Search  Upload Login Signup

Home Explore

Recommended
Explore professional
development books
with Scribd
Scribd - Free 30 day trial

Prepayment Metering
System
kmhasanc

prepaid energy meter

using gsm
udaypallyreddy

What to Upload to
SlideShare
SlideShare

1 of 56   
Customer Code: Creating
a Company Customers…
Business, Technology • 50,721 views • Jan. 05, 2014  Download  Like  Share HubSpot

Be A Great Product
document of prepaid energy meter using gsm Leader (Amplify, Oct…
Adam Nash

udaypallyreddy Follow
Trillion Dollar Coach Book
(Bill Campbell)
Eric Schmidt
 0 Comments  66 Likes  Statistics  Notes
APIdays Paris 2019 -
Innovation @ scale, AP…
Share your thoughts… Post apidays

A few thoughts on work

life-balance
Be the first to comment Wim Vanderbauwhede

Is vc still a thing final

Mark Suster

 document of prepaid energy meter using gsm

1. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction on our The GaryVee Content
project: The Electrical metering instrument technology has come a long way from what it was Model
more than 100 years ago. From the original bulky meters with heavy magnets and coils, there Gary Vaynerchuk

have been many innovations that have resulted in size & weight reduction in addition to
improvement in features and specifications. Resolution and accuracy of the meter have seen
substantial improvements over the years. Introduction of the digital meter in the later part of last
century has completely changed the way Electrical parameters are measured. Starting with
Voltmeters & Ammeters, the digital meter has conquered the entire spectrum of measuring
instruments due to their advantages like ease of reading, better resolution and rugged
construction. Of particular significance is the introduction of the Electronic Energy Meter in the
mid eighties. Now a days, the energy consumption and energy distribution has became a big
subject for discussion because of huge difference in energy production and consumption. In
this regard, energy consumers are facing so many problems due to the frequent power failures;
another important reason for power cuts is due to the un-limited energy consumption of rich
people. In this aspect, to minimize the power cuts and to distribute the energy equally to all
areas, some restriction should have over the power consumption of each and every energy
consumer, and according to that the Government should implement a policy, by introducing
Autonomous Energy Meters everywhere in domestic sector. Hence, the need has come to think
on this line and a solution has to be emerged out. Electrical Metering Instrument Technology
Today the metering instrument technology grown up significantly, such that the Consumed
energy can be calculated mathematically, displayed, data can be stored, data can be
transmitted, etc. Presently the microcontrollers are playing major role in metering instrument
technology. The present project work is designed to collect the consumed energy data of a
particular energy consumer through wireless communication system (without going to
consumer house), the system can be called as automatic meter reading (AMR) system. The
Automatic Meter reading system is intended to remotely collect the meter readings of a locality
using a communication system, without persons physically going and reading the meters
visually. Dept of EEE SRTIST 1
2. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Details About Electronic Energy Meter The following are
the advantages of electronic energy meter: Accuracy While electromechanical meters are
normally available with Class 2accuracy, Electronic meters of Class 1 accuracy are very
common. Low Current Performance Most of the electromechanical meters tend to run slow
after a few years and stop recording at low loads typically below 40% of their basic current.
This is due to increased friction at their bearings. This results in large losses in revenue since
most of the residential consumers will be running at very low loads for almost 20 hours in a day.
Electronic meters record consistently and accurately even at 5% of their basic current. Also
they are guaranteed to start recording energy at0.4% of their basic current. Low Voltage
Performance Most of the mechanical meters become inaccurate at voltages below75% of rated
voltage whereas electronic meters record accurately even at 50% of rated voltage. This is a
major advantage where low voltage problem is very common. Installation The mechanical
meter is very sensitive to the position in which it is installed. If it is not mounted vertically, it will
run slow, resulting in revenue loss. Electronic meters are not sensitive Tamper The mechanical
meters can be tampered very easily even without disturbing the Wiring either by using an
external magnet or by inserting a thin film into the meter to touch the rotating disc. In addition to
these methods, in the case of a single-phase meter, there are more than 20 conditions of
external wiring that can make the meter record less. In the case of 3 Phase meter, external
wiring can be manipulated in 4 ways to make it slow. Hence, any of these methods cannot
tamper electronic meters. Moreover they can detect the tampering of meter by using LED. Dept
of EEE SRTIST 2
3. Prepaid energy meter using gsm New Features Electronic meters provide many new
features like prepaid metering and remote Metering that can improve the efficiency of the utility.
Remote Metering of Energy Meters The introduction of electronic energy meters for electrical
energy metering has resulted in various improvements in the operations of utilities apart from
the increase in revenue due to better recording of energy consumption. One such additional
benefit is the possibility of reading the meters automatically using meter-reading instruments
even without going near the meter. Meter reading instruments (MRI) are intelligent devices with
built in memory and keyboard. The meter reader can download the energy consumption and
related information from the electronic meter into the meter reading instrument either by
connecting the MRI physically to the meter using their communication ports or by
communicating with the meter from a distance using Radio Frequency (RF) communication
media. RF communication method is similar to a cordless telephone, which is quite common
these days. The meter and the MRI are provided with an antenna. When the meter reader
presses a button on the MRI, it communicates with the meter through RF and asks for all the
data that are preset. The meter responds with all relevant data like meter identification number,
cumulative energy consumed till that time etc. After reading many meters like that in one MRI,
the meter reader can go to the office and transfer all these data into a computer, which will
have all these data for the previous billing period. Using these two data, the computer
calculates the consumption for the current billing period and prepares the bill for each
consumer. The use of RF communication enables the utility to install the meters on top of the
electric pole out of reach of the consumers thereby eliminating chances of tamper of the meter.
Frequencies in the range of 400 MHz to 900communication can be achieved using low power
transmitters at reasonable costs. Power line carrier communication is another method of
remote metering. In this method, the meter data is transferred to an MRI or computer by using
the power line itself as the medium of transmission. This solution is generally cheaper than RF
but needs good quality power lines to avoid loss of data. This method is more attractive for
limited distance communication. Third medium of communication possible is telephone line.
This is viable only for industrial meters like the Trivector meter because of the cost of Modems
required and the need for a telephone line, which may not be available in every house. This
medium has the advantage of unlimited distance range. Remote metering is typically not a
Dept of EEE SRTIST 3
4. Prepaid energy meter using gsm default option, but something provided for selected
customers. The preferred customer base may include suspicious clients or those located very
close to others, such as in a high-rise building. In the latter case, tens or hundreds of meters
may use RF to send billing data to a common collector unit, which then decodes the data with
microcontrollers or computers. PREPAYMENT METERING Yet another advantage of the
electronic meter is the possibility of introducing Prepaid metering system. Prepaid metering
system is the one in which the consumer pays money in advance to the utility and then feeds
this information into his meter. The meter then updates the credit available to the consumer and
