2-293 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS Nomenclature E = Modulus of Elasticity of steel at 29,000 ksi. I = Moment of Inertia of beam, in.*. L = Total length of beam between reaction points ft. Myax — Maximum moment, kip in. M, == Maximum moment in left section of beam, kip-in. M, = Maximum moment in right section of beam, kip-in. M3 = Maximum positive moment in beam with combined end moment condi- tions, kip-in. M, = Moment at distance x from end of beam, kip-in. P= Concentrated load, kips P, = Concentrated load nearest left reaction, kips. P, = Concentrated load nearest right reaction, and of different magnitude than Py, kips. R End beam reaction for any condition of symmetrical loading, kips. R, = Left end beam reaction, kips. R, = Right end or intermediate beam reaction, kips. R; = Right end beam reaction, kips. Vv Maximum vertical shear for any condition of symmetrical loading, kips. V, = Maximum vertical shear in left section of beam, kips. V2 = Vertical shear at right reaction point, or to left of intermediate reaction point of beam, kips. V3 = Vertical shear at right reaction point, or to right of intermediate reaction point of beam, kips. V, = Vertical shear at distance x from end of beam, kips. W = Total load on beam, kips. a = Measured distance along beam, in. b = Measured distance along beam which may be greater or less than a, in. 1 = Total length of beam between reaction points, in. w = Uniformly distributed load per unit of length, kips/in. w, = Uniformly distributed load per unit of length nearest left reaction, kips/in. 2, = Uniformly distributed load per unit of length nearest right reaction and of different magnitude than w;, kips/in. x = Any distance measured along beam from left reaction, in. % = Any distance measured along overhang section of beam from nearest reac- tion point, in. Amex = Maximum deflection, in. A, = Deflection at point of load, in. A, — Deflection at any point x distance from left reaction, in. Ay = Deflection of overhang section of beam at any distance from nearest reac- tion point, in. Ammrican Instrrore or Sreet, CoxstauctionBEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS Frequently used formulas ‘The formulas given below are frequently required in structural designing. They are included herein for the convenience of those engineers who have infrequent use for Such formulas and hence may find reference necessary. Variation from the standard nomenclature on page 2 - 293 is noted BEAMS. Flexural stress at extreme fiber: f£ =Me/I = M/S Flexural stress at any fiber: f = My/I y = distance from neutral axis to fiber. Average vertical shear (for maximum see below): v= V/A = V/dt (for beams and girders) Horizontal shearing stress at any section A~A: VO/Ib Q = statical moment about the neutral axis of the entire section of that portion of the cross-section lying out- side of section A-A, b = width at section A-A (Intensity of vertical shear ig equal to that of horizontal shear acting normal to it at the same point and both are usually a maximum at mid-height of beam.) Slope and defection at any point: . e1©¥ — M_ x and y are abscissa and ordinate respectively of a point ae ‘on the neutral axis, referred to axes of rectangular co- : __ ordinates through a selected point of support. (First integration