ARITHMETRIC SERIES

S = a + (a + d) + ... + (a + (n−2)d) + (a + (n−1)d)

Next, rewrite S in reverse order:
S = (a + (n−1)d) + (a + (n−2)d) + ... + (a + d) + a
Now add those two, term by term:
S = a + (a+d) + ... + (a + (n-2)d) + (a + (n-1)d)

S = (a + (n-1)d) + (a + (n-2)d) + ... + (a + d) + a

2S = (2a + (n-1)d) + (2a + (n-1)d) + ... + (2a + (n-1)d) + (2a + (n-1)d)

CosC = CD/a
Subtracting above equation from side b, we get
DA = b − acosC ……(1)

In the triangle BCD, according to Sine definition

sin C = BD/a (2)

In the triangle ADB,apply the Pythagorean Theorem, then

c2 = BD2 + DA2

Substituting for BD and DA from equations (1) and (2)

c2 = (a sin C)2 + (b-acosC)2

c2 = a2 sin2C + b2 – 2abcosC + a2 cos2C

Rearranging the above equation:
c2 = a2 sin2C + a2 cos2C + b2 – 2ab cosC
Taking out a2 as a common factor, we get;
c2 = a2(sin2C + cos2C) + b2 – 2ab cosC

sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
∴ c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC
Hence, the cosine law is proved.