starts deducting his consumption from available credit. Once the credit reaches a minimum
specified value, meter raises an alarm. If the credit is completely exhausted, the meter
switches off the loads of the consumer. Main advantage of this system is that the utility can
eliminate meter readers. Another benefit is that they get paid in advance. The consumer
benefits due to elimination of penalty for late payment. Also it enables him to plan his electricity
bill expenses in a better manner. Due to the intelligence built in into the electronic meters,
introduction of prepaid metering becomes much easier than in the case of electromechanical
meters. Prepaid Energy Metering Energy meters, the only direct revenue interface between
utilities and the consumers, have undergone several advancements in the last decade. The
conventional electro-mechanical meters are being replaced with electronic meters to improve
accuracy in meter reading. Asian countries are currently looking to introduce prepaid electricity
meters across their distribution network, buoyed up by the success of this novel methodology
in South Africa. The existing inherent problems with the post-paid system and privatization of
state held power distribution companies are the major driving factors for this market in Asia.
Over 40 countries have implemented prepaid meters in their markets In United Kingdom the
system, has been in use for well over 70 years with about3.5 million consumers. The prepaid
program in South Africa was started in 1992 since then they have installed over 6 million
meters. Other African counties such as Sudan, Madagascar are following the South African
success. The concept has found ground in Argentina and New Zealand with few thousands of
installations. The prepaid meters in the market today are coming up with smart cards to hold
information on units consumed or equivalent money value. When the card is Dept of EEE
SRTIST 4
5. Prepaid energy meter using gsm inserted, the energy meter reads it, connects the supply to
the consumer loads, and debits the value. The meters are equipped with light emitting diodes
(LED) to inform consumers when 75 percent of the credit energy has been consumed. The
consumer then recharges the prepaid card from a sales terminal or distribution point, and
during this process any changes in the tariff can also be loaded in the smart card. 1.2 THESIS:
The thesis explains the implementation of prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator .The
organization of thesis is explained here. Chapter1: Introduction about prepaid energy meter. It
gives over all information about prepaid energy meter Chapter2: presents the hard ware
description. where all components which are used in project are briefly described. Chapter3:
presents about block diagram &circuit diagram. Chapter4: presents the benefits of prepaid
energy meter. Chapter5: presents the advantages of prepaid energy meter. Chapter6: it
consists of brief note on software and program used in our project Chapter7: It gives the future
scope and conclusion. Dept of EEE SRTIST 5
6. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CHAPTER-2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION COMPONENTS
USED IN OUR PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS: 2.1 Power Supply: Power supply is a reference
to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of
energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is
most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely
to others This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and also to
reduce the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from the mains is 230V/50Hz
which is an AC voltage, but the required is DC voltage(no frequency) with the amplitude of +5V
and +12V for various applications. In this section we have Transformer, Bridge rectifier, are
connected serially and voltage regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a capacitor
(1000µF) in parallel are connected parallel as shown in the circuit diagram below. Each voltage
regulator output is again is connected to the capacitors of values (100µF, 10µF, 1 µF, 0.1 µF)
are connected parallel through which the corresponding output(+5V or +12V) are taken into
consideration. Dept of EEE SRTIST 6
7. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Circuit Explanation 2.1.1 Transformer A transformer is a
device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing
magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the
secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the
transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. The secondary induced
voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio
of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings: Basic principle The transformer is
based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field
(electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a
voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the
primary coil, it changes the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field
extends into the secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary. A simplified
transformer design is shown below. A current passing through the primary coil creates a
magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high
magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures that most of the magnetic field lines produced
by the primary current are within the iron and pass through the secondary coil as well as the
primary coil. Dept of EEE SRTIST 7
8. Prepaid energy meter using gsm An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic flux in
the core Induction law The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from
Faraday's law of induction, which states that: Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the
number of turns in the secondary coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the
coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the
product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is
constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the
magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the
instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Dept of EEE SRTIST 8
9. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives
the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage Ideal power equation If the
secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted
from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all
the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the
secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing
power. Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS giving the ideal transformer equation Pin-coming
= IPVP = Pout-going = ISVS giving the ideal transformer equation Dept of EEE SRTIST 9
10. Prepaid energy meter using gsm If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then
the current is decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor. Transformers are
efficient so this formula is a reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased (stepped up)
(VS > VP), then the current is decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor.
Transformers are efficient so this formula is a reasonable approximation. The impedance in one
circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance ZS is
attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an
impedance of This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary circuit
appears to the secondary to be Detailed operation: The simplified description above neglects
several practical factors, in particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field
in the core, and the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit. Models of an
ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of zero
resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux
around the magnetic circuit of the core . The current required to create the flux is termed the
magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the
magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field. The
changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since the
ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltages
VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the Dept of EEE SRTIST
10
11. Prepaid energy meter using gsm corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it does
in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This is due to Lenz's
law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose
development of any such change in magnetic field. 2.1.2 Bridge Rectifier A diode bridge or
bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge configuration that provides the
same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of input voltage. When used in its most common
application, for conversion of alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is
known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC
input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a center-tapped transformer design,
but has two diode drops rather than one, thus exhibiting reduced efficiency over a center-
tapped design for the same output voltage. Basic Operation When the input connected at the
left corner of the diamond is positive with respect to the one connected at the right hand corner,
current flows to the right along the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input
supply via the lower one. When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner,
current flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored path.
Dept of EEE SRTIST 11
12. Prepaid energy meter using gsm In each case, the upper right output remains positive with
respect to the lower right one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not
only produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what is sometimes
called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning when batteries are
installed backwards or DC input-power supply wiring "has its wires crossed" (and protects the
circuitry it powers against damage that might occur without this circuit in place). Prior to
availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was always constructed from
discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component containing the four
diodes connected in the bridge configuration became a standard commercial component and is
now available with various voltage and current ratings. Dept of EEE SRTIST 12
13. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Output smoothing (Using Capacitor): For many
applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to convert an
AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be important because the bridge
alone supplies an output voltage of fixed polarity but pulsating magnitude (see diagram above).
The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (aka smoothing capacitor) is to
lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC output voltage waveform from the bridge.
One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC
component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive
load. In less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to
be cancelled by loss of charge in the capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current
through the load. Thus the change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would
occur without the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the
capacitor, thus moderating the change in output voltage / current. Also see rectifier output
smoothing. The simplified circuit shown has a well deserved reputation for being dangerous,
because, in some applications, the capacitor can retain a lethal charge after the AC power
source is removed. If supplying a dangerous voltage, a practical circuit should include a reliable
way to Dept of EEE SRTIST 13
14. Prepaid energy meter using gsm safely discharge the capacitor. If the normal load can not
be guaranteed to perform this function, perhaps because it can be disconnected, the circuit
should include a bleeder resistor connected as close as practical across the capacitor. This
resistor should consume a current large enough to discharge the capacitor in a reasonable
time, but small enough to avoid unnecessary power waste. Because a bleeder sets a minimum
current drain, the regulation of the circuit, defined as percentage voltage change from minimum
to maximum load, is improved. However in many cases the improvement is of insignificant
magnitude. The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant τ = RC where C
and R are the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as the load resistor is large
enough so that this time constant is much longer than the time of one ripple cycle, the above
configuration will produce a smoothed DC voltage across the load. In some designs, a series
resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added. The smoothing can then be improved by
adding additional stages of capacitor–resistor pairs, often done only for sub-supplies to critical
high-gain circuits that tend to be sensitive to supply voltage noise. The idealized waveforms
shown above are seen for both voltage and current when the load on the bridge is resistive.
When the load includes a smoothing capacitor, both the voltage and the current waveforms will
be greatly changed. While the voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow
through the bridge only during the time when the input voltage is greater than the capacitor
voltage. For example, if the load draws an average current of n Amps, and the diodes conduct
for 10% of the time, the average diode current during conduction must be 10n Amps. This non-
sinusoidal current leads to harmonic distortion and a poor power factor in the AC supply. In a
practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of a bridge, the bridge
diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs when the power is turned on at
the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully discharged. Sometimes a small series
resistor is included before the capacitor to limit this current, though in most applications the
power supply transformer's resistance is already sufficient. Dept of EEE SRTIST 14
15. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second
capacitor. The choke tends to keep the current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to
the relatively high cost of an effective choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is not
employed in modern equipment. Some early console radios created the speaker's constant
field with the current from the high voltage ("B +") power supply, which was then routed to the
consuming circuits, (permanent magnets were considered too weak for good performance) to
create the speaker's constant magnetic field. The speaker field coil thus performed 2 jobs in
one: it acted as a choke, filtering the power supply, and it produced the magnetic field to
operate the speaker. 2.1.3 Voltage Regulator A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator
designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. The 78xx (also sometimes known
as LM78xx) series of devices is a family of selfcontained fixed linear voltage regulator
integrated circuits. The 78xx family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which
require a regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When
specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-digit number, which
indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to provide (for example, the 7805
has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line is positive voltage
regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative to a
common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative
voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide both positive and
negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary. 78xx ICs have three terminals and
are most commonly found in the TO220 form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger
TrO3 packages are also available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support
an input voltage which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output
voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5
amps of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).
Dept of EEE SRTIST 15
16. Prepaid energy meter using gsm 2.2 MICRO CONTROLLERS: The 8052 microcontroller is
the 8051's "big brother." It is a slightly more powerful microcontroller, sporting a number of
additional features which the developer may make use of: 256 bytes of Internal RAM
(compared to 128 in the standard 8051) and it is having 8k bytes of ROM. A third 16-bit timer,
capable of a number of new operation modes and 16-bit reloads. Additional SFRs to support
the functionality offered by the third timer. AT89S52: Features: • Compatible with MCS-51
Products • 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 1000
Write/Erase Cycles • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range • Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Dept of EEE SRTIST 16
17. Prepaid energy meter using gsm • Three-level Program Memory Lock • 256K Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines • 3 16-bit Timer/Counters • Eight Interrupt Sources • Full Duplex
