TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION Inearlier classes, we have studied trigonometric ratios for acute angles as the ratio of the sides of a right angled triangle. In this chapter, we will extend the definitions of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms of radian measure and study them as trigonometric functions. 5.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF A REAL NUMBER Inthe previous chapter, we have learnt that the radian measures of angles and real numbers can be considered as one and the same. In other words, every real number can be considered as the radian measure of an angle and radian measures of angles are real numbers. In fact, we have learnt that corresponding to every point P, representing a real number x, on the real line there is a point P’ on the unit circle centred at the origin such that the radian measure of ZAOP’ is x (see Fig. 4.13) and the radian measure of every angle determines a point on the real line representing, areal number on the real line. So, let x be a real number represented by a point on the real line. Then there is a point P on the unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate axes such that the radian measure of ZAOP is xand so arc AP ry Fig. 5.1 Let the coordinates of point P be (a,b). Then, we define cosine and sine functions of radian measure (or real number) xs follows : cosx =a and sinx=b ifxi mber consine of x i.e. cos xis the x-coordinate of the point P ates ae bee SS ae seedy sing Of + Letein tt the yeoordall Gt Gouna REMARK 1. In Fig. 5.1, x the length of arc AP ofthe unt circle, Therefore, cos x and sin x are also nown as circular functions of the eal variable x. EMank2. In Fig. 51, AOMP isa righ triangle righ angled at M. The trigonometric ratios ZMOP areWeshall now the aes fsa oie atin 0 Vs cineca =0: When <0 po Pc soe OF ones wth Th costa tae <1: Clty, ZAQC and he ote fC are The cute of pt ae (0-1) and7 55 sa MATHEMATICS: ¢ FUNCTI e values of trigonometric functions for 0, ©,*,% and =. in In this section, we will find the values of trig functions for 0,£,£,% and © In section 521, we have leant that sin0=0,cos0=1, sin%=1, cos®=0, sin 21, we have learnt that ) s0 1, sin = 1, sin2n=Oand cos2x=1 1 where nme n €Z.Thereore, coc 0, coe x rd We have also learnt that cosee 1 cosee 2 are not defined. 1 ae on 11 and, sec ® = see 5 are not defined. cote ea sin2x * an dt =0, tan 22 = 82% = and tan, tan 5* are undefined. cos OO coe 2am and cot0, cots, cot 2 are not defined. us now fi -values ofall trigonometric functions at ®, * and Let us now find the values ofall trigonometric functions at =, Fand © Values of trigonometric functions at a Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the Jar from coo au. LetPh pont the dice nichtht ZKOP = Draw PM perpen Eth 4 OPM we have Pon OX.In righ triangle OMP, we have POM = T. Therefore, 0M = 20PM=* = OM =PM Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOMP, we obtain OM? + pM? op? > 20M? uaonoweTRIC FUNCTIONS xt Se, the coordinates of Pare Now, we ee vot Vas of trgnomeri