PENNY PRESS

PRESENTATION BY-
AANCHAL MAURYA
MOHD SAJID SAIFI
JAYENDRA SHARMA
RAKSHIT PRABHAKAR
INTRODUCTION
The Penny Press was the term used
to describe the revolutionary
business tactic of producing newspapers
which sold for one cent. The Penny Press
is generally considered to have started
in 1833, when Benjamin Day founded
The Sun, a New York City newspaper.
New era began for American journalism.
ABOUT THE
FOUNDER
The Penny Press is generally considered to
have started in 1833, when Benjamin H. Day
founded The Sun, a New York City
newspaper.
Day, who had been working in the
printing business, started a newspaper as a
way to salvage his business. He had nearly
gone broke after losing much of his
business during a local financial panic
caused by the cholera epidemic of 1832.
The Sun was the first popular penny paper.
Day did not have much of a background in
journalism, "The Sun' had fairly loose
journalistic standards.
MASS PRODUCTION
Penny press newspapers were cheap,
tabloid-style newspapers mass produced
in the United States from the 1830s
onwards.
Mass production of inexpensive
newspapers became possible following
the shift from handcrafted to steam-
powered printing.
 WHY IT BECAME
POPULAR
It became popular with the American public because while other
papers were priced around 6 cents, they were able to sell their
paper for just a penny (1 cent).
The low price made newspapers and the news available to even
middle and lower class citizens for the first time.
Benjamin Day's analysis touched upon a class divide in society.
Labourers were able to purchase a paper and read the news. As
more people began buying papers throughout the country, news
and journalism became more important overall.
Many working class people were literate, but were not
newspaper customers simply because no one had published a
newspaper targeted to them.
INFLUENCE OF THE
SUN
Day did not have much of a background in journalism, and The
Sun had fairly loose journalistic standards. In 1834 it published
the notorious “Moon Hoax,” in which the newspaper claimed
scientists had found life on the moon.
The story was outrageous and proven to be utterly false. But
instead of the ridiculous stunt discrediting The Sun, the reading
public found it entertaining. The Sun became even more popular.
The success of The Sun encouraged James Gordon Bennett, who
had serious journalistic experience, to found The Herald, another
newspaper priced at one cent. Bennett was quickly successful
and before long he could charge two cents for a single copy of
his paper.
INVENTION
WHY WAS IT CALLED THE PENNY
PRESS
Penny press newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the
United States from the 1830s onwards.
Famous for costing one cent while other newspapers cost around six cents.
Penny press papers were revolutionary in making the news accessible to middle class
citizens for a reasonable price.
HOW WERE THEY ABLE TO PRODUCE IT SO
CHEAPLY
The founders of the penny press popularized both low prices for newspapers and
newspaper economics based on sales instead of political party backing.
Benjamin Day created The Sun without any political party backing. This was rare
because this was an era where political parties sponsored newspapers.
POLITICAL FACTORS
Political and demographic changes were also significant. Much of the success of the
newspaper in the early United States owed itself to the attitude of the Founding
Fathers toward the press.
Many of them saw a free press as one of the most essential elements in maintaining
the liberty and social equality of citizens.
Thomas Jefferson said he considered a free press as even more important than the
government itself: "Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a
government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not
hesitate any moment to prefer the latter.“
APPROACH TO REPORTING
In the early 1800s, newspapers were largely for the
elite and took two forms – mercantile sheets that were
intended for the business community and contained
ship schedules, wholesale product prices,
advertisements and some stale foreign news, and
political newspapers
Journalists reported the party line and editorialized in
favor of party positions
THANK YOU FOR
VIEWING
PRINT JOURNALISM
BJMC 1ST YEAR
Mohd Sajid Saifi

Aanchal Maurya

Rakshit Prabhakar

Jayendra sharma
 WHAT IS PRINT JOURNALISM

• Print journalism is the journalism practiced in newspapers and magazines. Print

journalism is the practice of investigation and reporting of events in newspaper or
in printed form to a broad audience. The aim of print journalism is to inform thein tended
audience.
• Journalism is the publication of verifiable information through public media. Although the
industry of journalism covers broadcast and print, the following resources specifically
focus on print journalism (for broadcast journalism resources see Media and
Entertainment).
 ELEMENTS OF NEWS

1. Proximity

2. Prominence

3. Timeliness

4. Oddity

5. Consequence

6. Conflict

7. Human interest

8. Extremes/superlatives
• Proximity
Location, location, location: If an event is happening nearby, it will impact the audience more than if it were
happening somewhere else that doesn't affect them as much – say, in another state or another country.

