XECWHT^C@I@ EINCAEIO JA^Ã GIX^PCEA ^IENBHZ NITTCÞE

GINXOPI@ @H CEKHECHTCI IKTITCI, CE@X^PTCI^ IOCLHEPITCI^ S

ILDCHEPIO

H^NXHOI VTAGH^CAEIO @H CEKHECHTCI ILDCHEPIO

"VTHVITINCÞE S WIOATINCÞE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ @H

INC@CLHPTÌI „ IONIOCLHPTÌI" Krupa 4

NXT^A:

YXÌLCNI IEIOÌPCNI

NCNOA:

WC

@ANHEPH:

CEK. EIPCWC@I@ BXI^AVALI @HOCNCI^

CEPHKTIEPH^:

 HX^PIYXCA OCWCI JA^HOCEH LCOIKTA^

 GOATH^ PATTH^ MCLDHTOC

 KXC^I^AOI NIDTHTI JINMHOCEH

 JITI NIPCTH SHRHECI

BXINBA „ 4693
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CEPTA@XNNCÞE
C. CEPTA@XNNCÞE ................................................................................................. >
CC. ADJHPCWA^ ...................................................................................................... 0
CCC. LITNA PHATCNA .......................................................................................... 0
>.9. WIOATIT A PCPXOINCÞE.  .......................................................................... 0
>.4. VTHVITINCAE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ WIOATI@I^ ^AOXNCAEH^ WIOATI@I^ 
0

>.>. ADPHENCAE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ WIOATI@I^.  ........................................... 0

>.0. WIOATINCAE @H XE INC@A GXHTPH NAE XEI DI^H GXHTPH.  ...........8
>.8. WIOATINCAE @H XEI DI^H GXHTPH NAE XE INC@A GXHTPH.  ...........8
>.7. ^AOXNCAEH^ ^PIE@IT@ VITI IEÉOC^C^ NXIEPCPIPCWA S
NXIOCPIPCWA ............................................................................................................ 8
>.;. CE@CNI@ATH^ INC@A-DI^H.  ...................................................................... 8
>.2. ^PÉE@ITH^.  .................................................................................................. 7
>.3. H^PÉE@IT VTCLITCA .................................................................................. 7
>.96. ^PIE@ITCZINCAE.  .................................................................................... 7
CW. LIPHTCIOH^ S THINPCWA^ ........................................................................ ;
W. VTANH@CLCHEPA^ ............................................................................................ 3
8.9. WIOATINCÞE @HO BC@TÞRC@A @H ^A@CA 6.9 E.  ..................................... 3
8.9.9. Vrhpirincþe `h uei saouncþe `h EiAB 6.9 E ................................................ 3
8.9.4. Vrhpirincþe `h uei saouncþe `h énc`a axéocna 6.9 E ................................ 3
PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @H EiAB .................................... 99
8.4. WIOATINCÞE @HO ÉNC@A ^XOGÚTCNA ...................................................... 94
8.4.9. Vrhpirincþe `ho énc`a suogúrcna 6.9 E .......................................................... 94
8.4.4. Vrhpirincþe `h oi saouncþe `h nirdaeita `h sa`ca 6.9 E ................................9>
PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @HO B4^A0 ..............................................90
WC. NÉONXOA............................................................................................................ 98
WCC. NXH^PCAEITCA ............................................................................................ 97
WCCC. VTADOHLI^ .............................................................................................. 46
CR. NAENOX^CAEH^ ............................................................................................ 44
R. THNALHE@INCAEH^ ..................................................................................... 4>
RC. DCDOCAKTIGCI ............................................................................................. 40

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C. CEPTA@XNNCÞE
Oi ionioclhtrìi hs ue Lãta`a `h ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna quh phrlcth oi
vioarincþe nuietctitcvi `h ue énc`a lh`cieth oi ehutrioczincþe nae uei dish `h
naenhetrincþe naeanc`i.

Hs `hncr, piri `hthrlceir oi inc`hz `h uei sustienci a saouncþe pradohli lh`cieth

tctuoincþe nae uei saouncþe vioari`i déscni.
Ho éonioc suhoh shr þxc`a, bc`rþxc`a a ue nirdaeita `ho krupa `h oas ionioceas. Ãstas
`hshlphùie uei guencþe `h dishs guhrths, sche`a distieth saoudohs he ikui, nala
par hjhlpoa ho ilaecina.

