  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

0
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ?? ‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
١ 
 ٣  
٥ W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٧ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٤  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠١ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٠ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٨  ‫א‬
 ١٢٩  ‫א‬
١٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
  

2
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

Introduction

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬


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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 
Introduction
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬     
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

7
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KCooling Fluid‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Ice Refrigerator  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K
   ‫א‬ 

8
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
   (− 157°C → −273°C )     ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KCryogenics
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (− 87°C ) ‫א‬ (30) ‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫• א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

9
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Antifreeze‫א‬
K‫א‬Coolant‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 

10
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
  

11
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 9F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬‫ א‬ K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٢
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٣
        ‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٥
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
        ‫א‬  K٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 
 

12
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

  

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

13
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 

14
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Modes Of Heat Transfer
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

15
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Modes of Heat Transfer W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Conduction Heat Transfer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fourier's Law of Heat ConductionW‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆x  E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬FA
 ‫א‬KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fourier‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
A dT
q∝− (2 − 1)
dx
 
k A dT
q = − (2 − 2)
dx
 thermal conductivity‫א‬‫א‬k 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2-2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
k A ( T1 − T 2 )
 q = (2 − 3)
∆x
Thermal Conductivity W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ (heat flux)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

17
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Convection Heat Transfer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KTw‫א‬ T∞‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٢ J٢F‫א‬
  K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfluid motion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
u
Τω
h
q
Tw 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Newton Law of Cooling

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

q = h × A ( Tw − T∞ ) ( 2 − 10 )
‫א‬‫א‬ A (W/m2 C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(m2)‫א‬‫א‬
 
T −T
 q = w ∞
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ h× A⎠

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
⎟ 
⎝ h× A ⎠
 
Tw − T∞
 q =
R
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F

 
 ‫א‬E٣٢F
  Natural convection E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

19
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Forced convection :E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ K
       K      ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٤ J٢F،
 

x x x

 ‫א‬WE٤ J٢F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٢F
 Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬  "size" ‫א‬  ”shape" ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  "temperature" ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬
K‫א‬

21
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
30 C
5C ‫هﻮاء‬ ‫ﻧﺎر‬

900 C

‫اﺷﻌﺎع‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦٢F
Blackbody Radiation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬   ،‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬"Black Body"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 WK‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE٧ J٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

22
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫ﻓﺮاغ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢F‫א‬
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E٨٢F •

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬FE٨٢F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 Emissivity ( ε ) W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Ts‫א‬

23
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  qemit max = σ × A × Ts4 W

 K(ε=1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  q = ε × σ × A × Ts4 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ε 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ( ε = 1)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E E
 ε = =
Eb σ × T4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Eb

 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E = ε × A × σ × T4 W
‫א‬ A   Ts  ‫א‬  ε ‫א‬     
‫א‬ Tsurr‫א‬EF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Qrad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W
 
 ε‫א‬ ‫א‬ ε ‫א‬  ‫א‬
0.90  ‫א‬ 0.07  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.85-0.93   0.03  
0.93-0.96  ‫א‬ 0.03  
0.82-0.92   0.02  
0.96  ‫א‬ 0.17  
0.95  ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.98  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F

24
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Absorptivity, Reflectivity &Transmissivity W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬  J٣

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻤﺘﺺ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻧﺎﻓﺬ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٢F
‫א‬ (α)   "Absorptivity"   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (ρ)   " Reflectivity"   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (τ) "Transmissivity"

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W
 α + ρ + τ =1
  τ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 α + ρ =1
  ρ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 α =1

25
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ρ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬τ‫א‬
 

26
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
  

27
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 9F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٢
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٣
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٥
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
  

28
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

29
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Coolant ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K ‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
   ‫א‬    K‫א‬      J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .Primary Refrigerant‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Gas Coolants  ‫א‬ J١
 Liquid Coolants ‫א‬ J٢
Liquid- Gas Coolants ‫א‬ J٣
 

30
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢
 

31
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Cooling Fluids & Their Properties
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ (R) ‫א‬ 
 K(ASHRAE)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     E Chlorofluorocarbons CFCsF ‫א‬ J
KR114 ‫ و‬R12 ، R11WKEF‫א‬‫א‬

