##### Some important plateaus and their respective places ##########################

Patagonia Plateau - Argentina

Brazilian Plateau - Brazil
Tibetan Plateau - Tibet
Colombia - United States
Anatolia Plateau - Turkey
Shan Plateau - Myanmar
Colorado Plateau - United States

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-> The earthquake events are scaled either according to

the magnitude or intensity of the shock.

-> The magnitude scale is known as the Richter Scale.

-> The magnitude relates to the energy released during the quake.

-> The magnitude is expressed in numbers 0-10.

-> The intensity scale is named after Mercalli an italian seismologist.

-> The intensity scale take into account the visible damage caused
by the event. The range of intensity scales from 1-12.

##### Major grasslands and their respective continents ###########################

Prairies - North America

Pampas - South America
Steppe - Central Asia
Veld - South Africa
Llanos - South America
Downs - Australia

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-> The Godavari River is the second longest river in India.

-> The Godavari river has the distinction of being the largest river
in the Indian peninsula,given its length, catchment area and discharge.

-> The major tributaries of the Godavari River are the Penganga River,
Pranahita River, Indravati River, Manjira, Sabari River and Manair.

-> Ghataprabha river is not a tributary of Godavari

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-> Sudarshan Lake is located in the middle of a hill called Girmaar in Saurashtra.
-> This lake was constructed by Pushyagupta Vaishya, who was the governor
of Chandragupta Maurya on the order of his king

-> Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Maurya dynasty.

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-> Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It does not have a satellite of its own.
It is the smallest planet in the Solar System after the expulsion of Pluto.

-> The temperature of Mercury is the highest compared to other planets,

it is the highest orbital moving planet in the solar system. Besides Venus, Mercury
is also called the morning star and the evening

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-> Igneous rocks are classified based on texture. Texture depends upon size and
arrangement of grains or other physical conditions of the materials. If molten
material is cooled slowly at great depths, mineral grains may be very large. Sudden
cooling (at the surface) results in small and smooth grains. Intermediate conditions
of cooling would result in intermediate sizes of grains making up igneous
rocks. Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt volcanic breccia and tuff are some of
the examples of igneous rocks.

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-> Aluminum is obtained from Bauxite. Bauxite deposits are formed by the
decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

-> Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as
iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.

-> India's bauxite deposits are found in the Amarkantak plateau,Maikal

hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur Katni.

-> Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India with 34.97 per cent.
Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

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-> Red soil is found throughout Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, southeastern Maharashtra, the
eastern part o Madhya Pradesh and parts of Odisha, Chota Nagpur and Bundelkhand. The
spread of this soil is found on an area of about 6.1 lakh sq km (about 18.6% of the country's land area).

-> Thus, this soil is the second largest section of the country. It is
made up of minerals like granite and Gneiss. It has a high iron content but
lacks bacteria, nitrogen phosphorus and lime. Tobacco, millet, Linseed,
wheat, pulses, etc., are cultivated in it.

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-> Kakinada city lie closest to 82.5 east longitude.

-> The 82'5' E longitude is taken as the Standard Time Meridian of India.

-> It also passes through Mirzapur, Allahabad.

-> Standard Meridian passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,

Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

-> Sri Lanka also uses the same longitude as their standard time meridian.

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-> Magnetite - This is the best black magnetized iron ore with 72 per cent metal
content. Fractions of vanadium, titanium and chromium are also found in this
metal. 92% of this ore is found in the southern region. Such as Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

-> Hematite-It contains 60 to 70 per cent of the metal. It is a combination of

oxygen and iron. This is the second best type of iron. 59% of this ore is found
in the eastern region. Such as- Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh etc. Most of the
iron in India is of this type.

-> Limonite - This is called hydrated iron oxide, which has a ratio of 40 to 50
per cent iron. It is obtained from sedimentary rocks.

-> Siderite - This is called iron carbonate. It contains 40 to 45 per cent of

the ferrous metal content. It is also obtained from sedimentary rocks.

