EF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
   J١
‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
  J٤
  J٥
  J٦
  J٧
  J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١
 W‫א‬
 
 WMolarity or Molar Conc.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 WM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Weight ( g ) × 1000
 M =
Molecular weigh × V (ml )
 
 WNormality‫ א‬ J٢
 WN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Weight (g )
  No. of equivalent s =
Equivalent weight
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 WPercentage Concentration‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WVolume percent‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
E% v/vF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WWeight percent‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 WE% w/wF‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wt . of solute ( g )
%w / w = × 100
Wt . of solution ( g )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 WE% w/vF‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wt . of solute ( g )
 %w / v = × 100
Volume of solution (ml )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WPart per million‫א‬‫א‬ J
ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W
‫א‬K ٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.5
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٥٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
wt . CaCl 2 × 1000
 N =
Eq . wt . CaCl 2 × V (ml )
1 . 5 × 1000
  N = 111 = 1 . 08 × 10 −1 N
× 250
2
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L5.4x10-2
 L0.108 =2 x5.4x10-2 W‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

40
  = 1 .5 ×
= 0 . 541 g
111
L ‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
weight ( g )
  ppm = × 10 6
V (ml )
0 .541
 = × 10 6 = 2164 ppmCa
250
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
٢٥٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ppm x vppm x v’
 2164 x v25 x 500
25 × 500
 V = = 5 . 8 ml
2164
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬5.8
 
 
 

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

HCl W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬NaOH‫א‬
‫א‬NaOH‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KH2SO4
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ HCl  ‫א‬
 KNaOH‫א‬HCl ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZC1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZC2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZV1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZV2
 
-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 HCl 0.1M W
‫א‬1‫א‬K٪٣٧‫א‬‫א‬١{٨‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FK٠{١١٨٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬K١٨١‫ א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬F١٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١ -٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢{٠ -٤
١٦٠‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
HCl
‫א‬E٠{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F٠{١‫ א‬-٨
 E‫א‬‫א‬WF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -٩
 ‫א‬٥٠ -١٠
HClE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١١
 K‫א‬E٠{١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫א‬ -١٢
 ٠{٢‫א‬ -١٣

-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -١٥
 ‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬٠{٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬pHF
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٦
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٧
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  NaOHW‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬EHClF ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬،٢٥٠‫א‬  -٣
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
NaOH 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫ א‬-٥
 ‫א‬ -٦
HClE٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠{١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫ א‬-٨
 ٠{٢‫א‬ -٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥
‫א‬ -١١
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٢
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٣
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 H2SO4 0.1N
‫א‬1.14‫א‬E LF20 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣
 ‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬K٢٠٠‫• א‬
‫א‬F١٠‫א‬‫א‬٤{٥ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
  H2SO4 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 NaOH E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NaOH ‫• א‬
 ٠{٢‫א‬ •
٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬

- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
E25ppmF٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
E1000ppmFK‫א‬
 25ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E١F‫א‬

EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
p.p.m
1000 X X =‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬ 1000

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C1 × V1 = C2 × V1
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬1000ppm ‫א‬
٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F١٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
‫• א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪٥‫א‬‫א‬٥
‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
 W
wt . of solute ( g )
  wt . NaCl = × volume of solution (ml )
100
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠٠‫א‬ J٣
 K٪٥‫א‬
 
 
 
 W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬١٠‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬ K٢
 KPotassium Chromate K2CrO4‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬٣‫א‬ K٧
- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
‫• א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ECoSO4.7H2OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١F
 K100 mlE1.0 g/lF‫א‬
100 mlE2.0 g/lF JE٢F
 KE10 g/lF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣F
 K100 mlE100 p.p.mF
 
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
110.99 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECaCl2F‫א‬ JE١F
 ‫؟‬1000 ml100 p.p.m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،1000 p.p.m JE٢F
 ‫؟‬1000 ml100 p.p.m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،100 ml‫א‬2.0 g‫א‬ JE٣F
‫א‬K4 µg/ml (p.p.m)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 µg/g (p.p.m)
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ JE١F
 
ml‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
× g/l‫× א‬ Z ‫א‬‫א‬
1000 ‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬
100 281.10
× 1 × Z
1000 1 × 58.93
 0.477 gZ
 
 C1 × V1 = C2 × V1W‫א‬ JE٢F
C2 ×V
2 ZE10 g/lF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
C1
V ×C
  V1 = 2 2 = 2 × 100 = 20ml  J
C 10
1
 W‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣F
 
ml‫א‬ p.p.m‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
× × Z‫א‬‫א‬
1000 1000 ‫א‬‫א‬
138.12 100 100
× × = 0.01g
138.12 1000 1000
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨F
ml‫א‬ p.p.m‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
× × Z ‫א‬‫א‬
1000 1000  ‫א‬  × ‫א‬‫א‬
1000 100 110.99
  × × Z
1000 1000 1× 40
 0.277 gZ
 C1 × V1 = C2 × V1W‫א‬ JE٩F
C2 ×V
2 ZE1000 p.p.mF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
C1
V ×C
  V1 = 2 2 = 1000 × 100 = 100ml  J
C 1000
1
 Wµg/g‫א‬ JE١٠F

4.0 µg / ml × 100 ml
  µg / g = 2.0g
= 200 µg/g

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