative talent,
since it does not allow any deviations from rigidly laid down polices.
(c) It is difficult to understand all human relationships in an enterprise as it places
more emphasis on structure and work. Hence, the formal organisation does not
provide a complete picture of how an organisation works.
3.What is Decentralization? Explain its importance. (2+6)
Ans:- An organisation is centralised when decision-making authority is retained by
higher management levels. Decision making authority is shared with lower levels and
is consequently placed nearest to the points of action.
Importance of Decentralisation
(i)Develops initiative among subordinates: Decentralisation helps to promote self-
reliance and confidence amongst the subordinates. This is because when lower
managerial levels are given freedom to take their own decisions they learn to depend on
their own judgment. It also keeps them in a state wherein they are constantly
challenged and have to develop solutions for the various problems they encounter
(ii) Develops managerial talent for the future: Formal training plays an important
part in equipping subordinates with skills that help them rise in the organisation but
equally important is the experience gained by handling assignments independently.
Decentralisation gives them a chance to prove their abilities and creates a reservoir of
qualified manpower who can be considered to fill up more challenging positions
through promotions
(iii) Quick decision making: The management hierarchy can be looked upon as a
chain of communication. In centralised organisation because every decision is taken
by the top management the flow of information is slow as it has to traverse many
levels. Response also takes time. This reduces the speed of decision making and
makes it difficult for an enterprise to adapt to dynamic operating conditions.
(iv) Relief to top management: Decentralisation diminishes the amount of direct
supervision exercised by a superior over the activities of a subordinate because they
are given the freedom to act and decide albeit within the limits set by the superior.
Also, personal supervision is generally replaced by other forms of control such as
return on investment etc. Decentralisation also leaves the top management with more
time which they can devote to important policy decisions rather than occupying their
time with both policy as well as operational decisions.
(v) Facilitates growth: Decentralisation awards greater autonomy to the lower levels of
management as well as divisional or departmental heads. This allows them to function
in a manner best suited to their department and fosters a sense of competition amongst
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the departments. Consequently, with each department doing its best in a bid to outdo
the other, the productivity levels increase and the organisation is able to generate more
returns which can be used for expansion purposes.
(vi) Better control: Decentralisation makes it possible to evaluate performance at each
level and the departments can be individually held accountable for their results. The
extent of achievement of organisational objectives as well as the contribution of each
department in meeting the overall objectives can be ascertained. Feedback from all levels
helps to analyse variances and improve operations.
SECTION-E
1.Draw the Organization Chart showing Divisional and Functional
Structure.
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5.What is Placement?
ANS:- Placement refers to the employee occupying the position or post for which the
person has been selected.
6.What is Orientation?
ANS:- Orientation is introducing the selected employee to other employees and
familiarising him with the rules and policies of the organisation.
7.Give the meaning of ‘Transfer’ as an internal source of recruitment.
ANS:- Transfer involves shifting of an employee from one job to another, one
department to another or from one shift to another, without a substantive change in the
responsibilities and status of the employee.
8.State the two types of direct financial payments which an organisation
can adopt to pay its employees.
ANS:- (i)Time based payments (ii) performance based payments
9.State any two differences between Training and Development.
ANS:-
(ii) Promotions: Business enterprises generally follow the practice of filling higher jobs
by promoting employees from lower jobs. Promotion leads to shifting an employee to a
higher position, carrying higher responsibilities, facilities, status and pay. Promotion is a
vertical shifting of employees. This practice helps to improve the motivation, loyalty and
satisfaction level of employees. It has a great psychological impact over the employees
because a promotion at the higher level may lead to a chain of promotions at lower levels
in the organisation.
3.How does training and development of employees benefit the organizations?
ANS:- The benefits of training and development to an organisation are as follows:
(i) Training is a systematic learning, always better than hit and trial methods which lead
to wastage of efforts and money.
(ii) It enhances employee productivity both in terms of quantity and quality, leading to
higher profits.
(iii) Training equips the future manager who can take over in case of emergency.
(iv) Training increases employee morale and reduces absenteeism and employee
turnover.
(v) It helps in obtaining effective response to fast changing environment – technological
and economic.
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SECTION-D
1.Explain the stages in Staffing Process.
ANS:- (i) Estimating the Manpower Requirements: You are aware that while
designing the organisational structure, we undertake an analysis of the decisions and
the decision-making levels, activities as well as relationship among them with a view to
evolving the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the structure. Thus, various job
positions are created. Clearly, performance of each job necessitates the appointment of a
person with a specific set of educational qualifications, skills, prior experience and so on.
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(viii) Compensation All organisations need to establish wage and salary plans for their
employees. There are various ways to prepare different pay plans depending on the
worth of the job. Basically the price of the job needs to be determined. Compensation,
therefore, refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees. It may be in the form
of direct financial payments like wages, salaries, incentives, commissions and bonuses
and indirect payments like employer paid insurance and vacations.
39
(i) Training is a systematic learning, always better than hit and trial methods which lead
to wastage of efforts and money.
(ii) It enhances employee productivity both in terms of quantity and quality, leading to
higher profits.
(iii) Training equips the future manager who can take over in case of emergency.
(iv) Training increases employee morale and reduces absenteeism and employee
turnover.
(v) It helps in obtaining effective response to fast changing environment – technological
and economic.
Benefits to the Employee:-The benefits of training and development activity to the
employees are as follows:
(i) Improved skills and knowledge due to training lead to better career of the individual.
(ii) Increased performance by the individual help him to earn more. individual help him
to earn more.
(iii) Training makes the employee more efficient to handle machines. Thus, less prone to
accidents.
(iv) Training increases the satisfaction and morale of employees.
SECTION-E
1.Assuming that you are the HR manager of an organization, state any 10
sources you would look into while recruiting employees.
Ans: The following are the 10 sources through which employees can be recruited:
1. Promotions & transfers. 2.Direct interview
3. Causal callers 4.Advertisement
5. Employment exchanges 6.Placement agencies
7. Campus recruitment. 8.Labour contractors
9. Telecasting ( Television) 10. Web Publishing.
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6.State any one pattern of formal communication.
Ans:- Vertical communication
7.Name any one type of Grapevine network.
Ans:-Gossip network.
8.Which one of the following is not an element of direction?
(a) Motivation (b) Communication
(c) Delegation (d) Supervision
Ans:- (c) Delegation
9.The motivation theory which classifies needs in hierarchical order is
developed by
(a)Fred Luthans (b) Scott (c) Abraham Maslow (d) Peter F. Drucker
Ans:- (c) Abraham Maslow
10.Which of the following is not an element of communication?
(a)Decoding (b) Communication (c) Channel (d) Receiver
Ans:- (b) Communication
11. The highest level need in the Need Hierarchy of Abraham Maslow is
(a) Safety Need (b) Belongingness Need
(c) Self Actualization Need (d) Prestige Need
Ans:- (c) Self Actualization Need
12. Grapevine is
(a) Formal Communication (b) Barrier to Communication
(c) Lateral Communication (d) Informal Communication
Ans:- (d) Informal Communication
13. Status comes under the following type of barriers
(a) Semantic barrier (b) Organisational Barrier
(c) Non semantic barrier (d) Psychological barrier
Ans:- (b) Organisational Barrier
14. The software company promoted by Narayana Murthy is
(a) Wipro (b) Infosys (c) Satyam (d) HCL
Ans:- (b) Infosys
15. The process of converting the message into communication
symbols is known as
(a) Media (b) Encoding (c) Feedback (d) Decoding
Ans:- (b) Encoding
16. The communication network in which all subordinates under a
supervisor communicate through supervisor only is
(a) Single Chain (b) Inverted V (c) Wheel (d) Free flow
Ans:- (c) Wheel
SECTION-B
1.What do you understand by Supervision?