fctions at Consider a uni cic with cen atthe origin ofthe ccndinate aes, Let Pea point onthe circ such that 2XOP =, Join PA.dn AOAP, we have OA =OP =1 Unit-Therefore, ZOPA = OAP. But, ZAOP =. By angle sum property in AOAP, we have ZOAP + ZOPA + ZAOP =x > Es2zopa > copa=% 3 Thus, in SOAP, we have ZOAP = ZOPA = ZAOP S AOAP is an equilateral triangle and hence Perpendicular PM drawn from vertex P to the PP osite side OA bisects it OM = aM =} unit 2 ‘PPlying Pythagoras theorem in AOMP, we obtain OP? -0M? + MP? = 1? =| 1) sme = pm = —ich ces and nae mt defined Bat foci ey cane eestiss MATHEMATIgg | TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCT Itz 4-1 then con #0. So, dividing thoughout by coos, we cain forall x (2n-1)2 = for all x (2n-1) = forall x #(2n-1)= x #(2n—1) (ii) Wehave, costa + sin fx ¢ nx, then sin x # 0.So, dividing both sides by sin? we obtain forall xe nx forall x nx forall x nx forall zor REMARK1 The identity 1+ tan? = sec? xis also written in the following forms secx-1=tan?x and sec?x-tan?x=1 REMARK2 The ideniy1 «cot? = coner sao write in the lloing forms eosecx—1=cot?x and, cosec?x—cot? x =1 RIMARK? Wehr, se? x-tan? x=} oer ozs) 21 sect RIMARKA. Wiehe ‘cosets cot? x =1 3 (conc sot (ocx ct 2)=1 A 1 ‘comer seas 4 ny Rack eevmprapersd We shall now discuss more identities involving trigonometric functions in the followité examples, ee Tee canals oe a (eve) AMPLEX Prove he flloning identities (@ sin® x con" x = (sin? x ~ cos?) (1-2 sin? x cos?) (iy cot cot = conc - conece (iy 2002 x= ec! 2 coc x cone! x = cat x tan! x (io) (sin x + conec 3)? (cos x + ec}? = tan? x ¢ cot? 2 +7 QED 1 1 Seer an een a (i) LHS. = (sin® x cos® x) = (sin 2)? ~(cos$ 2)? eA = (sin* x ~cos* 2) (sin* x + cos x) = (sin? x — cos? x) (sin? x-+ cos? x) (sin x + cos x) (sin? x ~ cos? x (sin x + cost x) = (sin? x ~cos? x) (sin x + cos! x + 2sin? x cos® x ~2 sin? x cos? x) = in? xcs fn? x yeu 2x} = (sin? x—cos? x) (1-2 sin? x cos? x) = RHS i) LHS = cot x+ cot? x = (cot? x)? + cot? x = (cosec? x =1)? + (cosec? x =1) 1+ cot? x= cosec? x] ccosect x ~ 2 cosec? x +1 + cosect x1 cosect x cosec* x = RHS LHS = 2s0c? x ~sect x -2 cosec* x + cosect x « = 2sec? x ~(sec? x)? ~2 cosec? x + (cosec* x)? = 2(1 + tan? x) ~(1 + tan? 3)? ~2(1 + cot? 2) + (cot? x +1)? = 2+ 2tan? x—(1 + tan‘ x +2 tan? x)~2~2 cot? x + (cot* x +2 cot” x+1) cot! x—tan’ x = RHS (iv) LHS = (sin x cosee x)? + (cos x + sec 2)? = sin? x + cosec? x +2sin x cosec x + cos x + sec? x +2 cos xsecx (sin? x + cos? x) + (cosec® x + sec? x) +242 = 1401+ cot? 2) +(1+ tan? 2) +4 = tan?x+ cot? x47 = RHS KAMPLE2 Prove the following identities: (0 (1+ cot x—cosee x) (1+ tan x+ sec x) =2 (i MREt8ecx—1 + sin x fan x=seex41 ~ cos SOLUTION () LHS = (1 + cot x~cosec x)(1+ tan x-+ sec.) =(14902__1 lt, Se sin x sin ein 5+ cos x1) (on x¢ cow x +1) "sing aoe sin + con 2-1 _ sin + c+ 2 sin com 1 Bin x cos x - _2sin x cost ‘sin x cos x ys. tm zseccz= tan x—secx +1 ~ = (Geers tana) Gee tan 2h (me _—" - TT IATHEMA Ties Iftan x sin x=mand tan x —sin x =n, show vom, NCERT EXEMPLAy SOLUTION We have, tanx+sinx =m and tan x ~sin x =". " mn x+sin x)? (tan x~sin x)? =4 tan xin x and, vim = 4 (flan xe sin x) (an ¥=sing) = 4 tan? x—sin? x ae int xsn? reas x _, fin? x00 Pe cos? x {cote aos 4tan xsin x a eos? x From (i) and (i), we obtain t on B cos, prove that cos x sin x = > (cosx+siny)? = (Zen? (cs x + sin 3) (cos x~sin 2) =2 in x cos x = cor—sin x= 28 F008 x te cos + sin x= Vee We know th ei Ste =2 = (Vcc s+ (onr-sinst? le cos resin x = (eos 3~sin 2)? 