UART Serial Channel • Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes • Interrupt Recovery from
Power-down Mode • Watchdog Timer • Dual Data Pointer • Power-off Flag Description of
microcontroller 89s52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro
controller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
Using Atmel‘s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 micro controller. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining
a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable flash one monolithic chip; the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful micro controller, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications. Dept of EEE SRTIST 17
18. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Dept of EEE SRTIST 18
19. Prepaid energy meter using gsm The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K
bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89S52 is designed with static logic for peration down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down
mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until
the next interrupt Or hardware reset. Dept of EEE SRTIST 19
20. Prepaid energy meter using gsm PIN DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER 89S52
VCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port.
As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the
pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the
multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory.
In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are
required during program verification Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal
pull-ups. The Port 1 Output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. In addition, P1.0
and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
timer/counter 2 trigger input P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during
fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use
16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses Dept of
EEE SRTIST 20
21. Prepaid energy meter using gsm (MOVX @ RI), Port 2emits the contents of the P2 Special
Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with
internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as
shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming
And verification. RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator
is running resets the device. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for
latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at
a constant rate of1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking
purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data
Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With
the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the micro controller is in external
execution mode. Dept of EEE SRTIST 21
22. Prepaid energy meter using gsm PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe
to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are
skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA
must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. A should be strapped to VCC for internal
program executions. This pin also receives the 12voltProgramming enables voltage (VPP)
during Flash programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator
Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a
quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an External clock
source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 2.
Oscillator Connections Dept of EEE SRTIST 22
23. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Special Function Register (SFR) Memory: - Special
Function Registers (SFR s) are areas of memory that control specific functionality of the 8051
processor. For example, four SFRs permit access to the 8051‘s 32 input/output lines. Another
SFR allows the user to set the serial baud rate, control and access timers, and configure the
8051‘s interrupt system. The Accumulator: The Accumulator, as its name suggests is used as a
general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold 8-bit (1-
byte) value and is the most versatile register. The “R” registers: The ―Rǁ registers are a set of
eight registers that are named R0, R1. Etc up to R7. These registers are used as auxiliary
registers in many operations. The “B” registers: The ―Bǁ register is very similar to the
accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. Two only uses the ―Bǁ
register 8051 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. The Data Pointer: The Data pointer (DPTR) is
the 8051‘s only user accessible 16-bit (2Bytes) register. The accumulator, ―Rǁ registers are all
1-Byte values. DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of
commands, which allow the 8051 to access external memory. THE PROGRAM COUNTER
AND STACK POINTER: The program counter (PC) is a 2-byte address, which tells the 8051
where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. The stack pointer like all registers
except DPTR and PC may hold an 8-bit (1-Byte) value ADDRESSING MODES: An
―addressing modeǁ refers that you are addressing a given memory location. In summary, the
addressing modes are as follows, with an example of each: Each of these addressing modes
provides important flexibility. Immediate Addressing MOV A, #20 H Direct Addressing MOV A,
30 H Indirect Addressing MOV A, @R0 Dept of EEE SRTIST 23
24. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Indexed Addressing a. External Direct MOVX A, @DPTR
b. Code In direct MOVC A, @A+DPTR Immediate Addressing: Immediate addressing is so
named because the value to be stored in memory immediately follows the operation code in
memory. That is to say, the instruction itself dictates what value will be stored in memory. For
example, the instruction: MOV A, #20H: This instruction uses immediate Addressing because
the accumulator will be loaded with the value that immediately follows in this case
20(hexadecimal). Immediate addressing is very fast since the value to be loaded is included in
the instruction. However, since the value to be loaded is fixed at compile-time it is not very
flexible. Direct Addressing: Direct addressing is so named because the value to be stored in
memory is obtained by directly retrieving it from another memory location. For example: MOV
A, 30h This instruction will read the data out of internal RAM address 30(hexadecimal) and
store it in the Accumulator. Direct addressing is generally fast since, although the value to be
loaded isn‘t included in the instruction, it is quickly accessible since it is stored in the 8051‘s
internal RAM. It is also much more flexible than Immediate Addressing since the value to be
loaded is whatever is found at the given address which may variable. Also it is important to
note that when using direct addressing any instruction that refers to an address between 00h
and 7Fh is referring to the SFR control registers that control the 8051 micro controller itself.
Dept of EEE SRTIST 24
25. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Indirect Addressing: Indirect addressing is a very powerful
addressing mode, which in many cases provides an exceptional level of flexibility. Indirect
addressing is also the only way to access the extra 128 bytes of internal RAM found on the
8052. Indirect addressing appears as follows: MOV A, @R0: This instruction causes the 8051
to analyze Special Function Register (SFR) Memory: Special Function Registers (SFRs) are
areas of memory that control specific functionality of the 8051 processor. For example, four
SFRs permit access to the 8051‘s 32 input/output lines. Another SFR allows the user to set the
serial baud rate, control and access timers, and configure the 8051‘s interrupt system. 2. 3
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER: An electric meter or energy meter is a device that
measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or
machine. The most common type is a kilowatt hour meter. When used in electricity retailing, the
utilities record the values measured by these meters to generate an invoice for the electricity.
They may also record other variables including the time when the electricity was used. Modern
electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and
current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power
(watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc).
The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic. Electromechanical
meters The most common type of electricity meter is the Thomson or electromechanical