Ans:- The process of guiding the efforts of employees and other resources to accomplish
the desired objectives are called ‘Supervision’.
2.Define Motivation.
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Ans:-According to William G. Scout “Motivation means a process of stimulating
people to action to accomplish desired goals”
3.State any two features of Motivation.
Ans:- (i) Motivation is an internal feeling. The urge, drives, desires, aspirations, striving
or needs of human being, which are internal, influence human behaviour.
(ii) Motivation produces goal directed behaviour.
4.Define Leadership.
Ans:- According to Glueck ‘Leadership is a set of interpersonal behaviours designed
to influence employees to cooperate in the achievement of objectives. ‘
5.Write any two features of Leadership.
Ans:- (i)Leadership indicates ability of an individual to influence others.
(ii) Leadership tries to bring change in the behaviour of others.
6.What is communication?
Ans:- Communication is a process by which people create and share information with
one another in order to reach common understanding.
7.State any two elements of communication process.
Ans:- (i) Sender: Sender means person who conveys his thoughts or ideas to the
receiver. The sender represents source of communication.
(ii) Message: It is the content of ideas, feelings, suggestions, order etc., intended to be
communicated.
8.State any two psychological barriers to communication.
Ans:- (i) Premature evaluation: Some times people evaluate the meaning of message
before the sender completes his message. Such premature evaluation may be due to pre-
conceived notions or prejudices against the communication.
(ii) Lack of attention: The preoccupied mind of receiver and the resultant non-listening
of message acts as a major psychological barrier.
9.State any two personal barriers to communication.
Ans:- (i) Fear of challenge to authority: If a superior perceives that a particular
communication may adversely affect his authority, he or she may withhold or suppress
such communication.
(ii) Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinates: If superiors do not have
confidence on the competency of their subordinates, they may not seek their advice or
opinions.
SECTION-C
1.Explain the characteristics of Directing as a managerial process.
Ans:- (i) Directing initiates action: Directing is a key managerial function. A manager
has to perform this function along with planning, organising, staffing and controlling
while discharging his duties in the organisation. While other functions prepare a setting
for action, directing initiates action in the organisation.
(ii) Directing takes place at every level of management: Every manager, from top
executive to supervisor performs the function of directing. The directing takes place
wherever superior – subordinate relations exist.
(iii) Directing is a continuous process: Directing is a continuous activity. It takes
place throughout the life of the organisation irrespective of people occupying managerial
positions. We can observe that in organisations like Infosys, Tata, BHEL, HLL and the
managers may change but the directing process continues because without direction
the organisational activities can not continue further.
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(iv) Directing flows from top to bottom: Directing is first initiated at top level and
flows to the bottom through organisational hierarchy. It means that every manager can
direct his immediate subordinate and take instructions from his immediate boss.
43
Ans:- (i) Organisational policy: If the organisational policy, explicit or implicit, is not
supportive to free flow of communication, it may hamper effectiveness of
communications.
(ii) Rules and regulations: Rigid rules and cumbersome procedures may be a hurdle to
communication. Similarly, communications through prescribed channel may result in
delays.
(iii) Status: Status of superior may create psychological distance between him and his
subordinates. A status conscious manager also may not allow his subordinates to
express their feelings freely.
(iv) Complexity in organisation structure: In an organisation where there are number
of managerial levels, communication gets delayed and distorted as number of filtering
points are more.
SECTION-D
1.What is Supervision? Explain the role played by a supervisor. (1+7)
Ans:- The process of guiding the efforts of employees and other resources to accomplish
the desired objectives are called ‘Supervision’.
The role played by a supervisor as follows:-
(i) Supervisor maintains day-to-day contact and maintains friendly relations with
workers. A good supervisor acts as a guide, friend and philosopher to the workers.
(ii) Supervisor acts as a link between workers and management. He conveys
management ideas to the workers on one hand and workers problems to the
management on the other. This role played by supervisor helps to avoid
misunderstandings and conflicts between management and workers/employees.
(iii) Supervisor plays a key role in maintaining group unity among workers placed under
his control. He sorts out internal differences and maintains harmony among workers.
(iv) Supervisor ensures performance of work according to the targets set. He takes
responsibility for task achievement and motivates his workers effectively.
(v) Supervisor provides good on the- job training to the workers and employees. A skilled
and knowledgeable supervisor can build efficient team of workers.
(vi) Supervisory leadership plays a key role in influencing the workers in the
organisation. A supervisor with good leadership qualities can build up high morale
among workers.
(vii) A good supervisor analyses the work performed and gives feedback to the workers.
He suggests ways and means of developing work skills.
2.Explain any four financial incentives and four non financial incentives.
Ans:- Four financial incentives are as follows:-
(i) Pay and allowances: For every employee, salary is the basic monetary incentive. It
includes basic pay, dearness allowance and other allowances. Salary system consists of
regular increments in the pay every year and enhancement of allowances from time-to-
time. In some business organisations, pay hike and increments may be linked to
performance.
(ii) Productivity linked wage incentives: Several wage incentive plans aims at linking
payment of wages to increase in productivity at individual or group level.
(iii) Bonus: Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages/ salary to the
employees.
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(iv) Profit Sharing: Profit sharing is meant to provide a share to employees in the
profits of the organisation. This serves to motivate the employees to improve their
performance and contribute to increase in profits.
Four non financial incentives are as follows:-
(i) Status: In the organisational context, status means ranking of positions in the
organisation. The authority, responsibility, rewards, recognition, perquisites and prestige
of job indicate the status given to a person holding a managerial position. Psychological,
social and esteem needs of an individual are satisfied by status given to their job.
(ii) Organisational Climate: Organisational climate indicates the characteristics which
describe an organisation and distinguish one organisation from the other. These
characteristics influence the behaviour of individuals in the organisation.
(iii) Career Advancement Opportunity: Every individual wants to grow to the higher
level in the organisation. Managers should provide opportunity to employees to improve
their skills and be promoted to the higher level jobs. Appropriate skill development
programmes, and sound promotion policy will help employees to achieve promotions.
Promotion works as a tonic and encourages employees to exhibit improved performance.
(iv) Job Enrichment: Job enrichment is concerned with designing jobs that include
greater variety of work content, require higher level of knowledge and skill; give workers
more autonomy and responsibility; and provide the opportunity for personal growth and
a meaningful work experience. If jobs are enriched and made interesting, the job itself
becomes a source of motivation to the individual.
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(i) Clarify the ideas before communication: The problem to be communicated to
subordinates should be clear in all its perspective to the executive himself. The entire
problem should be studied in depth, analysed and stated in such a manner that is
clearly conveyed to subordinates.
(ii) Communicate according to the needs of receiver: The level of understanding of
receiver should be crystal clear to the communicator. Manager should adjust his
communication according to the education and understanding levels of subordinates.
(iii) Consult others before communicating: Before actually communicating the
message, it is better to involve others in developing a plan for communication.