• Prominence
A well-known person, place, or event has a stronger news angle than something that the audience isn’t
familiar with. A guest speaker visiting your local elementary school to take over story time doesn't resonate
with many people ... unless that speaker is Oprah.

• Timeliness
Current news has more impact than something that happened yesterday or last week. The news media
loses interest quickly and past events become stale when there's always fresh news somewhere.

• Oddity
If something is unusual, shocking, or bizarre, the strangeness alone could make it newsworthy.
• Consequence
If the impact of an event may directly affect readers, they'll want to know about it. A run-of-the-mill burglary
at the Watergate Hotel was white noise on the airwaves until it became clear what the identities of the key
players meant for the nation.

• Conflict
Audiences are always interested in disagreements, arguments, and rivalries. If an event has a conflict
attached to it, many consumers will be interested on that basis alone. Let's not forget that it's human nature
to choose sides and stand up for that choice. Stories that involve conflict include those about religion,
sports, business, trials, wars, human rights violations, politics, and even struggles against nature, animals,
or outer space.

• Human interest
If a situation draws any sort of emotional reaction, it might contain the news element of a human-interest
story. These stories can be "soft" kid-at-the-petting-zoo snapshots, inspiring comeback accounts, or
infuriating reports of incompetence on the part of a public figure.

• Extremes/superlatives
Reporters and audiences might be interested in the first, the best, the longest, the smallest, the highest – if
you can legitimately claim one. Be careful. Do not overly focus on this, create hyperbole, or exaggerate
claims. Dishonesty here will come back to bite you.
 TYPES OF NEWS

There type of two types of news are :-

• HARD NEWS

• SOFT NEWS
 HARD NEWS/ STRAIGHT NEWS

• Hard news refers to the news stories that have an big impact at the society as a whole
and need to be reported urgently.
Examples - include news on politics, crime, economics, international affairs, natural
calamities, riots etc.
• Stories that report only the most essential information in a concise and impartial manner
are referred to as straight or hard news stories. This type of story typically follows the
inverted pyramid style, which organizes information by descending order of importance
or places the most newsworthy information at the beginning of the article
• This allows the audience to read the most crucial details quickly so they can decide
whether to continue or stop reading the story.
 SOFT NEWS

• Soft news is defined as information that is primarily entertaining or personally useful.

Communicated through forms of soft media, soft news is usually contained in outlets
that primarily serve as sources of entertainment, such as television programs,
magazines, or print articles.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARD AND SOFT
NEWS
HARD NEWS SOFT NEWS

• Hard news refers to the news stories that • Soft news on the other hand refers to the
have an big impact at the society as a whole stories that provide other background
and need to be reported urgently. information about world events, human
interest stories or entertainment news.
• the hard news stories are supposed to be
strictly objective- the journalist need not give • Soft stories can be, and are editorialized.
his or her opinion on the story, but should
• They can be subjective, and do not follow the
provide facts as they are.
Inverted Pyramid.
• The hard news stories also ideally follow the
• Examples include sports news, celebrity
Inverted Pyramid structure of writing.
news, or human interest stories that deal
• Examples include news on politics, crime, with emotions.
economics, international affairs, natural
calamities, riots etc.
CITIZEN JOURNALISM BJMC 1year