induction watt-hour meter, invented by Elihu Thomson in1888. Technology The
electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminum disc
which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of revolutions is thus
proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2
watts. The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in Dept of EEE
SRTIST 25
26. Prepaid energy meter using gsm such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion
to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of
the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. [1]This produces eddy currents in the
disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the
instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional
to the speed of rotation of the disc - this acts as a brake which causes the disc to stop spinning
when power stops being drawn rather than allowing it to spin faster and faster. This causes the
disc to rotate at a speed proportional to the power being used. The type of meter described
above is used on a singlephase AC supply. Different phase configurations use additional
voltage and current coils. Reading The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a
worm gear which drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of
energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to
read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of
the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. It should be noted that with the dial
pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due to the gearing
mechanism. The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the
symbol ‗Kh‘ which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. Single phase energy meter
Dept of EEE SRTIST 26
27. Prepaid energy meter using gsm The value 7.2 is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh,
one can determine their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a
stopwatch. If the time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution ist , then the
power in watts is. For example, if Kh = 7.2, as above, and one revolution took place in 14.4
seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power value 7.2
is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh, one can determine their power consumption at any
given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If the time in seconds taken by the disc to
complete one revolution is‘t , then the power in watts is. For example, if Kh= 7.2, as above, and
one revolution took place in 14.4 seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used
to determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on one by one.
Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by are presentative of the
power company or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be
supplied to the power company by telephone, post or over the internet. The electricity company
will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify
customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter. Accuracy In an
induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs
when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open
circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test. 2.4 LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)
Introduction: Dept of EEE SRTIST 27
28. Prepaid energy meter using gsm A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device
made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or
reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two
transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are
perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through
one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one
filter to allow it to pass through the other. A program must interact with the outside world using
input and output devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most
common devices attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs
connected to the controllers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per
line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines,
respectively. Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual
information. LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are inexpensive, easy to
use, and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7 dots plus cursor of the display.
They have a standard ASCII set of characters and mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data
bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 10 I/O lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0).
For a 4-bit data bus it only requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines(RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4).
When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the
operation of the microcontroller. Features: (1) Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor.
(2) Display data RAM (3) 80x8 bits (80 characters). (4) Character generator ROM (5). 160
different 57 dot-matrix character patterns. (6). Character generator RAM (7) 8 different user
programmed 5 7 dot matrix patterns. - Dept of EEE SRTIST 28
29. Prepaid energy meter using gsm (8).Display data RAM and character generator RAM may
be Accessed by the microprocessor. (9) Numerous instructions (10) .Clear Display, Cursor
Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift. (11).
Built-in reset circuit is (12). Built-in triggered at power ON. oscillator. Data can be placed at any
location on the LCD. For 16×1 LCD, the address locations are: Fig : Address locations for a
1x16 line LCD Shapes and sizes: Dept of EEE SRTIST 29
30. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Even limited to character based modules, there is still a
wide variety of shapes and sizes available. Line lengths of 8,16,20,24,32 and 40 characters are
all standard, in one, two and four line versions. Several different LC technologies exists.
―supertwistǁ types, for example, offer Improved contrast and viewing angle over the older
―twisted nematicǁ types. Some modules are available with back lighting, so so that they can
be viewed in dimly-lit conditions. The back lighting may be either ―electro-luminescentǁ,
requiring a high voltage inverter circuit, or simple LED illumination. ELECTRICAL BLOCK
DIAGRAM: Dept of EEE SRTIST 30
31. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Power supply for lcd driving: PIN DESCRIPTION: Most
LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are extra
in both for back-light LED connections). Fig: pin diagram of 1x16 lines lcd Dept of EEE SRTIST
31
32. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CONTROL LINES: EN: Line is called "Enable." This
control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your
program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put
data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for
the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and
end by bringing it low (0) again. RS: Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the
data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor,
etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the
screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high. RW: Line is
the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being
written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the
LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write
commands, so RW will almost always be low. Dept of EEE SRTIST 32
33. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on
the mode of operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are
referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7. Logic status on control lines: •
E - 0 Access to LCD disabled - 1 Access to LCD enabled • R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD - 1
Reading data from LCD • RS - 0 Instructions - 1 Character Writing data to the LCD: 1) Set R/W
bit to low 2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character) 3) Set data to data lines (if it is
writing) 4) Set E line to high 5) Set E line to low Read data from data lines (if it is reading)on
LCD: 1) Set R/W bit to high 2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character) 3) Set data to
data lines (if it is writing) 4) Set E line to high 5) Set E line to low Dept of EEE SRTIST 33
34. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Entering Text: First, a little tip: it is manually a lot easier to
enter characters and commands in hexadecimal rather than binary (although, of course, you
will need to translate commands from binary couple of sub-miniature hexadecimal rotary
switches is a simple matter, although a little bit into hex so that you know which bits you are