Participation and involvement of subordinates may help to gain ready acceptance and
willing cooperation of subordinates.
(iv) Be aware of languages, tone and content of message: The contents of the
message, tone, language used, manner in which the message is to be communicated are
the important aspects of effective communication. The language used should be
understandable to the receiver and should not offend the sentiments of listeners.
(v) Convey things of help and value to listeners: While conveying message to others,
it is better to know the interests and needs of the people with whom you are
communicating.
(vi) Ensure proper feedback: The communicator may ensure the success of
communication by asking questions regarding the message conveyed. The receiver of
communication may also be encouraged to respond to communication.
(vii) Communicate for present as well as future: Generally, communication is needed
to meet the existing commitments to maintain consistency, the communication should
aim at future goals of the enterprise also.
(viii) Follow up communications: There should be regular follow up and review on the
instructions given to subordinates. Such follow up measures help in removing hurdles if
any in implementing the instructions.
(ix) Be a good listener: Manager should be a good listener. Patient and attentive
listening solves half of the problems. Managers should also give indications of their
interest in listening to their subordinates.
SECTION-E
1. Draw the neat diagram of Maslow’s Need Hierarchy.(Triangular diagram)
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Chapter 8 Controlling
(Total marks allotted=1+2+4=7+practical)
SECTION-A
1.What is meant by Controlling?
ANS:- controlling means ensuring that activities in an organisation are performed as
per the plans.
2.What is ‘Standard’ in controlling process?
ANS:- Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured.
3.Expand PERT/CPM/MIS.
ANS:-PERT:- Programme Evaluation and Review Technique
CPM:- Critical Path Method
MIS:- Management Information System (EACH ONE MARKS)
4.What is Ratio Analysis?
ANS:- Ratio Analysis refers to analysis of financial statements through computation of ratios.
5.Controlling function of an organisation is
(a) Forward looking (b) Backward looking
(c) Forward as well as backward looking(d) None of the above
ANS:- (c) Forward as well as backward looking
6.Management audit is a technique to keep a check on the performance of
(a) Company (b) Management of the company
(c) Shareholders (d) Customers
ANS:- (b) Management of the company
7.Budgetary control requires the preparation of
(a) Training schedule (b) Budgets
(c) Network diagram (d) Responsibility centres
ANS:- (b) Budgets
8.Which of the following is not applicable to responsibility accounting?
(a) Investment Centre (b) Accounting centre
(c) Profit centre (d) Cost centre
ANS:- (b) Accounting centre
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SECTION-B
1.Define Managerial Control.
ANS:- According to Koontz and O’ Donnel “Managerial Control implies the
measurement of accomplishment against the standard and
the correction of deviations to assure attainment of objectives according to plans.”
(ii) Judging accuracy of standards: A good control system enables management to verify
whether the standards set are accurate and objective. An efficient control system keeps a careful
check on the changes taking place in the organisation and in the environment and helps to
review and revise the standards in light of such changes.
(iii) Making efficient use of resources: By exercising control, a manager seeks to reduce
wastage and spoilage of resources. Each activity is performed in accordance with predetermined
standards and norms. This ensures that resources are used in the most effective and efficient
manner.
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(iv) Improving employee motivation: A good control system ensures that employees know well
in advance what they are expected to do and what are the standards of performance on the basis
of which they will be appraised. It, thus, motivates them and helps them to give better
performance.
(ii) Little control on external factors: Generally an enterprise cannot control external factors
such as government policies, technological changes, competition etc.
(iii) Resistance from employees: Control is often resisted by employees. They see it as a
restriction on their freedom. For instance, employees might object when they are kept under a
strict watch with the help of Closed Circuit Televisions
(iv) Costly affair: Control is a costly affair as it involves a lot of expenditure, time and effort. A
small enterprise cannot afford to install an expensive control system.
49
include personal observation, sample checking, performance reports, etc.
Step 3: Comparing Actual Performance with Standards: This step involves comparison of
actual performance with the standard. Such comparison will reveal the deviation between actual
and desired results. Comparison becomes easier when standards are set in quantitative terms.
Step 4: Analysing Deviations: Some deviation in performance can be expected in all activities.
It is, therefore, important to determine the acceptable range of deviations.
Step 5: Taking Corrective Action: The final step in the controlling process is taking corrective
action. No corrective action is required when the deviations are within acceptable limits.
SECTION-E
1.As a manger of an organization, what are the modern techniques of
controlling you would like to adopt? (Any 5 out of 6 techniques)
SECTION-A
1.What is Business Finance?
ANS:- Money required for carrying out business activities is called business finance.
2.State the primary objective/aim of financial management.
ANS:- The primary aim of financial management is to maximise shareholders’ wealth.
3.What do you understand by ‘Capital Structure’?
ANS:- Capital structure refers to the mix between owners and borrowed funds.
4.Write the meaning of ‘Financial Risk’.
ANS:- Financial risk refers to a position when a company is unable to meet its fixed
financial charges namely interest payment, preference dividend and repayment
obligations.
5.Give an example for fixed asset.
ANS:- Plant and machinery, furniture and fixture, land and building, vehicles, etc.(ANY
ONE)
6.Give an example for current asset.
ANS:- Inventories, debtors, bills receivables, etc. .(ANY ONE)
7.How do you calculate Net Working Capital?
ANS:- NWC = CA – CL (i.e. Current Assets - Current Liabilities.)
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8.The cheapest source of finance is
(a) Debenture (b) Equity share capital (c) Preference share (d) Retained earnings
ANS:- (d) Retained earnings
9.The decision of acquiring a new machine or opening a new branch is an example
For
(a)Financing decision (b) Working capital decision
(c) Investment decision (d) None of the above
ANS:- (c) Investment decision
10.The decision of how much to be raised from which source is an example for
(a) Financing decision (b) Working capital decision
(c) Investment decision (d) None of the above
ANS:- (a) Financing decision
11. Companies with higher growth pattern are likely
(a) to pay lower dividends (b) to pay higher dividends
(c) that dividends are not affected by growth issues (d) none of the above
ANS:- (a) to pay lower dividends
12. Current assets are those assets which get converted into cash
(a) within six months (b) within one year
(c) between 1 and 3 years (d) between 3 and 5 years
ANS:- (b) within one year
13. A fixed asset should be financed through
(a) a long term liability (b) a short term liability
(c) a mix of ling and short term liabilities (d) None of the above
ANS:- (a) a long term liability
SECTION-B
1.What do understand by Financial Management?
ANS:- Financial Management is concerned with optimal procurement as well as the
usage of finance.
2.Give the meaning Investment Decision with an example.
ANS;- The investment decision relates to how the firm’s funds are invested in different
assets. For example, making investment in a new machine to replace an existing one or
acquiring a new fixed asset.
3.What is Financing Decision? Give an example.
ANS:- The quantum of finance to be raised from various long-term sources are called
Financing Decision. Raising funds through issue of shares are example for Financing
decision.
4.Give the meaning of Dividend Decision.
ANS:- It is the decision relating to how much of the profit earned by company
(after paying tax) is to be distributed to the shareholders and how much of it
should be retained in the business.
5.State the twin objectives of Financial Planning.
ANS:- (i)To ensure availability of funds whenever required:
(ii) To see that the firm does not raise resources unnecessarily:
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6.What is Financial Leverage? Write the formula to calculate Financial Leverage.