gives slopes; second integration gives deflections. Constants of integration must be determined) CONTINUOUS BEAMS (THE THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS) ; h hyb be Af wiht, wal? Uniform lond: Mati 2Mo(i +h) + Meg = — (4 4 we) Concentrated load h hh fy Pras /y av) Poasbs (bs Ma ft + 2Mo (fi #h) + Moi = —Pitibs (a4 31) Patabo (4 be Considering any two consecutive spans in any continuous structure: “Ma Moy Me’ =" moments at left, center, and right supports respectively, of any pair of adjacent spans, hand ly length of left and right spans respectively, of the pair. Ty and T moment of inertia of left and right spans respectivel; ty and wa load per unit of length on left and right spans respectively. Py and Py concentrated loads on left and right spans respectively. aiandaz = distance of concentrated loads from left support in left and right spans respectively. bj and bz = distance of concentrated loads from right support in left and right spans respectively. ‘The above equations are for beams with moment of inertia constant in each span but differing in different spans, continuous over three or more supports. By writing ‘such an equation for each successive pair of spans and introducing the known values (usually zero) of end moments, all other moments can be found. AMERICAN InsTrTUTE oF Stex1, ConsTRUCTION2-295 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS Table of Concentrated Load Equivalents eam Fed One End Simple Beam__| Supported at Oter_| Beam Fed Both Ends 0 Loading coef. sa 4h |IH—_4 a 0.1250 0.0703 0.0417 b e 0.1250 0.0833 P c 0.5000 0.3750 7 . KEL d = 0.6250 0.5000 e 0.0130 0.0054 0.0026, t 1.0000 1.0000 0.6667 é 1.0000 0.4151 0.3000 a 0.2500 0.1563 0.1280 b = 0.1875 0.1260 ° c 0.5000 0.3125 = 2 4 d S 0.6875 0.8000 e 0.0208 0.0093 0.0052 f 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 g 0.8000 0.4770 0.4000 a 0.3333 0.2222 ou b = 0.3333 0.2222 > c 1.0000 0.6667 = a |e = 1.3333 1.0000 e 0.0355 0.0182 0.0077 t 2.6667 2.6667 177 g 1.0222 0.4381 0.3333 a 0.5000 0.2656 0.1875 b = 0.4688 0.3125 Pope c 1.5000 1.0313 7 4 bid 4 = 1.9688, 1.5000 e 0.0495 0.0209 0.0104 f 4.0000 3.7500 2.5000 g 0.9500 0.4281 0.3200 2 0.6000 0.3600 0.2000 b - 0.6000 0.4000 c 2.0000 1.4000 — 5 LLLL a = 2.6000 2.0000 beds e 0.0630 0.0265 0.0130 1 4.8000 4.8000 3.2000 g 1.0080 0.4238 0.3120 Maximum positive moment (kip tt): Equivalent Simple Span uniform foad (Kips) aXPXL xP Maximum negative moment (kip-ft) Deflection cost. for equivalent simple DXPXL span uniform load: Pinned end reaction (kips): ¢ XP Number of equal load spaces: n Fixed end reaction (kips): dX P Span of beam (ft): L Maximum deflection (in.):_e x PI3/E! Span of beam (in): ‘Amrsacan Instirure of Stes. ConsnaucrionBEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, ee page 2 - 293 1. SIMPLE BEAM—UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ‘Total Equiv. Uniform Load... (Ho oeu0ooa005 bi [yom eee eee = haw aman. (steams) . a Bate ube ML N mM poesoseuos = Ep e-em ga) 2. SIMPLE BEAM—LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO ONE END We aoa Meo ee We ae) aman (atxnuyt— Vp stam) = 01900 4 Wx. “. 2 Meee = pat Oxt-t0Ret4-71) 3. SIMPLE BEAM—LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO CENTER py Total equiv Unitormtond se RaeViw ee ee eee ow ants w 1 when x e) 1 can-b) me Fa vy (whenx>aand< (+0). = Rw ame) ¥, wat Be 7 a+ BL ETTOD, | wee Mmax(atxwatBt) . 