He nuieta i ois saouncaehs  ionioceis sae lunbis, phra hetrh ois lés hlpohi`is
`hstini: EiAB. Atris `csaouncaehs nala MAB, EB0AB, htn. tchehe nchrtis
`hsvhetijis par oa nuio sh usie pana

He quìlcni ieioìtcni oas pranhsias `h inc`clhtrìi y ionioclhtrìi, sae lãta`as

`h ieéocscs nuietctitcvas y vaoulãtrcnas, hstas lãta`as schlprh hs pirth `h
saouncaehs inc`is a ionioceis, quh eas scrvhe `h pitrþe piri isì pa`hr
`hthrlceir oi naenhetrincþe. He ho nisa `h inc`clhtrìi, naescsth he `hthrlceir ho
kri`a `h discnc`i`
`h uei sustienci a saouncþe, `hdc`a i oi prhshenci `h dishs ocdrhs a garli`is
par bc`rþocscs `h siohs `h énc`as `ãdcohs, nae uei saouncþe vioari`i inc`i= y piri ho
nisa
`h ionioclhtrìi, phrlìthoi vioarincþe nuietctitcvi `h ue énc`a
lh`cieth oi ehutrioczincþe nae uei dish `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i, hs `hncr piri
`hthrlceir oi inc`hz `h uei sustienci a saouncþe pradohli lh`cieth tctuoincþe nae
uei saouncþe vioari`i déscni.

Hsti préntcni sh gue`ilheti he ho lãta`a `h ieéocscs tc trclãtrcna `h ehutrioczincþe.

Ho lãta`a `h tctuoincþe `h énc`a - dish (ehutrioczincþe) nalprhe`h ta`is ois

`hthrlceincaehs disi`is he oi rhinncþe.

B+ + AB B4A

Yuìlcni Ieioìtcni Cek. @hocncis Eitcvc`i`

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>

Yuìlcni Ieioìtcni Cek. @hocncis Eitcvc`i`

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CC. ADJHPCWA^:
@hthrlceir oi naenhetrincþe hxinti `h uei saouncþe `h naenhetrincþe ipraxcli`i.

CCC. LITNA PHATCNA:

 CCC.9. WIOATIT A PCPXOINCÞE  
^ae oas ealdrhs quh oh `ie io pranhsa `h `hthrlceir `ho vaoulhe ehnhsirca `h
oi
saouncþe vioari`i piri rhinncaeir nae uei nietc`i` `hthrlcei`i `h oi luhstri
i ieioczir.
Var hsth latcva sh `cnh quh hs ue lãta`a `h ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna.
^h oohvi inida ikrhkie`a he garli naetraoi`i `h oi saouncþe vioari`i i oi
saouncþe pradohli, bisti quh sh juzki nalpohti oi rhinncþe hetrh oas `as (Nae ho
nildca `h naoar `ho ce`cni`ar).

 CCC.4. VTHVITINCAE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ WIOATI@I^ ^AOXNCAEH^ 

WIOATI@I^
Io rhioczir ue ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna biy quh naeanhr nae ta`i hxintctu` oi
nietc`i` `h sustienci rhinncaeieth quh hsté `csuhoti he ue vaoulhe `hthrlcei`a
`h oìquc`a.
Adthehr saouncaehs vioari`is hxintis, `h naenhetrincþe phrghntilheth
naeanc`i, hs ho pueta lés clpartieth `ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna: sae ho pitrþe `h
lh`c`i `h ois saouncaehs pradohli, `h naenhetrincþe `hsnaeanc`i.

