Thermodynamics

A branch of physical science that treats of various phenomena of energy and the related
properties of matter which deals with the transformation of heat energy from one form to another
and vice versa.

Such Conversion:

1. Thermal energy to mechanical – automotive engine

2. Mechanical energy to thermal – applying brakes
3. Thermal energy to electrical – power plant
4. Electrical energy to thermal – electric kettle
5. Electrical energy to mechanical – motor

Basic Thermodynamics – deals with the basic theories and principles

Applied Thermodynamics – deals with the practical application of principle

Primary Properties:
1. Force (F) – measure of the push or pull and is often exerted on a body (lb, N, D)
2. Weight (W) – gravitational attraction of the earth on a mass , W = mg
3. Volume (V) – space occupied by matter (ft3, m3 , cm3 , lit-gal)
4. Mass Density (ρ) – ratio of mass per unit volume
5. Specific volume (v) – reciprocal of mass density
6. Weight Density (γ) – weight per unit volume
7. Relative Density (Specific Gravity) – density of substance / density of water std

Secondary properties

1. Temperature = measure the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

2. Pressure = force exerted per unit area
3. Enthalpy = heat content
4. Internal Energy = molecular movement

TUTORIAL PROBLEMS (part 1)

1. An astronaut weighs 850N on the surface of the earth where g is 9.806 m/sec 2. What is
the mass of the astronaut? What is his mass on the surface of the moon where g is 1/6 of
the earth’s gravity?
me = w/g = 850N / 9.806 = 86.682kg
mm = me = 86.682kg

2. What force in Newton will accelerate a mass of 50kg at the rate of 12 m/sec2?
F = m x a = 50kg (12 m/sec2) = 600N
3. The mass of a kite is 0.102kg. What is the force due to gravity acting on the kite?
W = m x g = 0.102kg (9.806 m/sec2) = 1 Newton

4. The weight of 1 Liter of gasoline is 7.0 N. Determine its density.

m = w/g = 7N / 9.806 m/sec2 = 0.7138 kg
ρ = m/v = 0.7138 kg / 1 liter = 0.7138 kg/liter * 1000L / m3 = 713.8kg/m3

5. The weight of 1 liter of gasoline is 7.0N. Determine its relative density.

S.G.g = ρg / ρwater
where:
m = W / g = 7N / 9.81 m/sec2 = 0.7136kg
ρgas = m / v = 0.7135kg / 1 liter = 0.7136 kg/L

S.G.gas = ρg / ρw = 0.7136 kg/liter / 1 kg/l = 0.7136

6. An open water tank is filled to a depth of 1.5m. What is the absolute pressure of the fluid
at the bottom of the tank?
P = ρgh = 1000 kg/m3 * 9.806 m/sec2 * 1.5m = 14709 N/m2
= 14.709 KPa
Pabs = P + Patm = 14.709 + 101.325 = 116.034 KPa abs

7. Define a new scale, say °N, in which the boiling and freezing points of water are 1000°N
and 100°N, respectively. Correlate this scale with the Celsius scales.
N-100 / 900 = c / 100 N – 100 = 900C / 100
N = 9°C + 100
8. A pump discharges 20kg/min of diesel fuel (S.G = 0.8) to a vertical cylindrical tank 3
meters high and 1 meter in diameter. Calculate the time (hrs) to fill the said fuel tank.
Vtank = п/4 (d)2h = 0.7854 (1)2 (3) = 2.356m3
V flow rate = mass flow rate / density
= 20 kg/min / 0.8(1000 kg/m3
= 0.025 m3/min
Time = Vtank / Vrate = 2.356 m3 / 0.025 m3/min = 94.24 min = 1.57 hrs

9. A nuclear submarine is 200m below the surface of the sea. What is the pressure (bars)
exerted on the hull (outer casing by the water at this depth)?
P = ρ(g)(h) = 1000 kg/m3 (9.81 m/sec2)(200m) = 1,962,000 Pa
= 1962 KPa (1bar / 100KPa) = 19.62 bars

10. An open tank 1 meter in diameter and 1.5m in height is filled with diesel oil (S.G = 0.85).
Assuming 75% of its capacity is occupied by the diesel, calculate the pressure of the fluid
at the bottom of the tank.
Pbottom = ρ( g)(h) = (0.85) (1000) (9.81) (1.5) (0.75)
= 9380.81 Pa
= 9.3808 KPa