22-2 cos? > (con x-sin 1)? 2 sin? = coe x—sin x= V2 sin x ES Macon xb sin x= Daw NCERT EXEM mand asin x~b cos x =n, prove that a2 + rat Wehave, m=acon.xsb sin x and n= +1? alacons sb sin 3? pee ene + (asin xb con)? copes £4 2ab sin x cos x) +(a2 sin? x 4p? = 2 (con? rs sin?) 6? 05? x 2a sin x08 (sin? x cos? y +e Yacoe xb in x=6, show that a sin x +b cow SOLUTION Cleary ows =i tasn + bcos? # (com? x+ sin® 2) + B? (sin? x4 com? x) ~ 2 res (aor 2ab sin x com x + 2ab sin x co 511 (asin x-+b €08 (asin x +b e089 br acos x—b sin 5 asin x +beosx = +) sec x+ tan x =p, obtain the values ofsec x, tan xand sin x in terms ofp 2 ea sec? x—tan? y=1 SOLUTION We know that 1 = secx-tan x=} (see x + tan 3) (see x~tan x) = 1=> p(secx~tan x) Thus, we have seex+tanx =p and, secr=tan x = (see + tan 3) + (see x—tan 3) = pt and, (sec x+ tan 2) ~(sec x—tan 2) =p —2 “ P i) > 2secx = p+ Land, 2tanx=—1= secx tan seer pat Prove that: 2 sec? x ~see x ~2 cosec? x + cosect x SOLUTION 2 sec? x sec x~2 cosec? x + cosect x an? x) -(1 + tan? x)? -2(1 + cot? a) + (1+ cot? a)? 1 cot? x) +(1 + 2 cot? x4 cot a) ~(1 +2 tan? x+ tan! 2) 20+ tan? 2 (tan? x ~ cot? x) + (2.cot? x ~2 tan? 2) + cot* x tant x 4, _ Dotan’ cor! x—tan tant = 1m 9 Prove that 3 (sin x ~cos x) +6 (sin x + cas.) + 4(sin® x + cos® x) -13 =0. SOLUTION Wehave, 3(sin x ~ cos 2)* + 6(sin x + c08 2)? + 4 (sin® x+ eos® 2) 13. (in x~c0s 27 |” + 6(sin x + cos 97? +4 (un? 1+ cost 2)? Sin? reo? xin? + con? =3(1 ~2sin xcos.2? + 6(1 +2 sin x cos2)+ 4(1 ~3sin? x cos? a) -13 = 340-4 sin x con x64 sin? x cos? x) + 6(1 + 2sin x €08.2) + 4(1-3 sin? x cos? x)=13 734644-1320 SARI “Given that (1+ coma) (1 co) (1+ cs ) = (1 = cos a) (1 —eo8 (1 ~ cos 7). Hat ome ofthe cas ofeach member of this quality is sin a sin B sinee MATHEMATIC SOLUTION We have, (1+ cos 0) (1 + cos) (1+ cos “Multiplying both sides by (1+ cos a) (1 + co (1+ cosa)? (1+ 605) (1+ cos 7? = (1 cos a) (1 ~c08 f) (1 —c0s y) (1 cos a) (1 = 08 f) = €08 7) ) (1 +084), weget (1+ cos a) + cos (Lay) > (1 eas.a)® (1+ c0s5)?(1 + cos y)? = (1 cos? a) (1 ~c0s? fi) (1 cos? 9) s+ cos a)? (1+ c0s 8)? (1+ cos)? = sin? a sin? sin? y > (L+cosa)(1 + cos (1+ cos y) = + sin a sin Bin y Hence, one ofthe values of (1 + sa) (1 + cos) (1+ cos 7) sin a sin sin y. Similarly, by multiplying both sides by (1 cos a)(1 ~e0s p) (1 ~ cos 7), we find that oneal values of (1~ os a) (1 ~ cos) (1 ~ cos 7) is also sin asin sin (teverz, EXAMPLE Prove that: sec? x + cosec? x 2 4 SOLUTION sec? x + cosec? x = (1+ tan? x) +14 (c0t2x) = 2+ tan? x + cot? x 2+ (tan x-cot 9? 