 CCC.>. ADPHENCAE @H ^AOXNCAEH^ WIOATI@I^

Vuh`he prhpirirsh `crhnti a ce`crhntilheth:
 CCC.>.9.Adthencþe `crhnti
Ois saouncaehs vioari`is sh puh`he adthehr `crhntilheth par phsi`i `h uei
nietc`i` `h sustienci y `csaouncþe `h oi lcsli he ue vaoulhe `hthrlcei`a
`h ikui. Ois sustiencis hlpohi`is piri oi adthencþe `crhnti,
ooili`is sustiencis pitrþe a sustiencis tcpa prclirca, `hdhe rhuecr
ois sckucheths nae`cncaehs:
 CCC.>.4.Adthencþe ce`crhnti
Nuie`a ea hs pascdoh oi adthencþe `crhnti, parquh ois sustiencis ea nulpohe
ois nae`cncaehs `ho ipirti`a iethrcar, sh `csuhovh uei nietc`i` `h `cnbis
sustiencis prþxcli i oi rhquhrc`i y sh vioari ce`crhntilheth par lh`ca `h
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atri saouncþe yi vioari`i a `h ue phsa hxinta `h atri sustienci sþoc`i,
quìlcnilheth puri, quh rhinncaeh nae iquãoois.

 CCC.0. WIOATINCAE @H XE INC@A GXHTPH NAE XEI DI^H GXHTPH 

Hsth tcpa `h ehutrioczincþe sh coustri nae oi vioarincþe `ho énc`a noarbì`rcna
nae bc`rþxc`a sþ`cna.

B+ + AB-  B4A
I lh`c`i quh oi vioarincþe prakrhsi, vi `hnrhnche`a oi naenhetrincþe `h
cþe bc`rþkhea (iulheta ho pB) nhrni `ho pueta hsthqucalãtrcna oi
vircincþe scrvh `h dish piri oi `hthnncþe `ho pueta gceio `h vioarincþe.

 CCC.8. WIOATINCAE @H XEI DI^H GXHTPH NAE XE INC@A GXHTPH 

Hsti vioarincþe hs hethrilheth ieéoaki i oi `h ue énc`a guhrth nae uei dish
guhrth, hxnhpta he ho shetc`a `h oi vioarincþe. Io nalcheza (`csaouncþe

ioniocei), oi `csaouncþe tcheh uei hohvi`i naenhetrincþe `h AB- y par oa

tieta ue pB iota. Ho pB `hnrhnh kri`uiolheth io prcencpca,
`hspuãs
répc`ilheth he ois praxclc`i`hs `ho pueta hsthqucalãtrcna y `h euhva
kri`uiolheth `hspuãs `h `cnba pueta.

 CCC.7. ^AOXNCAEH^ ^PIE@IT@ VITI IEÉOC^C^ NXIEPCPIPCWA

S NXIOCPIPCWA
He ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna oi naenhetrincþe `ho ieiocta sh
`hthrlcei lc`che`a su nipinc`i` `h rhinncaeir nae ho rhintcva pitrþe.
Hsth hs uei saouncþe `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i nipiz `h rhinncaeir lés a
lheas nalpohtilheth nae oi sustienci quh sh ieioczi. Ho vaoulhe `h oi
saouncþe pitrþe rhquhrc`a piri nalpohtir oi rhinncþe nae ho ieiocta
sh naesc`hri nala ue pirélhtra ieioìtcna `hetra `ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna.

 CCC.;. CE@CNI@ATH^ INC@A-DI^H

Vuh`he noiscgcnirsh he:
 Ehutras, shescdohs i oas énc`as y shescdohs i ois dishs.
He ikui puri oas prclhras `ie su naoar `h triescncþe, oas shkue`as su
naoar énc`a y oas thrnhras su naoar ioniocea.

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Naesc`hrhlas ho nisa `h uei vioarincþe `h énc`a guhrth dish guhrth `ae`h
 puh`h hlpohirsh nuioquchr ce`cni`ar, phra `hdh eatirsh quh ho naoar
`h triescncþe ea ce`cniri ho lcsla pB. Si quh ois naenhetrincaehs `h caehs
B i quh ho ce`cni`ar virìi su naoar `h énc`a io déscna hs
`cghrheth. Hs naevhecheth hohkcr ue ce`cni`ar nae ue thrrhea `h nildca
`h naoar oa lés

hstrhnba pascdoh y vioarir schlprh bisti oi lcsli triescncþe

`h naoar.
 INC@CLHPTÌI „ IONIOCLHPTÌI
Ho ieéocscs vaoulãtrcna naescsth he `hthrlceir ho vaoulhe `h uei saouncþe
`h naenhetrincþe `hsnaeanc`i quh hs quìlcnilheth i ue vaoulhe `i`a `h
uei saouncþe `h naenhetrincþe `hsnaeanc`i ooili`i
‟H^PÉE@IT VTCLITCA“