2. . = Ri (a4 $e Lasts LL tenn, (wnenxaand<@+b). = Ru Zana [ J (when >t)... = Reon) 5. SIMPLE BEAM—UNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT ONE END FeVime = ata Lyte (wrens a) te (whonx 6. SIMPLE BEAM—UNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED AT EACH END oo oa 0g2ouns waning) test a . Ra=Va. 0 ee ee ee TO) va (whence) es Ry Re Vy (whenx>aand<(@+b)) «= Rimwie m Va (whene> (tb) oo 6 = Rameatt—n i wimax (atx=Btwhenta ces) . = 82 FS a mass (atx = 1 Ben Ra < ane) = REE Mx (whenxaand<(@a+b)) = Rix— “5 Ga) Moment wa 08 2 Me (whan tet) eee = Reda American Insrrrure ov Srext, ConstRuction2-298 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 7. SIMPLE BEAM—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER Total Equi Uniformtoad . oe ltr = mman(atointottoad) . . . . at Me (wnt pice. - amas, (stvcintotiow’) : |_| is = Shr ata 8. SIMPLE BEAM—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT Total Equiv. UniformLoad 2... Peava(manwhena cb) oo. a= Va( max. when a > 6) Mimax( atpvintetied) 6. Moment rocoto. ( wmenxca J ee - a amax. (202 EED nena s 0) _ Pb eee TR, an (atpointotiond) . . . . = SUE ae (wince ) eo an i “| ip |p R n ‘Shear I 9. SIMPLE BEAM—TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS SYMMETRICALLY PLACED Total Equiv Uniform toed ope Rev cee eee -? Mimax(betwen toads)... =e Me (wheneca) os =m amax. (atcenter) 2 2 2 we a (whnecs) oe = Ean aa—ay tx (whonx> sand aandaand <=). = Rx-Pams) EAM—TWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS UNSYMMETRICALLY PLACED = 299 j———4_, Total Equiv, Uniform Load poe _fuiea ae : oa pare) bet bed ve (whenxsaand sand a) oe ee = Rx Poa) aman. (when a < 4tazate= Seo | Et h amon (whona> ttttata=t\oa,) tne Te " oe ae aa (atpointottond). . . . = PUP aren) a (whenxca) oe = BOR ear 2ta— ant ch 21t-a8x-202)} oe (whons>a) ‘Awesican Institute oF Stee. CoxstauctionBEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 15. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS—UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED Loaps jp Total aul. frmtoed = fe = Rev : Toit iy. =e oe ee ee tl? Pe Mm max(stends) Tm. ms (teeter) _fenot mx vee ee) Ja aman (atemnter) . « BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT 16. I- CENTER ° Total Equiv. Uniform Load - r ji i f adv a res), oe ae Lig Fete amas. (stem) « a Mam ae NEP” amont TU 17, BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT fae Vs(mas when a.<) a aeVe( mas. when a >») 7 a, Me (rw <8) ee 5 ma (atpotntat io’)... = SERBE mew fee Geen teers tat aname aman. (whona > bata 322! ae sx (atpointortons) = BEBE ae (wnenxca) oo. = FBP ant —aex— bo Anmnican Instrrors or Stasi ConstructionBEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 ~ 293 18. CANTILEVER BEAM—LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO FIXED END : Tord EeueUnttormtow . . = Bw we Revi... . eee oe ow (_. we M max.(atfixedend) . . =w I] T ¢ ) s eal {Loom . 2. ee _ | ses a al, ¢ it ) | 7 ox = ates ot sien FI 19. CANTILEVER BEAM—UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD fgg Toaeuntomtaed = _ Rev _ I Ts, ve oct q CZ TF amax (attreeend) Ne G ) = = gy ot ae tary, 20. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE TO DEFLECT VERTICALLY BUT NOT ROTATE AT OTHER—UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD Total Equiv. Uniform Load. +» wot He au ae (teen) me (staatectdend) fa Py goo co oe » = Bars rseart| ha «Tt aman, (atdeneotet ond) 0. = ih Moment r en Wh, ox we Le a eltaes 3 Antrnican Insrrrurt or Stes, ConstRucrionBEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 21, CANTILEVER BEAM—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT os Total Equiv. Uniform Load... = SPB Mon (attnedend) 2... = Pb Me (whens a) oo. = Panay aman (attemend) o . . = PREG) = ox whenxb). M max atpointottoas ). 5. me (whens v) To Ty ys eee (enon ba atpointof load)... zr Set) ee se (whanxo a) = PRET atematmat Moment C7 69050 00¢500 American Insrrrore ov Sree CoxstRuction2 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293, 29. CONTINUOUS BEAM—TWO EQUAL SPANS—UNIFORM LOAD ON ONE SPAN Total Equiv. Uniform Load Ls RasVetVa PaeVe ee Vase ae ms (at supsor ma)» me (wnat). + an (6472 trom 0.0092 wo/Et 30. CONTINUOUS BEAM—TWO EQUAL SPANS—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER OF ONE SPAN Total Equiv. Uniform Load . ‘Sheae T M max. (at point of load) . ms (staupport Ra) wy ren ‘4 Max, (0.4907 from Rs) lz als Rio al= ale & 2 2 3 ar ois PPyet 31. CONTINUOUS BEAM—TWO EQUAL SPANS—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT : eaten tac Revi ss = PE (4 acta aka Re w ¢ ) : : pa-vetVe = Be (eran) Pab vq OT 7s b eer = PE (apnaen) man (atpointottosd). = PAP (ataute) | i-- Amica Institute oF Sree, ConstRuctiONBEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 32, BEAM—UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD AND VARIABLE END MOMENTS vise (p=) 4pm weet anne (MEM) ea *(incton pines) = ena) +a) 0g [be — (a 4 A) ag ia ge a) 33. BEAM—CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER AND VARIABLE END MOMENTS wm. (Wan ec am, tm. (wnenx> 2) Pe (as = Mox Fagan 4 SM on aah (20 — 40 25 eat — 0) + Mad +901) American Instrrute os Stes, CoxstauctionBEAM DIAGRAMS AND DEFLECTIONS For various static loading conditions For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 34. CONTINUOUS BEAM—THREE EQUAL SPANS—ONE END SPAN UNLOADED wt wt soos x roo ae T ig z D Ra = 0.383 wl 20wt Ro=0Aw! pt 9.038 wl 0.383 wt 0.583, tel Tr 0.053 ul SHEAR SOIT 9.617 we Oi? wi _ —0.1167 wi +0.0735 wit +0.0534 wit |—0.0333 wit MOMENT 9 353 7 0.583 1 ‘4 Max. (0.430 from A) = 0.0058 wit/El 35. CONTINUOUS BEAM—THREE EQUAL SPANS—END SPANS LOADED A D Ra=0450wl = Re=0.550wl = Re = 0.850 ul ¥ 0.490 wl frre cee} 0.580 tlhe er! SHEAR 0.550 wh . 0.060 wl? fo103vF ATT +0.1013 wit To” T To MOMENT | 0.4507 0.450 4 Max, (0.679 {from Aor D) = 0.0098 wit/EI LL SPANS LOADED (4 Max. (0.646 1 from A or D) = 0.0068 wit/Et 3%. CONTINUOUS BEAM—THREE EQUAL SPANS—AI wl wl wl : | at At Ra=0.40ul = Re=1.10wl Re = 110 wt Ro = 0.400 wl 0.400 wt| 0.500 wt 0.600 wi SHEAR 0.600 wi (0.500 wl 0.400 wot —0.100 wit 0.100 wi +0.080 wi? $0025 wie +0.080 wie pe DU 0.5007 | 0.5001 0.400 1 Amunican INStrruTs oF STEEL CoNsTRUCTIONwl Ra = 0.380 wi BEAM DIAGRAMS AND DEFLECTIONS For various static loading conditions 37. CONTINUOUS BEAM—FOUR EQUAL SPANS—THIRD SPAN UNLOADED For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 wh wh fe of Re=123wl Ro=0.357 wl Ro = 0.598 wl Re = 0.442 wl 0.380 wt 0.603 wll ree 0.558 wh Tir cere