44(anx-cots? 24 fe (tan x cot fa BXAMPLEL2 If 10 sin a +15 cos! a =6,find the value of 27 cosec® a +8 se a SOLUTION We have, Wain! a+ 15c04a = 6 > Wein a+ 15 cos! a = 6(sin? a + con? a)? > Wtantart5 = 6 (tan? a+? [Dividing bots sides by ama = @unta-3? 05 27 conee! a+ 8 900° a = 27 (1+ cot a)® + 8(1 + tan? a)? = 27(1+2) 48(1+3) = 27 SA ang OHA panne 9824p on 4 find tan Aa Seger ond Ag, find tan A and tan SOLUTION Wehave, sin ay cam sin? cow = mA cob op sin cow” 4 = mA Lp tnd _ toni 2 tae eA a Be oy) tind = pa and an B =e Now, sin A= psin & fan’ 8 ae ivan? A” iv tan? 8 u oe 513 joMeTIC FUNCTIONS pee a 3 Jere" foee phe ga) = pty ep?) pp ag- ot ¢ [Using (1 panies If tan? xt —a2, prove that secx-+ tan’ x cone x=(2=42)%2. Also, find the ules of afr which the abooe result holds true SOLUTION We hin cosee +} sec tan? xconecx see] ¢ tan? = SS Py {1 +tan’ xx cot} tot (4 tan? 9/2 (14102) /2 0 (202)? fr tan? a4] Now, tan? x2 0forallx => 1-a? 20 =9 a? 150-9 -1sast WO Since LHSof sec x + tan? x covec x = (2 -42)*/? is real forallx « R. So, RHS must also be real 2-4? 20 = a? 2509 -V2 s assy } rom (i) and (i) we find that the given relation holds true forall e{-1, 1}. PaMrueis acos® x4 3acos xin? x= manda sin x + Ba con? sin xn, then prove that: Omen? 5m 929 = 2023 in} x 3acos? x sin x = ® cos x 3a.coe x sin? x +a.in9 x + 3a.cos? x sin x = mn 14c0s°x + acos.xsin? x = m and and, a.cos® x4 3a con x sin? xa sin x~ 3a cos? xin x = mm ean (oon x + sin a)? + 608 xin 27 = (MEM) “() (oan? (mont? als gS 2 (cos? x sin? x) © . (4929 (m= n®? = 24/3 BOAMPLE6 If tan? a tan? p tan? y + tan? a tan? fi tan? tan? y + tan? y tan? @ = 1, Prove that sin? a+ sin? f+ sin? y=! SOLUTION We have, 2tan? a tan? tan? y + tan? a tan? P+ tan? Btan? y+ tan? y tan? a =—_— 51 MATIC Dividing throughout by tan? a tan? tan? ye Bet Decay tcf? at cot?B = ent? act? Bey = De comecy=1 coc" a-1 + conc? -1 = (casera ~1) coe -1)(cosec4y-1) cone + msec? + cone? y=1 = case cose” Bcosec? 7 ~ cosec? a cosa iss pome2 y= ee yeoee a + cnc? a+ cree 8+ cell > comet conc! fone? Bed ee? pt own fcc: 7 + conc = te sintyssntarsi?p —— [Malipying throughout by sin?a sn? pay ees > snaseintpesin?y «1 2 wg ye Bete ont 0. prove ta (oo? + y!9 acd =F? SOLUTION. Wehave, [Using ratio and proporttl = aint. yr (SSG M4 cote e _ = ne (203 sey 75 cent pent) Sbstuting these values inf. by Men??? eyes oos6* Sing 8 tot? fear apps ne mea au > {ooo ae Bes (eat O29 (a_yaus qpiGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 545, caanrus so 422m coe r= 12 242d aarti e(o+ mn) co =O, prow that @) m2 + mca? x Gi) m2? ese? unos, @) We have, STN et2 4 2mm’ coo x = 1 and xt ee Coe i? + 2mm cos 241? cos? x =m cos?x +m? =I Fe, w2 + Dan cos 1? coe x12 on? a (nv +mcos x? +m? (1 coe? 3) =1 and, (nt +eos 2)? +n (= cos? x)= (emcosay? = 1=m? sin? x (and, (w+ ncoss? =1-r? sin? x i) Now, (on? +m cos x) (rf + c08 x)= mf + (mnt +t n) cos x + mn cos? x 2 ne +m cos x) (of + 1.608 x) = —mn-+mn cos? x fr mn + mf of + (mit + mf n) cos x= 0} = (nt +m cos x) (nt + n-c0s x) = —mn (1 —cos? x) 3 (nt +m cos x) (of +m cos x) = mn sin? x (wt emus 2)? (+ cos 2}? = aint x {0m squaring both sides) > (emt sin? {Using () and ()} = 1 =(? +2) sin? x +m? n? sin? x = mi? a? sin x > (m? +n?) sin? x = mm? +n? = cosec? x i) As the given relations do not alter m by on the vn relations dg not ate by replacing my and by. Therefore on replacing iby mand my in m? +1? = cose? x, we get m! +1 “ ‘ posaruny af SBE SOE Tre that fo sits cote oe” GHP SOLUTION. We have, sin's cols 1 eb = tov (ante fa | ‘ = culties } = ints cos? 9? . sinters costx +P sint x + costx= sin’ + cost +2 sin*x cos a & pomtx-2sin?x cos? x= 05 (ase bash Got abe woot w, (sin? (eos? 3? eat aT st oP Gaye * Saurtem yee sta corp” in? 7! that @ sin as sint a+ sin po asin? 2sin? asin? SOLUTION. Weave, oop” sin? p cont asin? Bs sin aco Sait Pant MenaB ice seadl:, cos! cn io cos! 2 cx? cost a(t cos? ae (oe acon? 9 com ec! ox! eee Breatpeg of stant indy sin? a sindg eet vuuuuuuuY i MaTicung| (Ug BA ~cos? py + cost a cos? p = cos? p— cos B rIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS = cost, sint B _ cos*Beos? Oe ie” ere cost p cost , sin? B sin? _ 29g in? - Le eT ee SAMPLE21 Ifaisamy non-zero rel number, show that cos and sin x can never be equal fo @ SOLUTION. We have following cases: ASE] When a> Oc In this ase, we have But [From Case 1] 22 fora>0 and, a+4s-2 for a<0. But, sin x£1 and -1.Seas x1 forall Hence sin x and cos xeannot be equal toa + for any non-zero XAMPLE2 A =com?x 4 sin$x, prove that 2 A 51 forall ues of sos? + sin! x = con? + (sin? 2)? SOLUTION. We have, Now, -1 O0.8<0 inTV quadrant fous quadrants are as discussed below : ‘us, the signs of rgonometric Functions in ar 2 Wehave, cots (1+ sin x) = 4m and cot x(1 sin 3) <4 athe fs quadrant: Wehave, #>0 and b>0 Scot cos = mand cot —cos 2 >0,tanx (otx + e081)? -(cotx-cos: = six trigonometric functions are positive in the first quadrant Wehave, «<0 and b>0 * = deat reas r= 16 (nt Consequently al the >0,tanx =P <0, cotr= consequently, in the second quadrant sinx and cose: both a postive and al at fagonometric hinctions are negative Inthe thin quadrant: Wehave,a<0 and <0 coor =a0, ctx = 30, secr =! <0 5 0 and b cos x=cos(2n+2) and sin x=sin (2 +3) We have also even functions. : s Also, = cos(-2n+2) and b =sin(-2n+3) are cven f CC ‘Te values of trigonometri 5 e cos and b =sin x | Galata tanvindsb(ae+s esaz ping for for edly reer Weal obser thatifsineses or eceasesby ay negra muliple of, wecomebaaky | afvdesat in the following tabula ye tema pol a cos (2+ 3) scosx and sin (2en +2) =sinx,n€Z pm | P|) | tan | cot | come Tha cosine anes nctng are pedicure ae ecin| a aes eis evident from the above discussion that 2s the smallest postive number such that ance sinx_ | cosz_| -tnz | eet cos (2x3) =cosx and sin 2n+ é a fanz | secx_ | smeex Hence cosine and sine functions are periodic functions with period 2x 3 on. aca Insub-sectiong 575 and 872, we ane ear at 5 7 wont | eet | [lnewet tun(ae)ez and tan Qe s)esterall eR fee | om sl FEF PRG ewer. 2 eel sts | comes | et a aise a _ | et | femeaasredan Seats + re Using the definition of cotangent, cosecants and secant functions, we obtain ot ae atte) } = cue | seer | omer pee : [eee sot |e Sete ores atc(oon er a i = Seca see (2n+2) =. 