 CCC.2. ^PÉE@ITH^ 
Viri ois tctuoincaehs `h énc`as i dish, hs ehnhsirca prhpirir saouncaehs `h
rhghrhenci (saouncþe hs hstée`ir) quh theki uei naenhetrincþe hxintilheth
naeanc`i `h uei `hthrlceincþe sustienci quìlcni.

 CCC.3. H^PÉE@IT VTCLITCA

Hs uei sustienci `h nalpascncþe quìlcni naeanc`i, `h iota kri`a `h purhzi
y `h krie hstidcoc`i` quìlcni he ho lh`ca ildcheth, quh puh`he phsirsh
géncolheth y nuyis saouncaeh scrvhe piri oi tctuoincþe hxinti `h saouncaehs
hstée`ir.
Xe hjhlpoa oa thehlas he ho énc`a axéocna (BAAN-NAAB.4B4A),

(V.L<947.62) par tritirsh `h ue énc`a dcdéscna su hqucvioheth krila hs

947.62/4<7>.60. quh shré ho phsa quh `hdh naethehr uei saouncþe 9E `h
inc`i axéocna he 9666lo .

 CCC.96. ^PIE@ITCZINCAE 
Hs ho pranhsa lh`cieth ho nuio sh `hthrlcei nae hxintctu` oi naenhetrincþe
`h uei saouncþe.

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CW. LIPHTCIOH^ S THINPCWA^:

  Lithrciohs

Gcaoi Wisa prhncpcti`a

Durhti
Dikuhti

Voini Vhtrc Hohelhyhr

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 Thintcvas

Inc`a axéocna Bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca

Inc`a suogurcna Inc`a noarbc`rcna

Ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa Gheaogtiohìei

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W. VTANH@CLCHEPA^
W.9. WIOATINCÞE @HO BC@TÞRC@A @H ^A@CA 6.9 E 
W.9.9.   Vrhpirincþe `h uei saouncþe `h EiAB 6.9 E.
Ho bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca hs uei sustienci kcrasnþpcni y ea hs pascdoh binhr uei
 phsi`i narrhnti, i`hlés ea schlprh sh henuhetri pura scea nae
lhznois ionioceis `h nirdaeita= par hstis rizaehs hs lhjar phsiri ioka
lés `h oa nionuoi`a piri oi earlioc`i` y ho vaoulhe ce`cni`a.

Hqucvioheth krila `ho EiAB < 06/9 < 06 kr.

06k 9666lo 9E

Rk 486lo .........................6.9E

6,9 E x 486 lo x 06 k
  Rk < 9666 lo x 9 E 

  Rk <9 k

Ho bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca phsi`a he uei nipsuoi a visa sh `csuhovh y sh triesgchrh

tatiolheth i uei gcaoi y sh nalpohti ho vaoulhe nae ikui `hstcoi`i.

Viri hstie`irczir oi saouncþe `h sa`i sh utcoczi nala pitrþe prclirca ho

énc`a noarbì`rcna vioari`a, ho énc`a dhezacna, piri hsth nisa utcoczirhlas ho énc`a
axéocna
nrcstioczi`a.

W.9.4. Vrhpirincþe `h uei saouncþe `h énc`a axéocna 6.9 E.

Hqucvioheth krila `ho 947 , 6;

BAAN  ∔NAAB   .4  B  4 A< 4 <7>,6>8

7>,6>8k 9666lo 9E

Rk 486lo ..........................6.9E

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6,9 E x 486 lo x 7>,6>8 k
  Rk < 9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk <9,8;7 k

9. Vhsir 7.> k `h énc`a axéocna usie`a uei ouei `h rhoaj tiri`i.

4. Ouhka sh pisi i ue visa `h prhncpcti`a nae

lunba nuc`i`a, oivie`a oi ouei `h rhoaj nae ikui `hstcoi`i y tritie`a `h `csaovhr
ta`a ho énc`a. (Hlpohir ueas >6 lo `h ikui).