   E Hydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs) ‫א‬ J

. R-22 or R-123WK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬  Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs ‫א‬ J

. R-134aW،‫א‬

 (Azeotropic)‫א‬‫א‬KW J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K R500  ‫א‬      
R400‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (zeotropic) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
HCFCS‫א‬CFCS‫א‬W
 
 1 J‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1H‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬R22, …., R11‫א‬

32
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 1Z1HZ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 J‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1 J‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W١
 (Dichlorodifluromethane) R12

 1+0=1W‫א‬‫א‬
 1-1=0W‫א‬‫א‬
 2 =W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
F

F C Cl

Cl

  R12

 2 =W‫א‬‫א‬∴
  CCl 2 F2  R12‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W٢
 (Monochlorodifuromethane) R22 
 1+0=1W‫א‬‫א‬
 2-1=1W‫א‬‫א‬
 2 =‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

33
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
F

F C Cl

  R22

 1 =‫א‬‫א‬∴
  CHClF2  R22‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 W٣
 (Trichloromonofluromethane) R11 
 1+0=1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 1-1=0W‫א‬‫א‬
 1 =W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Cl

F C Cl

Cl

  R11

 3 =W‫א‬‫א‬∴
  CCl3 F 11‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (‫ )א‬HFCW 
 W
  (Tetrafluroethane) R134a 

 1+1=2 W‫א‬‫א‬
 3-1=2 W‫א‬‫א‬
 4 =‫א‬‫א‬
 -
‫א‬ -

34
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

F H

F C C F

F H

R134a
 
 R134a (CF3CH 2 F ) ‫א‬‫א‬ -
    ‫א‬ coolants ‫א‬‫א‬  W    J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R(700+‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 WE١F
  NH 3 E‫א‬F‫א‬

 E١Z،١٤Z‫א‬‫א‬F14+3=17 W‫א‬‫א‬
  R717  ‫א‬
 WE٢F
  CO 2 ‫א‬
 12+16×2=44 ‫א‬‫א‬
  R744 ‫א‬
 WE٣F
  H 2O ‫א‬
 16×2=18W‫א‬‫א‬
  R718 ‫א‬
 WE٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 29 =W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  R729 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥F
  H 2 ‫א‬

35
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 2×1=2‫א‬‫א‬
  R702 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢ – ٣F K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
R11  (CCl3 F ) Trichloromonofluoromethane   Orange
 R12   (CCl 2 F2 )  Dichlorodifluoromethane   White
R13  (CClF3 ) Monochlorotrifluoromethane  Pale Blue
R134a   (CF3CH 2 F )  Tetrafluroethane   Purple‫א‬
R22   (CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoromethane   Green
Monochlorotrifluoromethane
R40   (CH 3 Cl )  E‫א‬F   J
R502  (48.8%R22+ 51.2%R115) - Orchid
 R717  ( NH 3 ) Ammonia Silver

‫א‬‫א‬WE٢–٣F
‫א‬  ‫א‬   (boiling point) ‫א‬   E٣ J٣F  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬  (°C ) ‫א‬

R11 23.7
R12 -29.4
R134a -26.1
R22 -40.8
R502 -46.0
R717 -33.0
R718 100
R729 -183
R702 -253
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣–٣F

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 Gas Coolants  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، (− 196°C )    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬، (− 183°C ) ‫א‬‫א‬، (− 192°C ) 
‫א‬‫א‬، (− 246°C )  J‫א‬‫א‬، (− 253°C ) ‫א‬
Cryogenic   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (− 270°C )   
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Applications
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Liquid Coolants W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ Mineral Oils ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Liquid- Gas Coolants W‫א‬
J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، R123a ، R12‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ (R744) ‫א‬    (R717) ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   R22
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
Air Cooling
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
     Air-Cooled Engines  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWater-Cooled Engines
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬Fins‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 

38
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Steam Power Plants‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Water Cooling W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  J
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KConvective Heat TransferK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Corrosion Inhibitors ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     J
 ‫א‬F‫א‬KAntifreezes‫א‬
 