setting). Replacing the d.i.l. switch pack with a of re-wiring is necessary. The switches must be
the type where On = 0, so that when they are turned to the zero position, all four outputs are
shorted to the common pin, and in position ―Fǁ, all four outputs are open circuit. All the
available characters that are built into the module are shown in Table 3. Studying the table, you
will see that codes associated with the characters are quoted in binary and hexadecimal, most
significant bits (―left-handǁ four bits) across the top, and least significant bits (―right-handǁ
four bits) down the left. Most of the characters conform to the ASCII standard, although the
Japanese and Greek characters (and a few other things) are obvious exceptions. Since these
intelligent modules were designed in the ―Land of the Rising Sun,ǁ it seems only fair that their
Katakana phonetic symbols should also be incorporated. The more extensive Kanji character
set, which the Japanese share with the Chinese, consisting of several thousand different
characters, is not included! Using the switches, of whatever type, and referring to Table 3, enter
a few characters onto the display, both letters and numbers. The RS switch (S10) must be
―upǁ (logic 1) when sending the characters, and switch E (S9) must be pressed for each of
them. Thus the operational order is: set RS high, enter character, trigger E, leave RS high,
enter another character, trigger E, and so on. The first 16 codes in Table 3, 00000000 to
00001111, ($00 to $0F) refer to the CGRAM. This is the Character Generator RAM (random
access memory), which can be used to hold user-defined graphics characters. This is where
these modules really start to show their potential, offering such capabilities as bar graphs,
flashing symbols, even animated characters. Before the user-defined characters are set up,
these codes will just bring up strange looking symbols. Dept of EEE SRTIST 34
35. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Dept of EEE SRTIST 35
36. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Initialization by Instructions: Dept of EEE SRTIST 36
37. Prepaid energy meter using gsm 2.5 LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE) Introduction: A light-
emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electrical current is
applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the simple LED circuit. The effect is a form
of electroluminescence. where incoherent and narrow-spectrum light is emitted from the p-n
junction.. LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in
higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is usually a small area
(less than 1 mm2) light source, often with optics added to the chip to shape its radiation pattern
and assist in reflection . The color of the emitted light depends on the composition and
condition of the semi conducting material used, and can be infrared, visible, or ultraviolet.
Besides lighting, interesting applications include using UV-LEDs for sterilization of water and
disinfection of devices , and as a grow light to enhance photosynthesis in plants. Basic
principle: Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semi conducting material
impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows
easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction.
Charge-carriers electrons and holes flow into the junction from electrodes with different
voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy
in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on
the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes,
the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical
emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have
a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances
in materials science have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter
wavelengths, producing light in a variety of colors. LEDs are usually built on an n-type
substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type
substrates, while less Dept of EEE SRTIST 37
38. Prepaid energy meter using gsm common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs,
especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate. LED Display types: Bar graph Seven
segment Star burst Dot matrix Basic LED types: Miniature LEDs Dept of EEE SRTIST 38
39. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Different sized LEDs. 8 mm, 5mm and 3 mm These are
mostly single-die LEDs used as indicators, and they come in various-size packages: surface
mount 2 mm 3 mm (T1) 5 mm (T1³⁄₄) 10 mm Other sizes are also available, but less common.
Common package shapes: Round, dome top Round, flat top Rectangular, flat top (often seen in
LED bar-graph displays) Triangular or square, flat top The encapsulation may also be clear or
semi opaque to improve contrast and viewing angle. There are three main categories of
miniature single die LEDs: Low current — typically rated for 2 mA at around 2 V (approximately
4 mW consumption). Standard — 20 mA LEDs at around 2 V (approximately 40 mW) for red,
orange, yellow & green, and 20 mA at 4–5 V (approximately 100 mW) for blue, violet and white.
Ultra-high output — 20 mA at approximately 2 V or 4–5 V, designed for viewing in direct
sunlight. Five- and twelve-volt LEDs These are miniature LEDs incorporating a series resistor,
and may be connected directly to a 5 V or 12 V supply. Dept of EEE SRTIST 39
40. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Applications: Automotive applications with LEDS
Instrument Panels & Switches, Courtesy Lighting, CHMSL, Rear Stop/Turn/Tai, Retrofits, New
Turn/Tail/Marker Lights. Consumer electronics & general indication Household appliances,
VCR/ DVD/ Stereo/Audio/Video devices, Toys/Games Instrumentation, Security Equipment,
Switches. Illumination with LEDs Architectural Lighting, Signage (Channel Letters), Machine
Vision, Retail Displays, Emergency Lighting (Exit Signs), Neon and bulb Replacement,
Flashlights, Accent Lighting Pathways, Marker Lights. Sign applications with LEDs Full Color
Video, Monochrome Message Boards, Traffic/VMS, Transportation – Passenger Information.
Signal application with LEDs Traffic, Rail, Aviation, Tower Lights, Runway Lights,
Emergency/Police Vehicle Lighting. Mobile applications with LEDs Mobile Phone, PDA's,
Digital Cameras, Lap Tops, General Backlighting. Photo sensor applications with LEDs Medical
Instrumentation, Bar Code Readers, Color & Money Sensors, Encoders, Optical Switches,
Fiber Optic Communication. Dept of EEE SRTIST 40
41. Prepaid energy meter using gsm 2.6 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
Introduction: GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a cellular network, which
means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM
networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900
MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz
bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. The rarer 400
and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, where these frequencies were
previously used for first-generation systems. GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information
from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction
(downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex
spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover
a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–
960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original
GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate
speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight
burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate
frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is
4.615 ms. GSM Advantages: GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative
to voice calls, the Short t message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now
supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes
one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international
travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number. Dept
of EEE SRTIST 41
42. Prepaid energy meter using gsm The GSM Network: GSM provides recommendations, not
requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail
but do not address the hardware. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the
switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system
(OSS). The Switching System: The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call
processing and subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following
functional units. Home location register (HLR): The HLR is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores
permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information,
and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he
or she is registered in the HLR of that operator. Dept of EEE SRTIST 42
43. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Mobile services switching center (MSC): The MSC
performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other
telephone and data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network
interfacing, common channel signaling, and others. Visitor location register (VLR): The VLR is a
database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in
order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a
mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data
about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will
have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
Authentication center (AUC): A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption
parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC
protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.
Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is a database that contains information about the
identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile
stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR
node. The Base Station System (BSS): All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS,
which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
BSC: The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS.
It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data,
and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of
BSCs are served by an MSC. BTS: The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station.
The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the
network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC. Dept of EEE SRTIST 43
44. Prepaid energy meter using gsm The Operation and Support System The operations and
maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system and to the
BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS). The OSS
is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the system. The
purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional and
local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important
function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activities of
different operation and maintenance organizations. GSM Network Areas: The GSM network is
made up of geographic areas. As shown in bellow figure, these areas include cells, location
areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile network (PLMN) areas. Location
Areas: The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM
network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell. The
location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is
served by one or more base station controllers, yet only by a single MSC Each LA is assigned
a location area identity (LAI) number. Dept of EEE SRTIST 44
45. Prepaid energy meter using gsm MSC/VLR service areas: An MSC/VLR service area
represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by one MSC and which is reachable, as
it is registered in the VLR of the MSC. PLMN service areas: The PLMN service area is an area
served by one network operator. GSM Specifications: Specifications for different personal
communication services (PCS) systems vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below
is a description of the specifications and characteristics for GSM. Frequency band: The
frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station).
Duplex distance: The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the
uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. Channel
separation: The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz.
Modulation: Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a
carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).
Transmission rate: GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. Access
method: GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique
in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular
time slot. Speech coder: GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to
reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The
signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13
kbps. . Dept of EEE SRTIST 45
46. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Main AT commands: "AT command set for GSM Mobile
Equipmentǁ describes the Main AT commands to communicate via a serial interface with the
GSM subsystem of the phone. AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is
the abbreviation of Attention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why modem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired
dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to
online data state), are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Besides
this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support an AT
command set that is specific to the GSM technology, which includes SMS-related commands
like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage),
AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages). Note that the starting
"AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a command line. It is not part of the
AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT command name in ATD and +CMGS is
the actual AT command name in AT+CMGS. However, some books and web sites use them
interchangeably as the name of an AT command. Here are some of the tasks that can be done
using AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modem or mobile phone: Get basic information about
the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI),
model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
(AT+CGSN) and software version (AT+CGMR). Get basic information about the subscriber. For
example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
(AT+CIMI). Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status (AT+CREG), radio
signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).
Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc). Send and
receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*). Dept of EEE SRTIST 46
47. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR,
AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications
of newly received SMS messages (AT+CNMI). Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search
(AT+CPBF) phonebook entries. Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing
facility locks (AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing
passwords (AT+CPWD). (Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the
SIM card every time the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM card is
associated with the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a password
must be entered.]) Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands.
For example, you can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and
whether error messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format
(AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2). Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or
GSM/GPRS modem. For example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type
(AT+CBST), radio link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center address (AT+CSCA) and
storage of SMS messages (AT+CPMS). Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone
or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings
related to SMS messaging such as the SMS center address. 2.7 RELAYS Introduction: A relay
is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the
original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of
contacts. A relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can
be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier. Dept of EEE SRTIST 47
48. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Relays are usuallly SPDT (single pole double through
switch)or DPDT (double pole double through switch) but they can have many more sets of
switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.
Basic operation of a relay: An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field
at right angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape,
the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the
current, the greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal. Dept of
EEE SRTIST 48
49. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Inductors react against changes in current because of the