Mohd Sajid Saifi

Aanchal Maurya

Rakshit Prabhakar

Jayendra sharma
 WHAT IS CITIZEN JOURNALISM

• Non-journalists reporting information either by means of writing, blogging,

video streaming, photography, analyzing or commentary.
• Posting a video of a crime committed in your city onto , blogging about your
thoughts of a newspaper article or attending a city meeting and reporting on it
on your blog, even posting pictures of an event that has happened in your city
are examples of citizen journalism
• Citizen journalists report, collect and analyze news and information
• It is created by communities instead of
organizations who make no profit compared
to the larger organizations who make millions
 FOUR TYPES OF CITIZEN JOURNALISM

• Sharing of photographs, videos, and audio

Posting on blogs, Facebook and other social media sites
• Sharing of opinions,
Commenting on things you find online makes you become a
citizen journalist by sharing your opinions with others
• Sharing of discovery, and
Sharing information with the world after discovering news
• Sharing of expertise
Creating a blog or doing a report on a topic
you are knowledgeable on, even though you are not
a journalist.
 HISTORY BEHIND CITIZEN JOURNALISM

• The first newspaper in North America was created in the 1690's

followed by many more shortly after
• None of the reporters were professional. They were considered citizens
who were passionate about something and decided to write about it.
This is similar to the citizens of today who take photographs, write
blogs and create videos to post.
• In the year 2000, citizen journalism emerged by bloggers and
commentators
• Major milestones in citizen journalism which were caught on camera and published on a
video sharing site include:
• Kennedy Assassination, 1963
• Rodney King Beating, 1991*
• World Trade center, 2001
• Columbia Shuttle Disaster, 2003
• London Subway Bombing, 2005
• Virginia Tech Shooting, 2007
• Hudson Landing, 2009
 POSITIVE ASPECTS OF CITIZEN
JOURNALISM
• It allows citizens to feel more involved in the community by expressing their
opinions, engaging with other social media users and contributing their thoughts and
knowledge about a subject
• You get the view from a regular day to day person, their thoughts and words, not
edited material which is carefully revised to satisfy the company.
• Anyone who has access to the internet is able to get their story out to the world by
researching, creating a story, and reporting it. Photos and videos taken by everyday
citizens are managing to make their way into the press .
• They provide a more interesting version of the story instead of the scripted versions
which newspapers publish
 ON THE SCENE REPORTING

• A great example which highlights the advantages of citizen journalism is the 9/11
terrorist attack. Just moments after the planes crashed into the World Trade Center,
New York residents were the first to get the news out to the world by updating social
media websites with photos, videos, and minute by minute coverage.
• News reporters cannot always be on the scene when an event occurs especially if the
event is unplanned. Citizen journalists alert the media when breaking news occurs
and provide photos and videos while it is happening .
• It helps broaden the events that are reported
 CITIZEN JOURNALISM ON THE RISE

• Many major news organisations are promoting citizen journalism by allowing readers
to leave comments at the end of stories. Citizens can also make comments online, call
in, and some organisations have also set up sections for citizen journalists to submit
stories.
• CNN is a good example of what I'm talking about. They have an iReport section where
members of the public can leave comments, share stones, and
address problems with CNN.
• Posting online puts your knowledge and information out
to a much larger audience.
 NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF CITIZEN
JOURNALISM

• Citizen journalism is taking over actual newspapers.

• Even though citizen journalism is the new easy and accessible social medial tool, not
everyone has a computer or cell phone
• Some people rely on the daily newspaper to find out current events and want to hear
true news events rather than blog postings.
• There can be quite a bit of controversy with citizen journalism. A lot of professional
journalists believe that citizen journalists do not understand the work and accuracy
that is involved in reporting the news.
• Citizen journalists seem to be putting themselves in dangerous situations in order to
be the first on the scene to report the news such as the London riot .
• Social media tools such as Flickr, Blottr, Instagram, and Citizen side show graphic
photos of the riots from start to finish. Citizen journalists are putting themselves in the
middle just to take a picture or video, risking their lives and taking the risk of being
put in jail.
 WHO CAN BE A CITIZEN JOURNALIST

• There are non-professional reporting websites as well as the traditional news

websites which feature a section for citizen journalists to report
• A lot of people who have strong opinions on a topic become a citizen journalist by
posting comments or blogs or posting on a video, audio or photo sharing website.
• It allows the expression of different views and opinions of people