39
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     E ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    Deionized Water  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KServers‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hydrogen Cooling W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
‫א‬     ١٩٣٧ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

40
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
R729, R11, R702, R134a, R718
Brine Solution ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
R744 , R40, R502, R134a, R123
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 

41
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 9F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬  K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٢
        ‫א‬  K٣
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٥
        ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
        ‫ א‬ K٧
        ‫ א‬ K٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

42
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

43
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 


Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

44
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣

45
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
Cooling Systems
 

Radiator Cooling System‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Radiator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬WE١ J٤F

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬K
 


 ‫א‬WE٢ J٤F‫א‬

47
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Vertical Heat Pipe Cooling System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(wicks)
 
 

48
 ‫‪‬א‪  J‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪WE٣ J٤F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻏﻄﺎ ء‬

‫ﻓﺘﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮاغ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎر‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬

‫دورة اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ وﺗﺤﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎً ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬رﺣﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ذو درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺗﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر وﺗﺤﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﺘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻗﺪًا ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺳﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ذو درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪WE٤ J٤F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ wicks
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٤٢ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       
 KE٥ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

50
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬K Pipelines‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Boiling Cooling System‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K
‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٤F
 

52
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Two-Phase ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Boiling
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     J٢
 W‫א‬.(Nucleate Boiling)‫א‬‫א‬
  J
 K J
 L J
 ‫א‬ J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

53
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬            ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Two-Phase ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K Nucleate Boiling)

‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

54
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
  

55
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 9F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫ א‬ K١
        ‫א‬  K٢
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
        ‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
  

56
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

57
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
Introduction
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

58
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  

59
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Cooling of Generators

Alternator W‫א‬
J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  K   ‫א‬  
  ، Alternator ‫א‬  Electric Generator ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٥F‫א‬.Turbo-Alternators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٥F
Inlet:  Turbine outlet: ‫א‬
Turbine 4in here: ٤‫א‬ Generator: ‫א‬

ConstructionW‫א‬J٢
 W‫א‬
StatorW‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ Field‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KArmature‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ E٢ J٥F ‫א‬  K  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RotorW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٢ J٥F ‫א‬     
‫א‬    K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Field ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KArmatureE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٥F
Theory of OperationW‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
Electromagnetic  ?‫א‬ ‫?א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٨٣١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Induction

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

      ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬    E٣ J٥F ‫א‬ K‫א‬       
 K‫א‬
 

‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٣ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
Air- cooled GeneratorsW‫א‬‫א‬ J
(6-200MW) ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K Slots  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F
 
‫א‬ Closed-Loop‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Air-to-Water Heat Exchanger‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Water- cooled GeneratorsW‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Strands ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

63
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 KE٥ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 Hydrogen- cooled GeneratorsW‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬Turbo-Generators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ 200MW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ 15 ⎠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F
 K

 

65
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 9F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬  K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
        ‫א‬  K٤
        ‫א‬  K٥

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

67
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

68
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

69
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Cooing of Gas Turbines
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬  Combustion Turbine ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٦F‫א‬
   
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKE٢ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٦F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Compressor :‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
Combustion System(Chamber) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 burner‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 fuel nozzle ‫א‬ combustor ‫א‬  diffuser duct 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٦F
Turbine W‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
shaft  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 Khorsepower
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٤ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    shaft ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٦F
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Types of Gas Turbines W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Jet Engine ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Auxiliary Power Units ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Industrial Gas Turbines W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E60%F
KECombined ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Cogeneration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K40%35%‫א‬‫א‬300100 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Micro Turbines ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      KE٥ J٦F ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K35%25%
 
 
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٦F
 Cooling of Gas Turbines ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Inlet FoggingE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Inlet Air Cooling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ISO‫א‬‫א‬K ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WISO
K59 oF (15 oC) ‫א‬ K١
K60% K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٦ J٦F ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 30%  25% E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٦F
 
 Cooling of Inlet Air W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Evaporative CoolingW‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

77
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٦FE٧ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

78
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٦F
 
 Chiller Coil System W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩ J٦F‫א‬K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