ANS:- The proportion of debt in the overall capital is called financial leverage.
ANS:-
SECTION-C
1.Explain any four factors affecting financing decisions.
ANS:- Four factors affecting financing decisions are
(a) Cost: The cost of raising funds through different sources are different. A prudent
financial manager would normally opt for a source which is the cheapest.
(b) Risk: The risk associated with each of the sources is different.
(c) Floatation Costs: Higher the floatation cost, less attractive the source.
(d) Cash Flow Position of the Company: A stronger cash flow position may make debt
financing more viable than funding through equity.
(e) Fixed Operating Costs: If a business has high fixed operating costs (e.g., building
rent, Insurance premium, Salaries, etc.), It must reduce fixed financing costs. Hence,
lower debt financing is better. Similarly, if fixed operating cost is less, more of debt
financing may be preferred.
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ANS:- . A long-term investment decision is called a Capital Budgeting decision. It
involves committing the finance on a long-term basis.
Factors affecting Capital Budgeting Decision:- There are certain factors which affect
capital budgeting decisions.
(a) Cash flows of the project: When a company takes an investment decision involving
huge amount it expects to generate some cash flows over a period. These cash
flows are in the form of a series of cash receipts and payments over the life of an
investment. The amount of these cash flows should be carefully analysed before
considering a capital budgeting decision.
(b) The rate of return: The most important criterion is the rate of return of the project.
These calculations are based on the expected returns from each proposal and the
assessment of the risk involved. Suppose, there are two projects, A and B (with the
same risk involved), with a rate of return of 10 per cent and 12 per cent, respectively,
then under normal circumstance, project B should be selected.
(c) The investment criteria involved: The decision to invest in a particular project
involves a number of calculations regarding the amount of investment, interest rate,
cash flows and rate of return. There are different techniques to evaluate investment
proposals which are known as capital budgeting techniques. These techniques are
applied to each proposal before selecting a particular project.
54
SECTION-E
1. As a Financial Consultant, give the list of any ten factors which
affect the choice of Capital Structure. (Any 10 out of 14 points.)
5. Cost of debt:
7. Cost of Equity
8. Floatation Costs:
9. Risk Consideration:
10. Flexibility:
11. Control:
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4.What is the benchmark index of BSE?
ANS:- The SENSEX is the benchmark index of the BSE.
5.What is the benchmark index of NSE?
ANS:-NIFTY is the benchmark index of NSE.
6.Name the first and the largest depository presently operational in India.
ANS:- National Securities Depositories Limited (NSDL) is the first and largest depository
presently operational in
India.
7.What is meant by Depository?
ANS:- Depository is like a bank and keeps securities in electronic form on behalf of the
investor.
8.Give the meaning of Dematerialisation.
ANS:- The process of holding securities in an electronic form is called dematerialisation.
9.Primary and secondary markets
(a) Compete with each other (b) Complement each other
(c) Function independently (d) Control each other
ANS:- (b) Complement each other
10.The settlement cycle in NSE is
(a) T+5 (b) T+3 (c) T+2 (d)T+1
ANS:- (c) T+2
11.The National Stock Exchange of India was recognized as Stock Exchange in the
year
(a) 1999 (b) 1993 (c) 1994 (d) 1995
ANS:- (b) 1993
12. A Treasury Bill is basically
(a) An instrument to borrow short term funds (b) An instrument to borrow long term
funds (c) An instrument of capital market (d) None of the above
ANS:- (a) An instrument to borrow short term funds
SECTION-B(NO QUESTION IN THIS SECTION)
SECTION-C
1.Explain briefly the functions of a Financial Market.
ANS:- i. Mobilisation of Savings and Channeling them into the most Productive
Uses: A financial market facilitates the transfer of savings from savers to investors. It
gives savers the choice of different investments and thus helps to channelise surplus
funds into the most productive use.
ii. Facilitating Price Discovery: You all know that the forces of demand and supply
help to establish a price for a commodity or service in the market. In the financial
market, the households are suppliers of funds and business firms represent the
demand. The interaction between them helps to establish a price for the financial asset
which is being traded in that particular market.
iii. Providing Liquidity to Financial Assets: Financial markets facilitate easy purchase
and sale of financial assets. In doing so they provide liquidity to financial assets, so that
they can be easily converted into cash whenever required. Holders of assets can readily
56
sell their financial assets through the mechanism of the financial market.
iv.Reducing the Cost of Transactions: Financial markets provide valuable information
about securities being traded in the market. It helps to save time, effort and money that
both buyers and sellers of a financial asset would have to otherwise spend to try and
find each other. The financial market is thus, a common platform where buyers and
sellers can meet for fulfillment of their individual needs. Financial markets are classified
on the basis of the maturity of financial instruments traded in them. Instruments with a
maturity of less than one year are traded in the money market. Instruments with longer
maturity are traded in the capital market.
2.Explain any four methods of floating new issues in the primary market.
ANS:- i. Offer through Prospectus: Offer through prospectus is the most popular
method of raising funds by public companies in the primary market. This involves
inviting
subscription from the public through issue of prospectus. A prospectus makes a direct
appeal to investors to raise capital, through an advertisement in newspapers and
magazines. The issues may be underwritten and also are required to be listed on at least
one stock exchange. The contents of the prospectus have to be in accordance with the
provisions of the Companies Act and SEBI disclosure and investor protection guidelines.
ii. Offer for Sale: Under this method securities are not issued directly to the public but
are offered for sale through intermediaries like issuing houses or stock brokers. In this
case, a company sells securities enbloc at an agreed price to brokers who, in turn, resell
them to the investing public.
iii. Private Placement: Private placement is the allotment of securities by a company to
institutional investors and some selected individuals. It helps to raise capital more
quickly than a public issue. Access to the primary market can be expensive on account
of various mandatory and no mandatory expenses. Some companies, therefore, cannot
afford a public issue and choose to use private placement.
iv. Rights Issue: This is a privilege given to existing shareholders to subscribe to a new
issue of shares according to the terms and conditions of the company. The shareholders
are offered the ‘right’ to buy new shares in proportion to the number of shares they
already possess.
3.Write any four advantages of ‘Electronic Trading System’ in Stock exchanges.
ANS:- i. It ensures transparency as it allows participants to see the prices of all
securities in the market while business is being transacted. They are able to see the full
market
during real time.
ii. It increases efficiency of information being passed on, thus helping in fixing prices
efficiently. The computer screens display information on prices and also capital market
developments that influence share prices.
iii. It increases the efficiency of operations, since there is reduction in time, cost and
risk of error.
iv. People from all over the country and even abroad who wish to participate in the stock
market can buy or sell securities through brokers or members without knowing each
other. That is, they can sit in the broker’s office, log on to the computer at the same time
57
and buy or sell securities. This system has enabled a large number of participants to
trade with each other, thereby improving the liquidity of the market.
4.Distinguish between primary market and secondary market (any four points).
ANS:-
SECTION-D
1.Explain any four money market instruments.
ANS:- MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS
i. Treasury Bill: A Treasury bill is basically an instrument of short-term borrowing by
the Government of India maturing in less than one year. They are also known as Zero
Coupon Bonds issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the Central Government
to meet its short-term requirement of funds. Treasury bills are issued in the form of a
promissory note. They are highly liquid and have assured yield and negligible risk of
58
default. They are issued at a price which is lower than their face value and repaid at par.