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-> The boundary of Uttarayan and Dakshinayan of the Sun is called Sankranti.
On 21 June, the sun is perpendicular to the Tropic of Cancer, it is called Cancer Sankranti.
This day is the largest in the Northern Hemisphere. On December 22, the Sun is
perpendicular to the Tropic of Capricorn. It is called Makar Sankranti. This
day is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere Equinox is the state of the earth when
the rays of the sun perpendicular to the equator and are equal day and night everywhere.

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-> Both Satpura and Vindhaya are mainly situated in Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra with some extension to Gujarat, Chattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh.

-> The Satpura and Vindhaya Range lies in central India.

-> Both these ranges run parallel to each other

-> Satpura range is higher in length and is the source of rivers like Narmada and Tapti.

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-> East flowing river - Mahanadi

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-> The Kashmir valley is bounded on the southwest by Pirpanjal Range and on the
north-east by the Great Himalayan region.

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-> Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes (8,000 - 12.000m). They are thin
and detatched clouds having a feathery appearance.

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-> Kosi, Gombi and Ghaghara are left bank tributaries of Ganga as they
join Ganga from left side.

-> Son is the right bank tributary as it joins Ganga from right side.
Yamuna is other important right bank tributary of Ganga.

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-> Anaimudi is the highest peak of Peninsular plateau, which is located on

the Anaimalai Hills of the Western Ghats followed by Dodabetta (2, 637 m) on the Nilgiri hills.

-> Anamudi Peak lies at the extreme southwestern end of the range and is the
highest peak in southern India Palakkad Gap divides the Western Ghats to the north.
The lower slopes of the hills now have coffee and tea plantations as well as teak
forests of high economic value. Dense monsoon forests, including rosewood, sandalwood,
teak, and sago palms cover most of the region, which helps the coffee and Tea
plantations and Teak plantations grow.

-> Anamudi, along with the national park, is inhabited by the largest surviving
population of Nilgiri Tahr, Gaur, and Asian Elephant. Visitors can undertake trek
to reach the top of the mountain. A favorite haunt among wildlife lovers, adventure
enthusiasts, and photo fanatics, the peak is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Munnar

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-> China now emerged as a leading iron ore-producing country in the world.
China has large iron ore deposits in the Manchurian region, Lower Chang (Yangtze)
at Ma anshan and Tayeh, the Chungking area, and around Taiyuan.

-> Scattered deposits occur in the peninsula, north of Baotou (Paotow),

border of Xinjiang (Sinking), at Kiuchure. in the lower Xi Jiang (Si Kang), near
Guangzhou (Canton), and on the island of Hainan in the south.

-> Australia is world's second largest producer of iron ore. Iron ore fields are
found in Western Australia at Mt. Gold-worthy, Mt. Whaleback, Mt. Bruce,
Mt. Tom Price, and at Yami Sound

-> The largest deposit occurs in Southern Australia in tror Knob, Iron Monark, etc.
Australia exports most of its iron ore to Japan and European countries.

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-> Indira Point is the southernmost point of India.

-> Latitude of Indira Point is 6°45 and Longitude of Indira Point is 93049

-> It is located in the Nicobar District of Andaman Nicobar islands.

-> It was formerly known as Pygmalion Point and was renamed in the
honor of Indira Gandhi during mid-1980s

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-> The Sivasmudram falls is located on Cauvery River,

-> Asia's first hydroelectric power station, which was set up in 1902, is located on Sivasamudram falls.

-> The island town of Shivanasamudra divides the river into twin waterfalls.

-> It is a perennial waterfall but time of the best flow is the monsoon season of July to October

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-> Naga Hills are a part of the complex mountain barrier on the border of
India and Myanmar (Burma). A northern extension of the Arakan Yoma system, the
Naga Hills reach a height of 3,840 m in Mount Saramati on the India Myanmar frontier.