79
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٦F
 
 Cooling by Inlet FoggingWE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Atomization‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KFog     ‫א‬   K
KE١٠ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

80
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٦F
Coolers :‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kseal ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(50 oC- 60 oC)
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   KE١١ J٦F‫א‬  K‫א‬   
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
81
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٦F

82
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 

83
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 9F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬‫א‬  K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤
        ‫א‬‫ א‬ K٥
        E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

84
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

85
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Introduction
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

86
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤

87
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
Cooling of Diesel Engines

:‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   K[2200 oC - 2500 oC]   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬43%‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  7%     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   27% 
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  23% 
 KE١ J٧F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٧F

88
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Liquid-cooled System ‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Air-cooled System ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Liquid-cooled System Operation and Components ‫א‬ J٣
  K    
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
Coolant‫א‬ •
Water Pump‫א‬ •
Radiator E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
Engine-Oil Cooler ‫א‬ •
Fan ‫• א‬
Thermostat ‫• א‬
 Operation W‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   K Cylinders Head ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K99 oC J85 oC

89
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢ J٧F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٧F
 
 
 
 

90
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Liquid-cooled System Components W‫א‬ J٥
 Coolant ‫א‬ J
‫א‬ Corrosion Inhibitor‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K Anti-Freeze
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬    ‫א‬  W  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 30%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Cavitation‫א‬
KCoolant Filter-Conditioner‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

91
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Water Pump‫א‬ J
 Spiral-Shaped‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٥ J٧F ، E٤ J٧F ، E٣ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٧F
 
 

92
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬WE٤ J٧F
 
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٥ J٧F
 

Fan W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Suction   Blower    K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KReversible ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

93
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Shroud‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬     Temperature-controlled Fans ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦ J٧F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 

 ‫א‬WE٦ J٧F
 
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94
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
RadiatorWE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 

 ‫א‬WE٧ J٧F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٧F

   ‫א‬   ‫א‬E٨ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٨ J٧F،E٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

95
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ Surge Tank‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   Radiator Cap ‫א‬   K      ‫א‬

 K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٩ J٧F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7 kPa‫א‬‫א‬
 Relief   K  ‫א‬   K2 o
C    ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   KVacuum Valve   ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬ 90 kPa‫א‬F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 ‫א‬WE١٠ J٧F
 
 
 
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96
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
ThermostatW‫א‬ J

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٧F
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٧F
 

 
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97
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬E١١ J٧FE١٠ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
KFull-Flow ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ By-Pass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Recirculation‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
80 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   90 o
C  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  oC
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 KE١٢ J٧F


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٧F
 

98
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Engine-Oil CoolerW‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Air-cooled System Operation and Components ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Flywheel Fan‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ،E‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ Axial flow fans  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Engine Timing Gears‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

99
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 

100
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 9F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬‫א‬  K١
        ‫א‬  K٢
        ‫א‬  K٣
        ‫א‬  K٤
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 

101
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

102
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
Introduction
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

103
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢

 

104
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Cooling of Gas Engines
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
Gas Engines
‫א‬ 1860‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   1000 RPM     ‫א‬    K‫א‬

 1500 RPM ‫א‬‫א‬ (Pilot) 

 K(Spark) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K44% - 35%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8760 Hrs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5000 kW40 kW‫א‬‫א‬K4000 hrs‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١ J٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE٢ J٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬ K٤
 

105
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
Gas Engine GeneratorWE١ J٨F


 ‫א‬WE٢ J٨F

106
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٨F‫א‬KE٣ J٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٨F
 

107
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WE٤ J٨F

  

108
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 

109
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 9F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 

110
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

112
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤
  

113
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
 Water Cooling System
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K Evaporative Cooling‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(Methyalcohol) ‫א‬،‫א‬،(brines)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K (c p = 4.18kJ / kg ) ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K  -

 Evaporative Coolers W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK
 

 E‫א‬F‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٩F
 
 Cooling Towers W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 Frame &casing‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J
WFill‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Cold water basin‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Drift Eliminator‫א‬‫א‬ J
Air Inlet‫א‬‫א‬ J
Louvers‫א‬ J
Nozzles‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٩F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٩F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  JW‫א‬‫א‬
 Natural Draft Cooling Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬K١٠٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣ J٩F‫א‬KNatural ConvectionE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ١٢٠  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٩F‫א‬
 