The difference between the price at which the treasury bills are issued and their
redemption value is the interest receivable on them and is called discount.Example:
Suppose an investor purchases a 91 days Treasury bill with a face value of Rs. 1,00,000
for Rs. 96,000. By holding the bill until the maturity date, the investor receives
Rs. 1,00,000. The difference of Rs. 4,000 between the proceeds received at maturity and
the amount paid to purchase the bill represents the interest received by him.
ii. Commercial Paper: Commercial paper is a short-term unsecured promissory note,
negotiable and transferable by endorsement and delivery with a fixed maturity period. It
is issued by large and creditworthy companies to raise short-term funds at lower rates of
interest than market rates. It usually has a maturity period of 15 days to one year. The
issuance of commercial paper is an alternative to bank borrowing for large companies
that are generally considered to be financially strong. It is sold at a discount and
redeemed at par. The original purpose of commercial paper was to provide short-terms
funds for seasonal and working capital needs. For example companies use this
instrument for purposes such as bridge financing.
iii. Call Money: Call money is short term finance repayable on demand, with a maturity
period of one day to fifteen days, used for inter-bank transactions. Commercial banks
have to maintain a minimum cash balance known as cash reserve ratio. The Reserve
Bank of India changes the cash reserve ratio from time to time which in turn affects the
amount of funds available to be given as loans by commercial banks. Call money is a
method by which banks borrow from each other to be able to maintain the cash reserve
ratio. The interest rate paid on call money loans is known as the call rate. It is a highly
volatile rate that varies from day-to-day and sometimes even from hour-to-hour.
iv. Certificate of Deposit: Certificates of deposit (CD) are unsecured, negotiable, short-
term instruments in bearer form, issued by commercial banks and development
financial institutions. They can be issued to individuals, corporations and companies
during periods of tight liquidity when the deposit growth of banks is slow but the
demand for credit is high. They help to mobilise a large amount of money for short
periods.
2.What is Stock Exchange? Explain the functions of stock exchange.
ANS:- A stock exchange is an institution which provides a platform for buying and
selling of existing securities.
The following are some of the important functions of a stock exchange.
i. Providing Liquidity and Marketability to Existing Securities: The basic function of
a stock exchange is the creation of a continuous market where securities are bought and
sold. It gives investors the chance to disinvest and reinvest. This provides both liquidity
and easy marketability to already existing securities in the market.
ii. Pricing of Securities: Share prices on a stock exchange are determined by the forces
of demand and supply. A stock exchange is a mechanism of constant valuation through
which the prices of securities are determined. Such a valuation provides important
instant information to both buyers and sellers in the market.
iii. Safety of Transaction: The membership of a stock exchange is wellregulated and its
dealings are well defined according to the existing legal framework. This ensures that the
investing public gets a safe and fair deal on the market.
iv. Contributes to Economic Growth: A stock exchange is a market in which existing
59
securities are resold or traded. Through this process of disinvestment and reinvestment
savings get channelised into their most productive investment avenues. This leads to
capital formation and economic growth.
v. Spreading of Equity Cult: The stock exchange can play a vital role in ensuring wider
share ownership by regulating new issues, better trading practices and taking effective
steps in educating the public about investments.
vi. Providing Scope for Speculation: The stock exchange provides sufficient scope
within the provisions of law for speculative activity in a restricted and controlled
manner. It is generally accepted that a certain degree of healthy speculation is necessary
to ensure liquidity and price continuity in the stock market.
3.Briefly explain the steps in the Screen based Trading and Settlement procedure
in a Stock Exchange.
ANS:- The following steps are involved in the screen-based trading for buying and
selling of securities:
i.If an investor wishes to buy or sell any security he has to first approach a registered
broker or sub-broker and enter into an agreement with him. The investor has to sign a
broker-client agreement and a client registration form before placing an order to buy
or sell securities.
ii. The investor has to open a ‘demat’ account or ‘beneficial owner’ (BO) account with a
depository participant (DP) for holding and transferring securities in the demat form. He
will also have to open a bank account for cash transactions in the securities market.
iii. The investor then places an order with the broker to buy or sell shares. Clear
instructions have to be given about the number of shares and the price at which the
shares should be bought or sold. The broker will then go ahead with the deal at the
above mentioned price or the best price available. An order confirmation slip is issued to
the investor by the broker.
iv. The broker then will go on-line and connect to the main stock exchange and match
the share and best price available.
v. When the shares can be bought or sold at the price mentioned, it will be
communicated to the broker’s terminal and the order will be executed electronically. The
broker will issue a trade confirmation slip to the investor.
vi. After the trade has been executed, within 24 hours the broker issues a Contract
Note. This note contains details of the number of shares bought or sold, the price, the
date and time of deal, and the brokerage charges. This is an important document as it is
legally enforceable and helps to settle disputes/claims between the investor and the
broker.
vii. Now, the investor has to deliver the shares sold or pay cash for the shares bought.
This should be done immediately after receiving the contract note or before the day when
the broker shall make payment or delivery of shares to the exchange. This is called the
pay-in day.
viii. Cash is paid or securities are delivered on pay-in day, which is before the T+2 day
as the deal has to be settled and finalised on the T+2 day. The settlement cycle is on
T+2 day on a rolling settlement basis, w.e.f. 1 April 2003.
ix. On the T+2 day, the exchange will deliver the share or make payment to the other
60
broker. This is called the pay-out day. The broker then has to make payment to the
investor within 24 hours of the payout day since he has already received payment from
the exchange.
x.The broker can make delivery of shares in demat form directly to the investor’s demat
account. The investor has to give details of his demat account and instruct his
depository participant to take delivery of securities directly in his beneficial owner
account.
7.What is a Brand?
ANS:- : A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, design or some combination of them,
used to identify the products.
8.Name any one Distribution Channel.
ANS:- Manufacturer-Retailer Consumer
9.What do you mean by Zero Level distribution channel?
ANS:- The goods are made directly available by the manufacturers to customers,
without involving any intermediary. This is called zero level channel.
10.What is Publicity?
ANS:- Publicity is similar to advertising, in the sense that it is a non-personal form of
communication.
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SECTION-B
1.What is Marketing?
ANS:- Marketing is a process whereby people exchange goods and services for money or
for something of value to them.
2.Define Marketing.
ANS:- Phillip Kolter has defined marketing as, “a social process by which individual
groups obtain what they need and want through creating offerings and freely exchanging
products and services of value with others”.
63
12.How do you describe Shopping Products?
Ans:- Shopping products are those consumer goods, in the purchase of which buyers
devote considerable time, to compare the quality, price, style, suitability, etc., at several
stores, before making final purchase.
13.State any two functions of packaging.
Ans:- (i) Product Identification: Packaging greatly helps in identification of the
products. For example, Colgate in red colour, or Ponds cream jar can be easily identified
by its package.
(ii) Product Protection: Packaging protects the contents of a product from spoilage,
breakage, leakage, pilferage, damage, climatic effect, etc.
14.State any two objectives of Pricing.
Ans:- (a) Obtaining Market Share Leadership:
(b) Surviving in a Competitive Market
15.State any two distinguishing features of advertising.