1 | a ex and ~sec x forals(«(an+) vas of sine function at 82°15 echo Fo hese ewe sn at ; in which the terminating ray tbe quadrantin which Fs 1.3% 4 xarecosxor—cosxdepending upon ted ane period 2 So, the alusofsine fantion a ele angles, Als, sin functions periodic wits PEROT TTY : pe ware) "wor ‘Thus, consecant and secant functions are periodic with period 2x and cotangent is periodic with period 5.8 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS EVENFUNCTION Afton f(s silo eanesenfuncton¥f-n) = fora xin ts oma BD FUNCTION. Aficton f(s si tbe amd fmcton if -2) =f) or lx nt dat eee ILLUSTRATION Determine whether the fellowing functions are een or odd or neither Batic mca ane Meurer yas ee feet lot re al Br aaitiwiee 4-21 Seen IA =H)? 4(-2) = 29-0 -(09 +2) =- (3) forall eR juarant in which the terminating 1 So, x isan od function. the form 25-1) 3* (i) Wehave, 2) =3241 < 8-1) 3-9? +1 = 52241 = fora eR So, (2s an even funtion, (iil), We have, h(x) =x? 4x44 dn Zane od mulipe ott ’ ine enero a oleae Meteo rte htt pint expe in te fom © oanget, secant and encanto a 2A) epectivly. Ata point expressible i 2)a4 MATHENATE | ‘cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are 4 cos x, respectively lan x,4c0t x, 4 96% and tq. | me | ‘The above discussion suggests us the following algorithm to find the value ofa tri function ata point. ALGORITHM ‘Bonomi stir ‘Obtain the point x at which the value of trigonometric function isto be determines, smart e function san od function, Therefore sin uy The sine fant ‘Check whether xis positive or negative. Ifx is negative, say x eres then ie faye Br jes in he L quadrant and multiple of in this expression is even sen oft. Other ite fr) =f) Hef's the gen genomic) | =» "yt lenin the quadrant and malpl of STERIL Expres the poste alu of xin ep In the form x=" a, where a ef 0,8 x £42) asin Sed Epstein nto 25" utr) sot oua( ete) canbe STEELY. Determine the quadrant in which te ermiaing rayof the angl les nd termine 8) ain 28 ofthe goer ton tht guaran MH ace sin - 28) =—sin = SIME fm i sep i a old pote ger, ten sins = concn x tng ce poe Sec = conc cones = wea whe sign on RS of hese wis weg XAMFL2” Era te folowing : ional inne a (come 90°) STO (i) tan 400° (iv) con 270 Min sep is an even poste iger, thn sin + inc, conx wy 2 wn = tan z= tan a, cote n2 ck cone = cote vert = 2 see, wie aang De ela iS f ths clus wil bth in oanedin step 1 Following eamples wil laste the above algorithm a (teveLr] iscven AMPLE Eeuluate the following Pn ee on 7x x (8% ») (sin (i) con 2® (i) cos( 2") iv) sin aa) a - } ad (i Weave, s707= nox E 4 SOUTION (i) Cle in TE nsin( 3x4) . 6 4 4 Z Clay, 2s ett quadrant in which cotangent futon postive andthe mulipl of Since 3x5 + lies inthe Vth quadrant in which sine function is negative and 3 isan odd he integer sin, + () Cheat, cos ot 570" = cot 9 meat 6% é 2 Since: isin hell quadrant in which conine function negative. Also the (i) Weave, 480" «BE a5. 