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 Forced Draft cooling Towers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Induced Draft Counter Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Induced Draft Cross Flow ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ (Forced Draft) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(Induced ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ (Fill)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Draft)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Forced Draft)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬    
 KE٤ J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 WE٤ J٩F
 
 Induced Draft Counter Flow‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 E٦ J٩F،E٥ J٩F‫א‬
 
 
 

119
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 WE٥ J٩F
 

   
 WEF
 WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٩F
 
 Induced Draft Cross Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٩F‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٩F

120
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Design W‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬KKK
 
Performance Parameters : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Range‫א‬ J
Approach‫א‬ J
EffectivenessE‫א‬F‫ א‬ J
Cooling Capacity ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
Evaporation loss‫ א‬ J
Cycle of concentration ‫א‬  J
Bleed-off loss‫ א‬ J

E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Range ‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (twi −t wo )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  Approach ‫• א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  (two −t wb )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨ J٩F‫א‬
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٩F

Effectiveness  (ε ) ‫א‬ •

(Range)
  Effectiveness =
(Range + Approach)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ε = (twi − two ) × 100%
(t wi −t Wb )

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (QCT ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK TR ، Btuh ، kW 
  Q CT = m& w × c pw × (Twi − Two ) Z m& a × ∆ha
 
 
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
 ‫א‬Z m& w ⎛⎜ kg s ⎞⎟  J
⎝ ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬W m& a ⎛⎜ kg s ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z c pw ⎛⎜ kJ kg K ⎞⎟  J
⎝ ⎠
K‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ∆ha ⎛⎜ kJ kg ⎞⎟ -
⎝ ⎠
  EE٩ J٩F
Evaporation loss‫• א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1%) ‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬5°C ) 
Cycle of concentration‫א‬ •

 Cycles of Concentration  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(chloride )tower water
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
(chloride )make −up water
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬K (CaCo3 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Methyl Orange Alkalinity) ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Bleed-off loss‫• א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
    E‫א‬ F ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٩–٩F

125
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬ J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬

126
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

127
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 9F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
     
 
         ‫ א‬ K١
        ‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
         ‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 

128
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Nomenclature
Water mass flow rate kg / s m& w  ‫א‬
mass kg m  ‫א‬
Air mass flow rateِ kg / s m& a  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air density kg /m 3 ρa  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air pressure kPa pa  ‫א‬‫א‬
Specific heat of water kJ kgK c pw  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Velocity m
s V  ‫א‬
Revolution per minute rpm N  ‫א‬
Discharge (volume flow
m 3 s −1 Q  ‫א‬‫א‬
rate)
Efficiency - η  ‫א‬
Stefan boltzman constant - σ  
Emissivity - ε  ‫א‬
Rate of heat transfer W q  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Absorptivity - α  ‫א‬
Reflectivity - ρ  ‫א‬
Transmissivity - τ  ‫א‬
Effectiveness % ε  ‫א‬
Enthalpy difference kJ kg ∆h  ‫א‬

129
  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Glossary
A
Absorptivity  ‫א‬
Air -cooled generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air cooling ‫א‬
Air-cooled engines ‫א‬‫א‬
Air-cooled system ‫א‬‫א‬
Air-to-air heat exchanger ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Alternator ‫א‬
Antifreezes ‫א‬
Approach ‫א‬
Armature ‫א‬‫א‬
ASHRAE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Atomize 
Auxiliary power unit 
Axial flow fan ‫א‬
Azeotropic ‫א‬‫א‬
B
Black body ‫א‬‫א‬
Black body radiation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bleed-off loss ‫א‬
Blower 
Boiling cooling system ‫א‬‫א‬
Boiling point ‫א‬
Brines 
By-pass ‫א‬
C
Cavitation ‫א‬
Chiller coil system ‫א‬
Chloroflurocarbons ‫א‬