Ans:- (i) Paid Form: Advertising is a paid form of communication. That is, the sponsor
has to bear the cost of communicating with the prospects
(ii) Impersonality: There is no direct face-to-face contact between the prospect and the
advertiser.
16.What is Personal Selling?
Ans:- Personal selling involves oral presentation of message in the form of conversation
with one or more prospective customers for the purpose of making sales.
SECTION-C
1.Discuss briefly any four differences between Selling and Marketing.
Ans:- (i) Part of the Process vs Wider Term: Selling is only a part of the process of
marketing and is concerned with promoting and transferring possession and ownership
of goods from the seller to the buyer. Marketing is a much wider term consisting of
number of activities such as identification of the customer’s needs, developing the
products to satisfy these needs, fixing prices and persuading the potential buyers to buy
the same. Thus, selling is merely a part of marketing.
(ii) Transfer of T itle vs Satisfying Customer Needs: The main focus of selling is on
affecting transfer of title and possession of goods from sellers to consumers or users. In
contrast, marketing activities put greater thrust on achieving maximum satisfaction of
the customer’s needs and wants.
(iii) Profit through Maximising Sales vs Customer Satisfaction: All selling activities
are directed at maximising sales and, thereby, the profits of the firm. In other words, the
emphasis is on profit maximisation through maximisation of sales. Marketing, is
concerned with customer satisfaction and thereby increasing profit in the long run. A
marketing organisation, thus, attaches highest importance to customer satisfaction as a
route to profit maximisation.
64
(iv) Start and End of the Activities: Selling activities start after the product has been
developed while, marketing activities start much before the product is produced and
continue even after the product has been sold.
ii. Price: Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. In
case of most of the products, level of price affects the level of their demand. The
marketers have not only to decide about the objectives of price setting but to analyse the
factors determining the price and fix a price for the firm’s products. Decisions have also
to be taken in respect of discounts to customers, traders and credit terms, etc. so that
customers perceive the price to be in line with the value of the product.
iii. Place: Place or Physical Distribution include activities that make firm’s products
available to the target customers. Important decision areas in this respect include
selection of dealers or intermediaries to reach the customers, providing support to the
intermediaries .
iv. Promotion: Promotion of products and services include activities that communicate
availability, features, merits, etc. of the products to the target customers and persuade
them to buy it. Most marketing organisations, undertake various promotional activities
and spend substantial amount of money on the promotion of their goods through using
number of tools such as advertising, personal selling and sales promotion techniques . A
large number of decisions are to be taken in each of the area specified above.
(b) These products are generally costly and their unit price is very high;
(c) These products are available for sale at few places as the number of customers is
small and are willing to take extra efforts in the purchase of these products;
65
(d) An aggressive promotion is required for the sale of speciality products, in order to
inform people about their availability, features, etc.; and
(e) After sales services are very important for many of the speciality products.
ii. Channel Levels: Because of limited number of buyers, the sale of industrial products
is generally made with the help of shorter channels of distribution, i.e., direct selling or
one level channel.
iv. Derived Demand: The demand for industrial products is derived from the demand
for consumer products. For example, the demand for leather will be derived from
demand for shoes and other leather products in the market.
(ii) A brand should suggest the product’s benefits and qualities. It should be
appropriate to the product’s function. e.g., Rasika, Genteel, Promise, My Fair Lady and
Boost.
(iii) A brand name should be distinctive e.g., Liril, Sprit, Safari, Zodiac.
(v) The brand name should be sufficiently versatile to accommodate new products, which
are added to the product line e.g., Maggie, Colgate.
(vi) It should be capable of being registered and protected legally. (vii) Chosen name
should have staying power i.e., it should not get out of date.
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6.How does packaging acquire significance in the marketing of goods?
Ans:- Packaging has acquired great significance in the marketing of goods and services,
because of following reasons
: (i) Rising Standards of Health and Sanitation: Because of the increasing standards
of living in the country, more and more people have started purchasing packed goods as
the chances of adulteration in such goods are minimised.
(ii) Self Service Outlets: The self-service retail outlets are becoming very popular,
particularly in major cities and towns. Because of this, some of the traditional role
assigned to personal selling in respect of promotion has gone to packaging.
(iv) Product Differentiation: Packaging is one of the very important means of creating
product differentiation. The colour, size, material etc., of package makes real difference
in the perception of customers about the quality of the product. For example, by looking
at the package of a product say Paint or Hair Oil, one can make some guess about
quality of the product contained in it.
ii. Identification of the Product or Brand: The other important function performed by
labels is to help in identifying the product or brand. For example, the brand name of any
product, say Biscuits or Potato Chips imprinted on its package helps us to identify, from
number of packages, which one is our favourite brand. Other common identification
information provided by the labels include name and address of the manufacturer, net
weight when packed, manufacturing date, maximum retail price and Batch number.
68
the sponsoring of such events. The company can draw attention to new products by
arranging sports and cultural events like news conferences, seminars and exhibitions.
iii. Corporate Communication: The image of the organisation needs to be promoted
through communicating with the public and the employees within the organisation. This
is usually done with the help of newsletter, annual reports, brochures, articles and
audio-visual materials. Companies rely on these materials to reach and influence their
target markets.
iv. Lobbying: The organisation has to deal with government officials and different
ministers in charge of corporate affairs, industry, finance with respect to policies relating
to business and the economy. The government also seeks to maintain a healthy
relationship with associations of commerce and industry and solicits the opinion of
major stakeholders while formulating industrial, telecom, taxation policies, etc. The
public relations department then has to be really proactive in promoting or decoding
regulations that affect them.
SECTION-D
1.Explain any eight functions of Marketing.
Ans:- i. Gathering and Analysing Market Information: One of the important functions
of a marketer is to gather and analyse market information. This is necessary to identify
the needs of the customers and take various decisions for the successful marketing of
the products and services. This is important for making an analysis of the available
opportunities and threats as well as strengths and weaknesses of the organisation and
help in deciding what opportunities can best be pursued by it.
ii. Marketing Planning: Another important activity or area of work of a marketer is to
develop appropriate marketing plans so that the marketing objectives of the organisation
can be achieved. For example a marketer of colour TV, having 10 per cent of the current
market share in the country, aims at enhancing his market share to 20 per cent, in the
next three years. He will have to develop a complete marketing plan covering various
important aspects including the plan for increasing the level of production, promotion of
the products, etc. and specify the action programmes to achieve these objectives.
iii. Product Designing and Development: Another important marketing activity or
decision area relates to product designing and development. The design of the product
contributes to making the product attractive to the target customers. A good design can
improve performance of a product and also give it a competitive advantage in the market
iv.Standardisation and Grading: Standardisation ensures the buyers that goods
conform to the predetermined standards of quality, price and packaging and reduces the
need for inspection, testing and evaluation of the products. Grading is the process of
classification of products into different groups, on the basis of some of its important
characteristics such as quality, size, etc. Grading is particularly necessary for products
which are not produced according to predetermined specifications, such as in the case of
agricultural products, say wheat, oranges, etc. Grading ensures that goods belong to a
particular quality and helps in realising higher prices for high quality output.
v. Packaging and Labelling: Packaging refers to designing and developing the package
for the products. Labelling refers to designing and developing the label to be put on the
69
package. The label may vary from a simple tag to complex graphics. Packaging and
labelling have become so important in modern day marketing that these are considered
as the pillars of marketing.
vi. Branding: A very important decision area for marketing of most consumer products
is whether to sell the product in its generic name or to sell them in a brand name (such
as Pollar Fan or Rottomac Pen). Brand name helps in creating product differentiation,
i.e., providing basis for distinguishing the product of a firm with that of the competitor,
which in turn, helps in building customer’s loyality and in promoting its sale.
vii. Customer Support Services: A very important function of the marketing
management relates to developing customer support services such as after sales
services, handling customer complaints and adjustments, procuring credit services,
maintenance services, technical services and consumer information. All these services
aim at providing maximum satisfaction to the customers, which is the key to marketing
success in modern days. Customer support services are very effective in bringing repeat
sales from the customers and developing brand loyality for a product.
viii. Pricing of Product: Price of product refers to the amount of money customers have
to pay to obtain a product. Price is an important factor affecting the success or failure of
a product in the market. The demand for a product or service is related to its price.
