ELECTRONICS & MODREN PHYSICS

HAFIZ FAROOQ ALAM COURSE CODE PHYS 208

CHEMISRTY DEPARTMENT BS- CHEMISTRY
UNIVERISTY OF SAHIWAL 4th SEMESTER
 Transistor
Outlines

➢ Regions of Operation
➢ Relation Between 𝛼 𝑑𝑐 & β𝑑𝑐
➢ 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝛼 𝑎𝑐 and  𝑎𝑐
➢ Applications of Transistor
➢ References

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 Transistor
Objectives

This session will help you to understand the,

➢ Regions of Operation
➢ Relation Between 𝛼 𝑑𝑐 & β𝑑𝑐
➢ 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝛼 𝑎𝑐 and  𝑎𝑐
➢ Applications of Transistor

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 Transistor
Regions of Operation
Transistor has 3 regions of operation
(1)- Cut off Region. (2)-Saturation Region. (3)- Active Region
➢ Cut off Region: If both input & output sides are
reverse bias the current will not flow and it is called cut off.
➢ Active Region: If input is forward bias & output
is reverse bias, current will flow. It will amplify & it is
called active.
➢ Saturation Region: If both are forward bias a lot of
current will flow & it is called saturation.

• If current will be more than its limit then it will break down.
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 Transistor
Relation Between 𝛼𝑑𝑐 & β𝑑𝑐

𝛼 =

𝛼 𝑑𝑐
𝛽𝑑c = 1−𝛼 𝑑𝑐

𝛼𝑑 = 𝛽𝑑𝑐
6 1+𝛽 𝑑
 Transistor
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝛼 𝑎𝑐 and  𝑎𝑐

IE = IC +IB
IE = IC + IB (FOR AC)
Divided By 𝐼𝑐
•  IE = 1 +  IB
𝐼𝐶 IC
• 1
𝛼
= 1+ 1
𝛽

• 𝛽𝑑𝑐 = 1−𝛼
𝛼 𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑐

𝛽𝑑
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• 𝛼𝑑 = 1+𝛽 𝑑
 Transistor
Transistor As an Amplifier
❖ Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the
amplitude of an electrical signal.
❖ In majority of the electronic circuits, transistors are
basically used as amplifiers. An amplifier is thus the
building block of every complex electronic circuit.

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 Transistor
Different Configurations of Transistor As an Amplifier

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 Transistor
Transistor As a Common Emitter Amplifier

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 Transistor
Transistor As a Common Emitter Amplifier

❖ The positive alternation of the input signal applied to base ,

cause forward bias to increase collector current.
❖ The voltage drop across 𝑅3 increases because 𝐼𝑐 increased
❖ The collector voltage 𝑉𝑐 decrease
❖ The bias increase caused a decrease in output voltage and
produce a 180 phase inversion

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 Transistor
Transistor As a Common Emitter Amplifier
SOME PARAMETERS
Voltage gain A v = Amplitude of output voltage ÷ Amplitude of input voltage.

Current gain A i = Amplitude of output current ÷ Amplitude of input current

Power gain A p = Signal power out ÷ Signal power in

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 Transistor
References

➢ D. Halliday, R. Resnick, K. S. Krane, Physics, John Willey & sons, Inc., 1992.

➢ Electronic stutorial.com

➢ Electronics Devices by Floyd

➢ Basic Electronics By B. L. Tharaja

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