130
  J‫א‬
Cogeneration
Cold water basin
Combined
Combustion chamber
Combustion turbine
Combustor
Compressor
Conduction heat transfer
Construction
Convection heat transfer
Coolant filter condition
Coolers
Coolant
Cooling by inlet fogging
Cooling capacity
Cooling equipment
Cooling fluid
Cooling of diesel engines
Cooling of gas engines
Cooling of gas turbines
Cooling of generators
Cooling of heat engines
Cooling of inlet air
Cooling towers
Corrosion inhibitors
Cryogenic applications
Cryogenics
Cycles of concentration
Cylinder head
D
Deionized water
Design
131
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Dichlorodifluoromethane ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Diffuser duct 
Drift elimination ‫א‬‫א‬
E
Effectiveness ‫א‬
Electric generator ‫א‬‫א‬
Electromagnetic induction ‫א‬‫א‬
Emissivity ‫א‬
Engine timing gears ‫א‬
Engine-oil cooler ‫א‬
Evaporation loss ‫א‬
Evaporative coolers ‫א‬
Evaporative cooling ‫א‬‫א‬
F
Fan 
Field 
Fill 
Fins 
Fluid motion ‫א‬
Flywheel fan ‫א‬‫א‬
Forced convection 
Forced draft cooling tower 
Frame & casing ‫א‬‫א‬
Fuel nozzle ‫א‬
Full flow 
G
Gas coolants ‫א‬
Gas engine generator 
Gas engines 
H
Heat transfer from finned surfaces ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hydrogen-cooled generators ‫א‬

132
   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Hydrochloroflurocarbons ‫א‬
Hydrofluorocarbons ‫א‬
Hydrogen cooling ‫א‬
I
Induced draft cooling tower 
Induced draft crossflow cooling tower 
Industrial gas turbine 
Inlet fogging ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J
Jet engine ‫א‬‫א‬
L
Liquid coolants ‫א‬
Liquid -cooled system 
Liquid-gas coolants ‫א‬
Louvers 
M
Mechanical draft cooling tower 
Methylalcohol ‫א‬‫א‬
Microturbines ‫א‬‫א‬
Mineral oils 
Modes of heat transfer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Monochlorodifluromethane ‫א‬‫א‬
N
Natural convection 
Natural draft cooling tower 
Nozzles 
O
Operation 
P
Performance parameters ‫א‬‫א‬
Pipelines ‫א‬
Primary refrigerant 

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  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Psychrometric chart ‫א‬‫א‬

R
Radiation ‫א‬
Radiator 
Radiator cap ‫א‬
Radiator cooling system ‫א‬
Range ‫א‬
Recirculation 
Reflectivity ‫א‬
Refrigeration ‫א‬
Relief valve 
Reversible ‫א‬
Rotor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
Servers 
Shaft horsepower ‫א‬‫א‬
Shape 
Shroud ‫א‬
Size 
Slots 
Spark ‫א‬
Spiral-shaped 
Stator ‫א‬‫א‬
Strands 
Suction 
Surge tank ‫א‬
T
Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬
Temperature-controlled fans ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Tetrafluoromethane ‫א‬‫א‬
Theory of operation ‫א‬
Thermostat ‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Transmissivity ‫א‬
Trichloromonofluormethane ‫א‬‫א‬
Turbine ‫א‬
Turbo-alternators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Two-phase boiling ‫א‬
Types of gas turbines ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
U
Vacuum Valve 
V
Vertical heat pipe cooling system ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
Water cooling ‫א‬‫א‬
Water cooling system ‫א‬‫א‬
Water pump ‫א‬
Water-cooled engines ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Water-cooled generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wicks 
Z
Zeotropic ‫א‬‫א‬

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   J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
"Maintenance Engineering Handbook", Forth Edition,
Lindley R. Higgins,
McGraw-Hill International Editions
, "Standard Handbook of Plant Engineering, Second Edition,
Robert C. Rosaler
McGraw-Hill 1995.
Eugene A. Avallone and "Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers , Ninth
Avalone BaumeisterIII Edition, McGraw-Hill
Althouse. Turnquist. "Modern Refrigeration And Air Conditioning" The
Bracciano, 1996 Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
  Personal Internet Connections

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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