Generally lower the price, higher would be the demand for the product and vice-versa.
The marketers have to properly analyse the factors determining the price of a product
and take several crucial decisions in this respect, including setting the pricing
objectives, determining the pricing strategies, determining the price and changing the
prices.
(ii) Helps in Advertising and Display Programmes: A brand aids a firm in its
advertising and display programmes. Without a brand name, the advertiser can only
create awareness for the generic product and can never be sure of the sale for his
product.
(iii) Differential Pricing: Branding enables a firm to charge different price for its
products than that charged by its competitors. This is possible because if customers like
a brand and become habitual of it, they do not mind paying a little higher for it.
Advantages to Customers
(i) Helps in Product Identification: Branding helps the customers in identifying the
products. For example, if a person is satisfied with a particular brand of a product, say
tea leaves or detergent soap, he need not make a close inspection every time, he has to
buy that product. Thus, branding greatly facilitates repeat purchase of the products.
(ii) Ensures Quality: Branding ensures a particular level of quality of the product.
Thus, whenever there is any deviation in the quality, the customers can have recourse to
the manufacturer or the marketer. This builds up confidence of the customers and helps
in increasing his level of satisfaction.
(iii) Status Symbol: Some brands become status symbols because of their quality. The
consumers of those brands of products feel proud of using them and adds to the level of
satisfaction of the customers.
There are number of factors which affect the fixation of the price of a product. Some of the
important factors in this regard are discussed as below:
1. Product Cost: One of the most important factor affecting price of a product or service
is its cost. This includes the cost of producing, distributing and selling the product. The
cost sets the minimum level or the floor price at which the product may be sold.
Generally all marketing firms strive to cover all their costs, at least in the long run Total
Costs are the sum total of the fixed, variable and semi-variable costs for the specific level
of activity, say volume of sales or quantity produced.
2. The Utility and Demand: While the product costs set the lower limits of the price,
the utility provided by the product and the intensity of demand of the buyer sets the
upper limit of price, which a buyer would be prepared to pay. In fact the price must
reflect the interest of both the parties to the transaction—the buyer and the seller. The
buyer may be ready to pay up to the point where the utility from the product is at least
equal to the sacrifice made in terms of the price paid. The seller would, however, try to at
least cover the costs. According to the law of demand, consumers usually purchase more
units at a low price than at a high price. The price of a product is affected by the
elasticity of demand of the product. The demand is said to be elastic if a relatively small
change in price results in large change in the quantity demanded. Here numerically, the
price elasticity is greater than one. In the case of inelastic demand, the total revenue
increases when the price is increased and goes down when the price is reduced. If the
demand of a product is inelastic, the firm is in a better position to fix higher prices.
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3. Extent of Competition in the Market: Between the lower limit and the upper limit
where would the price settle down? This is affected by the nature and the degree of
competition. The price will tend to reach the upper limit in case there is lesser degree of
competition while under conditions of free competition, the price will tend to be set at
the lowest level. Competitors’ prices and their anticipated reactions must be considered
before fixing the price of a product. Not only the price but the quality and the features of
the competitive products must be examined carefully, before fixing the price.
4. Government and Legal Regulations: In order to protect the interest of public against
unfair practices in the field of price fixing, Government can intervene and regulate the
price of commodities. Government can declare a product as essential product and
regulate its price. For example, the cost of a drug manufactured by a company having
monopoly in the production of the same come to Rs 20 per strip of ten and the buyer is
prepared to pay any amount for it, say Rs 200. In the absence of any competitor, the
seller may be tempted to extort the maximum amountof Rs 200 for the drug and
intervene to regulate the price. Usually in such a case, the Government does not allow
the firms to charge such a high price and intervene to regulate the price of the drug.
This can be done by the Government by declaring the drug as essential commodity and
regulating its price.
5. Pricing Objectives: Pricing objectives are another important factor affecting the
fixation of the price of a product or a service. Generally the objective is stated to be
maximise the profits. But there is a difference in maximising profit in the short run and
in the long run. If the firm decides to maximise profits in the short run, it would tend to
charge maximum price for its products. But if it is to maximise its total profit in the long
run, it would opt for a lower per unit price so that it can capture larger share of the
market and earn greater profits through increased sales.
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Limitations of Advertising
The following are the major limitations of advertising as a tool of promotion:
(i) Less Forceful: Advertising is an impersonal form of communication. It is less forceful
than the personal selling as there is no compulsion on the prospects to pay attention to
the message.
(ii) Lack of Feedback: The evaluation of the effectiveness of advertising message is very
difficult as there is no immediate and accurate feedback mechanism of the message that
is delivered.
(iii) Inflexibility: Advertising is less flexible as the message is standardised and is not
tailor made to the requirements of the different customer groups
(iv) Low Effectiveness: As the volume of advertising is getting more and more expanded
it is becoming difficult to make advertising messages heard by the target prospects. This
is affecting the effectiveness of advertising.
5 In advertising the cost per person The cost per person is quite high in the
reached is very low. case of personal selling.
6 Advertising can cover the market Personal selling efforts take a lot of time
in a to cover the entire market.
short time.
7 Advertising makes use of mass Personal selling makes use of sales staff,
media which has limited reach.
such television, radio, newspaper,
and magazines.
SECTION-E
1. As a marketing manager, suggest any five Sales Promotion
activities to boost up the sales.
1. Rebate
2. Discount:
3 . Refunds
4. Product Combinations:
5. Quantity Gift:
7. Lucky Draw
8. Usable Benefit:
10. Sampling
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QUSTION BANK-- Chapter 12(Total marks allotted=1+2+4=7+practical)
Consumer Protection
SECTION-A
1. State any one unfair trade practice of manufacturers and service providers by
which consumers are exploited.
ANS:- Adulteration, Misleading advertising, Black marketing,
2. State any one regulation which provides legal protection to the consumers.
ANS:- : i..The Consumer Protection Act 1986 ii.The Sale of Goods Act 1930
3. In which year the Consumer Protection Act was enacted?
ANS:- The consumer protection act was enacted in1986
4. Who is a Consumer?
ANS:- A consumer is generally understood as a person who uses or consumer goods or
a avail of any service.
5. Name any one redressal machinery/agency set up under Consumer Protection
Act to redress consumer grievances.
Ans: i.District Forum ii. State commission iii. National commission(ANY ONE)
6. What is the monetary limit of claim in District Consumer Disputes Redressal
Forum?