SHEAR 0.620 wi 0397 wi (0.040 wt 0.442 wh O16 wit 6.0179 wt = 0.058 wit +0.072 wi +0.0601 we] errr Thy +0-0977 wl MOMENT 9 380) 0.603 1 42 4 Max. (0.4751 from E) = 0.096 w/e 3B. CONTINUOUS BEAM—FOUR EQUAL SPANS—LOAD FIRST AND THIRD SPANS 0.482 wil 196 wi? 0.0536 wit = 0.0357 wi? —0.0536 wit {Toe 084 wl 70.054 wl 0.554 wl 0.518 wt Ne 39, CONTINUOUS BEAM—FOUR EQUAL SPANS—ALL SPANS LOADED I TO ee ee A TTT 0.518 1 (4 Max. (0.4677 Lfrom A) = 0.0087 wit/Et 16 Max. (0.4401 from A and E) = 8.0065 wi/El “Ameaican Insrrrure oF STEEL ConsTRUCTION2-310 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS For various concentrated moving loads The values given in these formulas do nt include impact which varies according to the requirements of each case. For meaning of symbols, see page 2 - 293 40. SIMPLE BEAM—ONE CONCENTRATED MOVING LOAD fy Ramana Viman(stxno) oo =P RY Ra M max. (at point of load, when x 41. SIMPLE BEAM—TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING LOADS Rimax.=Vimax(atxeo) . . . . =P (2-4) feet] (2—V2) 1 = .s06/ |with one load at center of span (case 40) PL 42. SIMPLE BEAM—TWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING LOADS Raman =Vemax(stx=0) 2. = Poteet Gt ne) (m+n [onder sae GENERAL RULES FOR SIMPLE BEAMS CARRYING MOVING CONCENTRATED LOADS ving toat mum shear must be determined by trial. imum bending moment produced by moving con: 0 a ‘Ere‘toads when that Toad In the accompanying, dia moment occurs under load Ps roted that this condition occurs when the center line of the ‘span is midway between the center of gravity of foads and the ‘earest concentrated load. American Instrrurs or Stix. Coxstavcrion2-311 BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS Design properties of cantilevered beams Equal loads, equally spaced 1 ‘Awuenican Instirurt oF Stes. Construction No. Spans system a ce fiw 7g TI a cot ww ]__ [im cw Pe Pw Z ¥ a t 2 : = 5 w ares | 1 r \ 7 wt q ¥ 5 an se 4 pe (even) £_@& ? 1 ¢ # 4 F * 27 (odd) ri Typical Span Loading 2 My, o.ogxPL | o167xPL | o0.250xPL | 0.333xPL | 0.429xPL 5 Me 0,096 x PL 0.188 x PL 0.278 x PL 0.375 x PL 0.480 x PL 2 | Ms | o06sxec | o125xpL | ot67xPL | 0.250xPL | 0.300xPL s Ma 0.039 x PL 0,083 x PL 0.083 x PL 0.167 x PL O.17L x PL = Me 0.051 x PL 0,104 x PL 0.139 x PL 0.208 x PL 0.249 x PL A 0.414xP 0,833 xP 1.250 xP 1.667 x P 2.071 xP B 1172xP 2.333 xP. 31500 x P 4.667 xP 5.857 xP. g}oc o438xPp | 0.875xP 1750xP | 2.200xP Eo Do 1.063 x P 2.125 xP 4.250 xP 5.300 x P 8 E 1.086 x P 2.167 xP 4.333 xP 5.429 x P é F 1.109 x P 2.208 x P 4A17 xP 5.557 xP. & | osuxe | Tasexe Sauxe | aanxe H 1.000 x P 2.000 x P 4,000 x P 5.000 x P g a O.172xL 0.250 x L 0.182xL 0.176 x L BS] b 0.125xL 0.200 x L 0.143 x L 0.130 x L 32] ¢ | ozzoxe | o3aaxt o22xL | 0229xL 25] a | ozosxt | o3aaxe o2tixt | 0203xL BE] e 0157 xL 273xL 82 x L 0.176 xL 0.160 x L oa ft 0.147 xb 0.250 xL Ix L 0.167 xL 0.150 xL2-312 CONTINUOUS BEAMS MOMENT AND SHEAR CO.EFFICIENTS EQUAL SPANS, EQUALLY LOADED MOMENT cnroRss LOAD Sune vo rewusen wl? AD yg ov Tees oF SSS coe = Fe eT ITER IOMENT CONCENTRATED LOADS SHear poe ree eee Beteteigh clinitigint, Piomenr ComcenTeareD LosDs onean wr reensoe Pe, 7 § POINTS. fe ee in reese of B Mowenr a, CONCENTRATED LOADS suo mreewscr Fl vane val ard ronrs bee nee wreendach Awerican Insrrrurs oF Stet Consrrucrion