8% Chea j 8 sn lnd quadantin which ange fancton oegative andthe multiple of ie mulplet Ter : oa = ott = 13 tan 480" = tan 8 wtan(5x E48) cok 0 Wehve 2°02 an 0), Cnty 27a nepvedcn cya on ‘he boundar ine of and I qundrant. Also, the multiple of san odd integer = cos 3x2 40)m 0 coo20" « on{ 31546) nbn SADA eto ton) Tr ono[a ——o _HGONOMETRIC FUNC’ one sa o MaTHeuaneey | (0) Werhave, 1% = (1216), Ce, this angle les in 1 quadrant in hich ange pas Pretec oo sin? © + cos? = tan? a ; funn pontve and ne mill even oat 5m petep a 23 a (iy cot? * + cosce 6 (ie) 2 in? ‘ 5 wel ta(iacds foam tod a q STEN) Lieto = (09) Wehave, E075 Br This angle lies in the IV quadrant in which sine & : ; nejative and the multiple of od (nsf (i) (Lf -at-ted comee 7) (cos-5) Gis x x)? Py wii) Wenave, 18 = (7.24%) 2{sin =) + {couce{x+}} (com 3) We dberve that 5 fin the Ith quadrant in which cotangent function i negative and be £\"(cu 5) fy camee(n 2) = cone x} multiple of soda. 3 Ase re atlas 15 palpi =f soon «-t}oo{eraf oles eee ie ae lene ~{ont E+ s(tunt PXAMPLES Prove tht 29510" cos 330+ in 350" con SOLUTION LHS = cos S10" coe 530° sh 30 cet Bs, Um 2am! 842602 feted § ols 4 fad] veitetines) bateateal - (5) +2 ia AS538 IXAMPLE? Prove that» (0 oF +s}emenenfen(3F-s) vote} exter neon see-Bee[ E13) (Wel a c(i enter ca( 32-2) un xa (08 2) «(cos x) (Gin) (sin 2) SOWTION () LHS= U5 =ca( 8+ Jentaevfor(28-3}s nes} = (sn ) (os 2) (tan x + cot 3) = sin xcosx {8% , <8 eae Pawns FA, BC De anges £05 A + cos B+ cos C + cos D = 0. “s aes A+CunandB+D=n ~ eae ess. ey epoaed sin (A+B) sinc sDya9 aiken > sin(A +B) sinc +) © @ AsBecrD eae? I and, cos B = cos(x-D) = ie ASB = 25-(C4) ©8(A+B) = cone—(C «Dy (A+B) = conc Dy yt cot? x Ris vdcot (2m + x) =cotx of @ cyclic quadrilateral, prove that eles ofa cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary ie ~ cos D €08C~e0s D + cosC + com D (i) £05(A + B)=c0s(C + D) Fe sin Qx—3) =-sin [how Ceeceneeee Jpomowermc FUNCTIONS seaentac-in ata tana ie sin x)~2 (cos®x-+sin® x) secant utr] an ent? Sencar? 2 cos? 2) -2(1 -3 cos? x sin? x) = 3-6 sin? x cos?x=2+6 sin?x cos x =1. EXERCISE 5.3 =e y sfc 2301-2 in 7 [LEVEL | 1. Find the values ofthe following trigonometric ratios: ta (6) tn BE 198 (vi) cos 3 5s li) sin 7 @ sin w Wx Tn in 17% () tan 7 (9 sin? ) con 9 4 62) com(-2*) om (-24) 38x (ni cos Prove that () tan 225° cot 405° + tan 765° cot 675° = 0 (6) sin © cog 29 + cos 13% gin 35% ar ies 4 (i) cos 24" + cos 55+ cos 125° + cs 204" + eos 300° = 5 (i) tan (~ 225) cot (405%) — tan (-765" ot (675") = 0 (9) 9s570*sin 510" + sn (~ 330°) cos (~ 390°) = 0 438 eed get TE a asin SF 3 case? +A cost © pec jan OR (i) 3 sin ™ soc ® 4 sin cot = (vii) gecg asin mer 1 Prove that (i) C25(2x+2) cosec (2+ x) tan (n/24 2) _ ‘Sec (n/2 + x) cos x cot (n+ x) (iy $0590" + 2) + cot (450° x) | tan (180° + 2) + sec (180° =x) ‘cosec (90° =x) + tan (180°) 1 a tan (360°+3)=sec(=3)sao MATHEMATION 4 Provethat sin? % 4 sin? ® + sin? 2 sin? “* irieees nots 9 5. Prove that: sec( 2% —1\sec( x-5%)+ tan(2* +2\tan(x-2")=—1 6 Ina 8 ABC, prove that G) coats Bs cosC=0 Gi cof A*®) sin iy tan 47 — co 7. WA,B,C, Dbe