Ans: The compensation claimed does not exceeds Rs. 20 lakhs.
7. State the monetary limit of claim in State Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission.
ANS:- The compenssion claimed exceeds Rs. 20 lakhs does not exceed Rs.1 crore.
8. What is the monetary limit of claim in National Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission?
Ans: The compensation claimed exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
SECTION-B
1. What is Consumer Protection?
Ans: Consumer protection refers to protection of physical, economics and other interest
of the consumers from exploitation by the business community.
2. State any two reasons to emphasise the importance of consumer protection
from Consumers’ point of view.
Ans: i.Consumer ignorance ii. Unorganised consumers iii. Widespread explitation of
consumers.
3. State any two reasons to emphasise the importance of consumer protection
from the point of view of Business.
Ans: i.Long term interest of Business ii. Social Responsibility
iii. Moral Justification iv. Government Intervention.
4. Write any two Consumer Rights.
Ans: i.Rights to Safety ii.Rights to Informed
iii. Rights to Choose iv. Rights to Seek redreesed.
5. Who can file a complaint before the appropriate consumer forum? (any two)
Ans: i. Any Consumer ii. Any Registered Consumers Association
iii. The Central Government or any State Government.
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SECTION-C
1.Explain any four Rights of consumers.
ANS:- I. Right to Safety: The consumer has a right to be protected against goods and
services which are hazardous to life and health. For instance, electrical appliances which
are manufactured with substandard products or do not conform to the safety norms
might
cause serious injury. Thus, consumers are educated that they should use electrical
appliances which are ISI marked as this would be an assurance of such products
meeting quality specifications.
II. Right to be Informed: The consumer has a right to have complete information about
the product he intends to buy including its ingredients, date of manufacture, price,
quantity, directions for use, etc. It is because of this reason that the legal framework in
India requires the manufactures to provide such information on the package and label
of the product.
III. Right to Choose: The consumer has the freedom to choose from a variety of
products at competitive prices. This implies that the marketers should offer a wide
variety of products in terms of quality, brand, prices, size, etc. and allow the consumer
to make a
choice from amongst these.
IV. Right to be Heard: The consumer has a right to file a complaint and to be heard in
case of dissatisfaction with a good or a service. It is because of this reason that many
enlightened business firms have set up their own consumer service and grievance cells.
Many consumer organisations are also working towards this direction and helping
consumers in redressal of their grievances.
Thus, look for ISI mark on electrical goods, FPO mark on food products, Hallmark on
jewelry etc.
(iii) Learn about the risks associated with products and services, follow manufacturer’s
instructions and use the products safely.
(iv) Read labels carefully so as to have information about prices, net weight,
manufacturing and expiry dates, etc.
(v) Assert yourself to ensure that you get a fair deal.
(vi) Be honest in your dealings. Choose only from legal goods and services and
discourage unscrupulous practices like black-marketing, hoarding etc.(ANY FOUR)
3.Explain any four ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be
achieved.
ANS:- I. Self Regulation by Business: Enlightened business firms realise that it is in
their long-term interest to serve the customers well. Socially responsible firms follow
ethical standards and practices in dealing with their customers. Many firms have set up
their customer service and grievance cells to redress the problems and grievances of
their consumers.
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II. Business Associations: The associations of trade, commerce and business like
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce of India (FICCI) and Confederation of
Indian Industries (CII) have laid down their code of conduct which lay down for their
members the guidelines in their dealings with the customers.
III. Consumer Awareness: A consumer, who is well-informed about his rights and the
reliefs available to him, would be in a position to raise his voice against any unfair trade
practices or unscrupulous exploitation. In addition to this, an understanding of his
responsibilities would also enable a consumer to safeguard his interests. In this regard,
the Department of Consumer Affairs, GOI, has been undertaking the campaign, Jago
Grahak Jago through multimedia awareness.
IV. Consumer Organisations: Consumer organisations play an important role in
educating consumers about their rights and providing protection to them. These
organisations can force business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation of
consumers.
4.State any four directions which can be issued by the consumer court to the
opposite party.
ANS:- (i) To remove the defect in goods or deficiency in service.
(ii) To replace the defective product with a new one, free from any defect.
(iii) To refund the price paid for the product, or the charges paid for the service.
(iv) To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss or injury suffered by the
consumer due to the negligence of the opposite party.
(v) To pay punitive damages in appropriate circumstances.
(vi) To discontinue the unfair/ restrictive trade practice and not to repeat it in the future.
(ANY FOUR)
5.State any four functions of Consumer Organizations and NGOs for the protection
and promotion of consumer interests.
(i) Educating the general public about consumer rights by organising training
programmes, seminars and workshops.
(ii) Publishing periodicals and other publications to impart knowledge about consumer
problems, legal reporting, reliefs available and other matters of interest.
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SECTION-D (NO QUESTION IN THIS SECTION)
SECTION-E
1. As an exploited consumer, write a complaint letter to your nearest
District Consumer Forum claiming reasonable redressal.
Form:
Kiran Kumar
#34 . Car Street,
Shivamoga.
To,
The President
District Consumer Forum,
Shivamoga.
Sir,
On 10th March. 2014, I purchased whirlpool washing machine for Rs.
28,000/-from M/S Shakti Home Appliances. Its working became improper
after a week of its use. I brought this to the notice of lathe dealer, who could
provide repairs. Even after repair, we could not get the best results. I
requested him to refund the amount or replace the defective machine, which
was invain. As a result, I and my family are dissatisfied with heavily spent
product, for which we demand justice. So I request you to provide us justice
and a compensation of Rs. 5000/- for the mental agony caused by the dealer.
Necessary cash memo, repair slips are enclosed with this application for
reference.
Thanking you,
Place:SHIMOGA yours faithfully
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CHAPTER : 13 ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
(TOTAL MARKS ALLOTED 1+2+2=5+PRACTICAL)
SECTION – A
1. Who is an Entrepreneur?
Ans: A person who set-up his business is called Entrepreneur.
2.Who is introduced the term “ ENTREPRENEUR” for the first time?
Ans: Richard Cantillon
3. Expand N-Ach./N-pow./N-Aff./N-Aut.
N-Ach.= Need for Achivement
N-pow.=Need for Power
N-Aff.= Need for Affilliation
N-Aut.= Need for Autonomy
4. Entrepreneurs undertake ……….
a]Calculated risks b]High risks c]Low risks d] Moderate and
calculated risks
Ans: d] Moderate and calculated risks
Ans: c]Innovation
7.In the roles and functions of the entrepreneur identified by Kilby, Which of the
following is not an aspect of ‘political administration”?
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8.Which of the following attitudes is not generally associated with successful
entrepreneurship.
SECTION –B
1.What is Entrepreneurship?
Ans : Entrepreneurship is the process of setting up one’s own business as distinct from
pursuing any other economic activity be it employment or practicing some profession.
2. State any two characteristics of Entrepreneurship?
Ans: 1. Systematic Activity
2. Innovation
3. Organisation of product
4. Risk Taking.
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7. Draw IDS Analysis for Entrepreneurial opportunites IDS.
1. Draw the neat diagram of Efficacy –Desirability matrix to check the ability
and willingness of Entrepreneurs.
ARUNA KUMAR
PRINCIPAL
GOVT INDEPENDENT GIRLS P U COLLEGE-SAGAR
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