energy stored in this magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils
around a common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other.
However, there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnetic fields than the
applications we've seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field produced by a coil
of current-carrying wire can be used to exert a mechanical force on any magnetic object, just
as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic objects, except that this magnet
(formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by switching the current on or off through the coil. If
we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that object move when
we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is called a solenoid. The movable
magnetic object is called an armature, and most armatures can be moved with either direct
current (DC) or alternating current (AC) energizing the coil. The polarity of the magnetic field is
irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically
open door latches, open or shut valves, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch
mechanisms and is used to actuate a set of switch contacts Applications: To control a high-
voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers, To
control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile, To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and
closing circuit breakers (protection relays), Dept of EEE SRTIST 49
50. Prepaid energy meter using gsm To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit
when the two are at different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device
from a low-voltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage
wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may
also be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy, To perform
logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by connecting NO relay
contacts in series, the OR function by connecting NO contacts in parallel. The change-over or
Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or) function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR
are accomplished using NC contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for
designing relay logic networks. o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays
were used as logical elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II,
Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3. Dept of EEE SRTIST 50
51. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CHAPTER-3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND BLOCK
DIAGRAM Circuit diagram Block diagram: 16X2 LCD DISPLAY POWER SUPPLY RELAY GSM
MICRO CONTROLER ENERGY METER LOAD Dept of EEE SRTIST 51
52. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CHAPTER-4 BENEFITS OF PREPAID ENERGY METER
Improved operational efficiencies: The prepaid meters are likely to cut the cost of meter reading
as no meter readers are required. In addition, they eliminate administrative hassles associated
with disconnection and reconnection. Besides, going by South Africa‘s experience, prepaid
meters could help control appropriation of electricity in a better way than conventional meters.
Benefits of Reduced financial risks: Since the payment is up-front reduces the financial risk by
improving the cash flows and necessitates an improved revenue management system. Better
customer service: The system eliminates billing delay, removes cost involved in
disconnection/reconnection, enables controlled use of energy, and helps customers to save
money through better energy management. Market Drivers Power sector reforms: The
upcoming competitive and customer focused deregulated power distribution market will force
the market participants to make the existing metering and billing process more competent. This
is likely to drive the prepaid market. Increasing non-technical losses: Metering errors,
tampering with meters leading to low registration and calibration related frauds are some of the
key components of non-technical losses. India reports greater than 10 percent of non-technical
losses. It has been reported that prepaid meters control nontechnical losses better than
conventional ones Opportunities in the emerging electrifying markets: Most of the Asian
countries do not have 100 percent electrification; hence new markets are being created by the
increasing generating capacity. Prepaid systems can be more easily introduced in such new
markets rather than the existing ones. Dept of EEE SRTIST 52
53. Prepaid energy meter using gsm 4.1 Market Restraints Consumer behavior: Consumers
have not had any major problems with the existing post-paid system, and hence it is likely to be
difficult to convince them to change over to prepaid system. Consumers might not appreciate
the concept of "pay and use" as far as electricity is concerned because it might be perceived as
an instrument to control common man‗s life style. Initial investment: Utilities might be
discouraged by the huge initial investment, which includes the cost of instrument, marketing
campaign, establishing distribution channel, and other management costs. Rapid technology
changes: The rapid technology changes happening in the metering market are expected to
delay the decision to go for prepaid system. Uncertainty over the success: Prepaid system is
not as proven a concept in all the markets as South Africa; hence there is bound to be
uncertainty over its success, if implemented. The success of the system depends on the
commitment by utilized for this they need to get convinced on the real benefits of prepaid
meters 4.2 Recent Initiatives The Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB), Malaysia, has awarded a
contract to a local manufacturer to supply 1,080 prepaid meters Countries such as Thailand,
Bangladesh, Singapore, and Iran have been showing increased interest in adopting prepaid
system In India, the State of West Bengal has decided to introduce the smart card operated
prepaid energy meters in remote islands of Sunder bans. In Mumbai, pre-paid power is
provided by the Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport (BEST)Undertaking. Tata
Power plans to introduce pre-paid electricity in Delhi. Dept of EEE SRTIST 53
54. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CHAPTER-5 ADVANTAGES OF PREPAID ENERGY
METER ADVANTAGES Improved operational efficiencies: The prepaid meters are likely to cut
the cost of meter reading as no meter readers are required. In addition, they eliminate
administrative hassles associated with disconnection and reconnection. Besides, going by
South Africa‘s experience, prepaid meters could help control appropriation of electricity in a
better way than conventional meters. Reduced financial risks: Since the payment is up-front, it
reduces the financial risk by improving the cash flows and necessitates an improved revenue
management system. Better customer service: The system eliminates billing delay, removes
cost involved in disconnection/reconnection, enables controlled use of energy, and helps
customers to save money through better energy management Dept of EEE SRTIST 54
55. Prepaid energy meter using gsm CHAPTER-6 FUTURE SCOPE&CONCLUSION FUTURE
SCOPE: In the present time of 21st century we have no space for errors or faults either in any
technical system or in general applications. Prepaid energy meter is an advantages concept for
the further. It‘s facilitates the exemption from electricity bills. Electricity coupons will be
available at nearby shops. The word prepaid means ―pay before useǁ one of the
advantageous feature of this concept prepaid energy meter is used to prepaid the ongoing
supply of electricity to homes, offices etc. CONCLUSION: The monopolistic power distribution
market in asia is gradually transforming into a competitive marketplace. Differentiation in
service is going to be the key competitive factor to the improve market share in the deregulated
power markets prepaid meters with their advantages over conventional ones are likely to help
power distributors to differentiate and offer value –added services to consumers. Encourage
consumers to opt for prepaid meters on a voluntary basis and offering tariff or non-tariff
incentives to those consumers who prepaid their power changes would help the utilities to
implement this system Dept of EEE SRTIST 55
56. Prepaid energy meter using gsm Bibliography: References on the Web: www.national.com
www.atmel.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.geocities.com www.microchip.com Dept of
EEE SRTIST 56

English Español Português Français Deutsch

About Dev & API Blog Terms Privacy Copyright Support