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    Shazara Kimi Hosein-Mohammed
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    19 views28 pages

    QueHay Grammar Review

    Uploaded by

    Shazara Kimi Hosein-Mohammed
    grammar review

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 28
    Relative pronouns rand estar 270 Pe 254 tnropetie omens 250 Proke nen zo 0 fos a tme 260 Aiding te passive 270 ons 354 Reivers endings 2. Guta and impersonal vers 271 cianges nnouns 254 The ‘immediate future’ 261 dane m an 258 Regular compound tenses. 261 Adverbs ze a, 255 Present participle 262 Subjunctive tense 273 swat adjectives 256 Past participle 262 Uses of the subjunctive 274 ce adjectives 256 Radical-changing verbs 262 Comparisons 25 no 256 Irogur aha tid! geen 2 mmrave pronouns 255 Speling changes in verbs 766 Por and para mm ee rou 257 Reflexive verbs ee en 28 onc 257 Imperatives commands) 268 Personal a 28 gee, 257 Positive commands 268 Propositions of place 278 Fe pone 258 Negative commands 268 Time and weather expressions 278 ev ous 258 Tener expressions 269 Numbers, ah DICTIONARY OF TERMS aguage is made up of different elements (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.), which re and our understanding of how they behave fay we intend, BS (gato, Maria, Miami, hora). 1er a specific noun is referred to espacio). ‘They can also describe bien). de, después, para). es) se, and sometimes other yes the subject of the verb 1d on its own)/antes de two subordinate clauses) ich noun in § (ie, articles and oun anish has a ‘gender’, which governs the words that qualify the n adjectives), Broadly spe: He ‘aking, there are two categories: masculine and femi Note that days of the week and months of the year take lowercase letters not cap (lunes — Monday, marzo — March), Gender of nouns Normally in Spanish we expect nouns that end in -o to be masculine in gender (for example el carro — the car) and those which end in -a to be feminine (for example ta casa ~ the house). However, there are exceptions to the rule (for example el cura ~ the priest, fa mano ~ the hand) © Ma Mwords that have a masculine meaning are masculine in gender (chico ~ boy) and words for females tend to be feminine in gender (mujer - woman). There are, however, exceptions, such as modelo (model) which can be feminine. paradoxically, if a noun ends in-ma itis most often masculine, and if it ends in -dad, "t's feminine (for example el programa - the programme, la ciudad ~ the city). q7ro8e Nouns that end in ~ista tend to be masculine (el futbolista ~ the footballer, cl periodista ~ the journalist), but they can exist in the feminine form also (eVla artista ~ the artist). * Nouns which end in -in are feminine (la estacién, la educacién). Plurals of nouns * Generally speaking, nouns that end in a vowel add -s for the plural (carros, casas, parques — cars, houses, parks). * Ifa word ends in a consonant, -es is added (ciudades, doctores ~ cities, doctors). * The addition of the extra syllable may change the stress patterns of the word, so a written accent is needed in some cases but omitted in others in order to Preserve the original emphasis (see page 4 for further notes on this). : For example: joven—»jévenes (young people), estacién—restaciones (stations), examen—exdmenes (exams). If a word already ends in -s, no change occurs (for example crisis, paraguas, sacapuntas, abrelatas). uns rd is made plural, a spelling change is required in order jound of the word in its singular form, for example (pencils). ite and indefinite articles must agree with, ingly there are four different def the noun to which they refer. - ini rmple: el boligrafo (the ball point 4s idwiches), las montafias (the m oes es ena sto fo Baines articles, meaning ‘aor ‘some’. These are un, tp ahs), Us semanas fae A a. una mariana (a morning), unas meses Which stand for ‘the’ - el, la, os, las. ), la pay untain) (the beach), los bocadillas isa neuter article, lo, whichis ys, i : we To Bueno (the good thingy gt Masculine adjectives to expres a quality interesante (the interesting thing). ay are not used before certain adjective :. oa hundred), mil (a thousand): nor j shame!» jeles ae required in Spanish when a no ate A id Gos ree un i used in a general sense, for example «They are used with titles el seior Marines ~ Mr Mant i rae Buenas noche, eon Mera gl Manes), although notin det et night, Mr Martinez) «+ The article is used when talking about languages (for example aprendo el espaitol ~ learn Spanish, estudio el ingles ~I study English), but not with the verb hablar (for example hablo espaiiol ~1 speak Spanish). EVR eu) 's Must agree with the noun to which they refer in number el carro blanco (the white car), la casa bonita (the pretty tos (the strict teachers), las mujeres simpdticas (the nice women). After the noun, for example una ciudad industrial (an industrial they imply that the characteristic described is an inherent part las bonitas flores (the beautiful lowers), las posilessoluciones yhen placed before a masculine singular noun by dropping the ‘apocopation’. The adjectives that do this are: bueno, malo, go, For example abun ome (od man, r (the first floor), el tercer cutobus (the third bus), BS om i : hay algin libro que..? (is there any book that... ‘when placed before the noun. cet hombre grande te big man [escent yen EEN Demonstrative adjectives ‘* These translate as ‘this'/‘these’, ‘that’/those’, or ‘that over there'/‘those over there’. * ‘They agree in gender and number with the noun to which they refer. this, these | este carro cesta casa estos chicos- | estas profesoras [his car this house those boys these teachers That, those | oso dboT 059 fond esas hombres ~ | esas arenas ~ that tee that shop those men those oranges That those aque/ bo | aquela tarde | aqualos das | aquelas afumnas - (more distant | that book that afternoon | those days those gt pupis| (over there) | (some time ago) _| (some time ago) _| (over there) Possessive adjectives * ‘These translate as ‘my’, ‘your’, his’, ‘her’, ‘our, ‘their’. * ‘They agree in number and gender with the thing possessed, NOT the possessor, for example ‘his son’ and ‘their son’ = su hijo, ‘Where there is ambiguity of meaning, more information can be given thus: su hijo a. sw hijo a ello mis padres- | mis amigas my friends ‘ws sandals — your cousins _| your sandals Inuestros abuelos - | nuestas ideas ~ ur grandparents | our ideas your pets Demonstrative pronouns ‘© These translate as ‘this one’, ‘those ones’, ete. © They agree in gender and number with the noun to whicl this one, este carro—» | esta caso—> these ones _|éste - this one_|ésta ~ this one thatone, [ese drbol—> | esa tienda—> those ones _|ése~that one _| ésa ~ that one that one, | aque! libro» | aquella tarde—> those ones _| agué/- that one | aquetla ~ that one | aquélios ~ those on more distant) (over there) | (some time ago). | (some time ago) For example: gqué es esto? (what is this?), eso me da miedo (Im ‘aquello es increible (that is incredible). pronouns i i ; A replace @ possessive adjective and a noun, " sive pronouns agree in number a : ne Me follows: nd gender with the noun they replace re pi f i Ma, las mes, las mas - my on), mine los t 4. FY - yas, 2 ‘W945 Your ones) (familiar, singular ‘you, yours yo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas — hj ; ‘ee singular ‘you') is one(s), her one(s), your one(s) ro, la nuestra, los nuestros, el muest ros, las nuestras ~ our one(s), 5 7s Ft, 105 suyas, las suyas — : El nuestro es més ample srande que el suyo (Ours is biger than his) er mi cas, la tuya es demasiado pequea (prefer my haves yours msl) ‘ ours their one(s), theirs, yours (plural). ste eased when th 1 These are used when there is ambiguity, or, at times, for emphasis. For example: hermanos son diferentes, les grande, ella es menos grande (The siblings are + ado—»encontrado aprender—»aprend—» + ido—»aprendido vivir—»viv—» + ido—»vivido © The following are irregular in the formation of the past participle: abrir abierto hee muerto cubrir cubierto of ee decir dicho P ee P Stes escribir escrito reno Ver res f , romper roto freir frito ver visto hacer hecho volver vuelto © Note that compounds of the above behave in the same way: the prefix does not change the nature of the verb. For example: descubrir descubierto proponer propuesto devolver devuelto Radical-changing (or ‘stem-changing’) verbs in the present tense e In the present tense, some verbs undergo changes in their stem (the infinitive minus its ending), when the stress, OF emphasis, falls on the final vowel of thé stem (that is, in all persons of the verb, except with the nosotros ending, when the stem remains the same). ¢ These changes are varied: e—»ie examples: empezar — emptezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empiezan nso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, piensan , pierdes, pierde, perdemos, pierden | sientes, siente, sentimos, sienten pensar — ple common verbs that follow this pattern includ atten include: ag = to cross (rn to heat temblar — to tremble an to close defender ~ to defend a encender ~ to light ‘ divertir(se) — to enjoy oneself arts) ~ to Wake (Up) herir ~ to 1 ~ to have a snack a nda ee hervir~ to boil ar 7" mentir — to li = to lie emenda = 10 recommend pref es : ferir to pre iqvarse- ro sit don pom nue example voter ~vuelvo, vuelve, tuelve, volvemas, wulven oir - duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, duermen ontar~ cuento, ctlentas, Cuenta, contames,cuentan far ~ Sueio, Sueas, suefia, soRamos,sueian estar cuesta (it Costs), Cuestan (they cost) oler—duele (it hurts), duelen (they hurt) t follow this pattern include: recordar ~ to remind volar ~ to fly morir- to die mover ~ to move soler ~ to be used to resolver ~ to resolve iden ‘comipetims, compiten here, see pages 266 and 267), xn include: ostir(se) ~ 10 des despedir(se) de reir - to laugh epetir — to re] jp — to cone serir ~ to serve And two special cas rue jugar shue oler— Irregular verbs Many irregular verbs are commonly used and soon become familiar. The irregular verbs are listed below. If no entry is made in a category, that is because the verb is regular in that form. Infinitive | Present tense | Present participle |Past participle. | Prot Imperfect | Future/ Conditional sor | soy ‘senda ido ti ee sersoria tobe — | eres ‘iste ras et. es fue ea somos ‘uimos ramos son fueron eran ‘estar— | estoy estando estado ste estaba te tobe | estis estuiste estd estuvo ‘estamos estuvimos estan estuvieron ‘endo ‘we i tony ‘wiste tenia ete ‘two ‘wines twieron condyiste condujo condujimas, condujeron Present tense | Present i i kin participle | Past participle | Proterite | imperfect | Future/

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