-> The part of the range within India constituted the Naga Hills district of Assam
until 1961 and since 1963, it has been a part of Nagaland The hills receive a heavy
monsoon rainfall and are naturally clothed with dense forest. The villages of the Naga
tribes are placed throughout the hill.

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-> The capital of Cuba is Havana Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean Sea.

-> Pico Turquino is the highest point of Cuba.

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-> The Tropic of Cancer passes through the following countries: Taiwan, China,
Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt,
Libya, Niger, Algeria, Mali, Mauritania, West Sahara. Bahamas and Mexico.

-> The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the following countries: Chile, Argentina,
Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique Madagascar, Australia.

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-> Primary or P waves: This wave can travel through every medium in the earth.
Its average velocity is 8 km per second. This speed is greater than all the
waves so these waves reach first at any place. The path adopted by these waves
to pass through the Earth is concave.

-> Secondary or S waves: They are also called transverse waves.

This wave can travel through only solids.

-> Surface or L-waves: They are also called as surface or long waves. These waves
were discovered by HD Love These waves are mainly confined to the ground.

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-> Prairies are enormous stretch of grasslands usually found in North America.
They signify temperate grasslands. savannas and shrublands biome. It is found
in moderate temperatures and rainfall. It is a landscape dominated by herbaceous
plants especially grasses, trees, etc.

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-> The island of Diego Garcia is located in the Indian Ocean

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-> The Purvanchal Range or Eastern Mountains are a sub-mountain range of Himalaya.
The range is an eastern extension of the Himalayan Range System, in north
eastern India. It bends sharply to the south beyond the Dihang River gorge,
and spreads along the eastern boundary of India with Myanmar. The Purvanchal
range includes the hill ranges of the Patkai, Barail Range. Naga Hills,
Lushai Hills and Jampui Hills.

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-> Mali: Surrounding countries are Algeria, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire,
Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal

-> Niger: Surrounding countries are Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad,
Libya, Mali, and Nigeria.

-> Paraguay: Surrounding countries are Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil.

-> Rwanda: Surrounding countries are Burundi, the Democratic Republic of

the Congo, Tanzania, and Uganda

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-> The trade winds or easterlies are the permanent east-to-west prevailing winds
that flow in the Earth's equatorial region (between 30°N and 30"S latitudes).
The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere
and from the southeast in the Southerm Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter
and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase Trade winds have been used by
captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries and enabled
colonial expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established
across the Atlantic and Pacific

######### Mineral Industries and their important centers ###################

Kimberley - Diamond
Katanga - Copper
Essence - coal
Boot - silver
Mesabi - iron ore
Transvaal - Gold
Guyana - Bauxite
Venezuela - Mineral oil
Gold - high weld

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-> Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of
the Earth's land surface. They are classified by texture and by chemical and
mineral assemblage (metamorphic facies). They may be formed simply by being
deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great
pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from tectonic processes such
as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and
distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten
rock called magma from the Earth's interior. Some examples of metamorphic rock are
gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite. Granite is an igneous rock

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-> There are two components of running water. One is overland flow on general
land surface as a sheet. Another is linear flow as streams and rivers in
valleys. Overland flow causes sheet erosion.

-> Depending upon irregularities of the land surface, the overland flow may
concentrate into narrow to wide paths.

-> Because of the sheer friction of the column of flowing water, minor or major
quantities of materials from the surface of the land are removed in the
direction of flow and gradually small and narrow rills will form. Hence, both
are caused by overland flow.

-> These rills will gradually develop into long and wide gullies: the gullies
will further deepen, widen, lengthen and unite to give rise to a network of valleys.

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-> Willy Willy-storms originating near the northwest coast of Australia.

-> Chinook- With the eastern slope of the Rocky mountain ranges of North America,
it affects from the southern part of Colorado in the south to the province of
British Columbia in Canada in the north.

-> Mistral - Cold dry northwest or north winds moving rapidly from the cold high
plateau of the Massif in the middle of France to the Mediterranean Sea, which is
mainly in the Rhone Delta and the Gulf of Lions.