the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, taken in order, prove that {cs (180° — A) + cos (180" + B) + cos (180° + C) - sin (90° + D) 1. Find x from the following equations 8. Prove that © tande—con moe Bs ed : zat sin! i We de ode 13k 1 Yon ‘an ANSWERS nit) SE Y SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQS) ‘Answer eck ofthe following questions in one word . some or one sentence or as per exact requirement of 1. Wiite the maximum and minimum values of com ( Woe he merino mln lesen 2. Write the maximum value of sin (cos x). mt 4 Min x = con* x, then write the valve of co? x1 +o 5. Win x comec x = 2, then write the value of sin! x + coe! 6 Msn x + sin? x then write the valve of con)? 7. Mele a ¢ sin? 1s then write the vaio co 62 xen Hsin 6, + sim 62 + sin 5 = 3, ther Me 2+ sn >= 3, then wie the vale of cn Oy eo 0 9. Write the value of sin 10° + sin 20° + sin 30° + " Litnaantin 10. Acdecula wite of rus 15 cm oar ilar wie of rave 15cm s cut and bento oie along the cicurerence of 229 ‘of radi 120.em. White the meas 120.am. Wit the measure ofthe angle subtended by it atthe centre of he =P [= ——————— ll oll mL IGONOMETRICFUNCTIONS sat 11 write the value of 2(sin® x + cos) 3 (in x + coe!) +1 >. Waite the value of co8 1° + cos 2°-+ 08 37+. + €O8 180 ty teat (a+ 8) = 0, then write the value of sin (a+ 2. «tan A+ cot A = 4, then write the value of tan A+ cott A +, Write the least value of cos? x + seca, 29x, hen write the smallest interval in which the value of x le + [pA sinx +5 cos x =5, then write the value of sin x ~3 co8 ANSWERS Leet 2 sin, —sind 8) ein) 0) 1820 20 ier 10 1-1 esinaoressp 14. 194 15.2 16 (0,11 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) Mark the correct alternative im each of he following: tan xox ~L-then sec x~tan zis equal to ie i 1 1 wi | 2 (a) 2 w-2 ) 2 (8) 2x then secx+ tan 3 = @x,t (o) 2,2 () -2z, 4 nan L ) 2,5 owt Bx <3 then |S is equal to OTs Tee (0) sece-tanx | (@) seezt tang (6) tan xasecx | (Gl) pone tase VIN ea meee calle sec x + cot (b) cosee x cote (©) ~conee x+ cot x (2) ~coseex cot x ocr Zand Yih. ese andi Toy \iesin# then y is equal 0 (0) cot ® tan ® (cot stan % (€) cot 5 tan t tan 5 aS stn (enon WEcxemthen (PatBe 4 [PEMEE somal 2 \ivena fica 7 ()reecr Beer Ome (mee laos on Ocoeg yaron Ont gentemrcon ly ieee] tn cena 09 wre ore @r S Man xs wecr 13,03 sin1 @) sinttcain (@ snitesint (8) andra ind re eee 1 20 30 4@ 5% 60) 72@ 8 60 01 1 2% BO uO 5 @ 1© 1. 8) 19. 22.0) m2 2) 23.0) 24) ©) 26.00) 27.) 28, ©) SUMMARY 1, Following are some ofthe fundamental trigonometric identities (9 sins = 1 or coce x = 1 1 1 1 eo 1 oe se ooune = eer" 008 x ae tan x cot x 00) un = Lore 2 = = (Vento ele rae +000? x = cosec? » or, cosec x= cot x = 1 aa i ber ‘cosec x + cot x 2%) sin (~x) = ~sin ror, cosec (=x) = ~ cosee x 8 sis \> cn ocee GRe a 02 no) ote rer cea wn(S-2) + conssom( Sox) ane un( (7 1 tan? x see? xo, see —tan = iSos x, tan (2n—2) =~ tan x, cosee (ans yall cot x funeti peat nett Feciprocals ie. Hons with period 2 Tangent ana Cosecant and Secant tangent functions are Periodic | 61 INTRODUG