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Ajmer - Luni
Gorakhpur - Rapti
Jabalpur - Narmada
Ghaziabad - Hindon

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-> President Donald Trump and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin will hold
their first summit meeting in the Finnish capital Helsinki to discuss
bilateral relations. Trump will raise the subject of 12 Russians indicted
for alleged hacking during the 2016 US election while Russia has denied the
hacking allegations.

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-> Kampala, capital and largest city of Uganda.

-> It occupies a series of hills at an elevation of about 3.900 feet (1.190 metres)
and is situated in the southern part of the country, just north of Lake Victoria.

-> Kampala lies just north of Mengo, the capital of the kingdom of Buganda in the 19th century.

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-> Yangtze River longest river in both China and Asia and third longest river in
the world, with a length of 3.915 miles (6,300 km). From its source on the Plateau
of Tibet to its mouth on the East China Sea, the river traverses or serves as the
border between 10 provinces or regions. The Yangtze is the most important river of
China. It is the country's principal waterway, and its basin is China's great
granary and contains nearly one-third of the national population.

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City - Coordinates

Abu Dhabi - 24.4539" N, 54.3773 E

Mumbai - 19.0760° N, 72.8777" E
Hyderabad - 17.3850 N. 78.4867 E
Surat - 21.1702 N, 72.8311° E
Bhopal - 23.2599 N, 77.4126 E

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-> India has 15.106.7 Km of land border and a coastline of 7.516.6 Km including
island territories. The length of our land borders with neighbouring countries is as under:

Name of the country - Length of the border (in Km)

Bangladesh - 4,096.7
China - 3,488
Pakistan - 3,323
Nepal - 1,751
Myanmar - 1,643
Bhutan - 699
Afghanistan - 106
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-> The capital of Myanmar is Nay Pyi Taw.

-> Myanmar is an Asian Country.

-> Rohingya people belong to Rahine State of Myanmar.

-> Myanmar's neighbour countries are India, China, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.

-> Irrawaddy River is the longest river of Myanmar.

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-> Kazakhstan has renamed its capital Astana to Nur-Sultan.

-> It is done in honour of its outgoing leader Nursultan Nazarbayev.

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-> Bering Strait connects the Arctic Ocean and East Pacific Ocean

-> it separated Russia and United States

-> The Diomede Island lie midway in the strait.

-> Bonifacio Strait connects the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

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-> There are currently five officially classified dwarf planets in our solar system.

-> They are Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris

-> The Ceres, which is located in the asteroid belt, the other dwarf planets are
found in the outer solar system.

-> A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object (a celestial body) that is neither a true
planet nor a natural satellite

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-> A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical

coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0 degree.
A prime mendan and its opposite in a 360 degree system, the 180th meridian form a great circle.
This great circle divides the sphere, eg, the Earth into two hemispheres

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-> Kilimanjaro is a tranquil volcanic mountain in Tanzania, that is, a volcanic

mountain that has no origin since historical times, and which is unlikely to erupt
again. Such as Koh-i-Sultan (Iran). Mount Popa (Myanmar), Kilimanjaro (Tanzania),
Chimborazo (Ecuador), the Aconcagua Andes Mountains.
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-> The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos. They are irregular in shape.
Both were discovered by Asaph Hall in August 1877. Compared to the Earth's Moon,
the moons Phobos and Deimos are small.

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-> The government grants the status of Navratna, Miniratna and Maharatna to Central
Public Sector Enterprises based upon the profit made by these CPSES. The Maharatna
PSUs are chosen from those PSUs who holds the status of Navratnas and must be listed
on the Indian stock exchange fulfilling the minimum prescribed public shareholding
according to the SEBI regulations. As per available information (as on January. 2020),
following are the Maharatna CPSES:
1. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
3. Coal India Limited
4. GAIL (India) Limited
5. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
6. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
7. NTPC Limited
8. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
9. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
10. Steel Authority of India Limited.

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