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>. Priesghrcr oi saouncþe i uei gcaoi `h 9666 lo y oivir vircis vhnhs nae ikui
`hstcoi`i ho visa he ho nuio sh `csaovcþ ho énc`a y nalpohtir ho vaoulhe.

 PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @H EiAB.

9. Naoanir he > Hrohelhyhr 46 lo `h oi saouncþe pitrþe.

4. Ikrhkir i ni`i uea `h hooas `h 4 i > katis `h gheaogtiohìei.

>. Nirkir oi durhti nae bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca quh sh bi prhpiri`a y `hjir nihr pana
 sadrh ho visa quh naetcheh ho énc`a, bisti adthehr oi naoarincþe rasi`i.

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0. Ieatir ho vaoulhe kisti`a piri rhioczir oas néonuoas.

8.4. WIOATINCÞE @HO ÉNC@A ^XOGÚTCNA

8.4.9. Vrhpirincþe `ho énc`a suogúrcna 6.9 E
 V . L . B 4 ^ A0< 32

Hqucvioheth krilas < 32,62/4 < 03,60 k.

03.60k 9666lo 9E

Rk 486lo .........................6.9E

@h uei saouncþe `h `hesc`i` y naenhetrincþe naeanc`i. ^h puh`h ipocnir `h

oi sckucheth gþrluoi:

  k
W <  @hesc`i` Ûnaenhetrincae

Naenhetrincþe < 37%

@hesc`i` < 9.20 k /

>
nl

6,9 E x 486 lo x 03,60 k

  Rk < 9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk<9,447 k

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 W  <   9,447
9,20 Û 6,37

W < 6,7309 lo

Lh`cr ho vaoulhe `h énc`a naenhetri`a nionuoi`a, naoaniroa he uei gcaoi y

nalpohtir nae ikui `hstcoi`i bisti oi oìehi `h igara.

He ho pranh`clcheta quh sh sckuh, sh ehutriocziri nirdaeita `h sa`ca iebc`ra.

8.4.4. Vrhpirincþe `h oi saouncþe `h nirdaeita `h sa`ca 6.9 E

  V . L . Ei4 N A ><968,33

Hqucvioheth krila < 968,33/4 < 84,338 k.

84,338k 9666lo 9E

Rk 486lo ...............................6.9E

6,9  E x 486 lo x 84,338

  Rk < k
9666 lo x 9 E 

 Rk<9,>403 k

9. ^hnir uei nietc`i` ipraxcli`i `ho phsa quh sh vi i ehnhsctir he uei hstugi i 968 ¶
N par 94 lceutas, hegrcir he ho `hshni`ar y phsir oi nietc`i` nionuoi`i.

4. Visir i ue visa `h prhncpcti`a nae distieth nuc`i`a, `csaovhr he ueas >6 lo `h ikui
`hstcoi`i.

>. Priesghrcr i uei gcaoi `h 9666 lo, oivir vircis vhnhs nae ikui `hstcoi`i ho visa quh

 scrvcþ piri `csaovhr ho nirdaeita y nalpohtir ho vaoulhe.

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PÃNECNI AVHTIPCWI VITI OI WIOATINCÞE @HO B4^A0

9. Naoanir he > Hrohelhyhr 46 lo `h oi saouncþe E/96 `h

4. Ikrhkir i ni`i uea `h hooas 8 katis `ho ce`cni`ar ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa.

>. Ooheir oi durhti nae oi saouncþe `h énc`a suogúrcna E/96, sh herisi y sh `hji
nihr nae nuc`i`a kati i kati sadrh ho litriz quh naetcheh ho nirdaeita bisti adthehr
ho nildca `h naoar `h ieirieji`a i rasi.

0. Ieatir ho vaoulhe kisti`a piri rhioczir oas néonuoas.

WC. NÉONXOA:
WaoulhePhþrcna
Gintar `h Narrhnncþe < Waoulhe V

* Gintar @h Narrhnncþe Énc`a Axéocna „ Bc`rþxc`a `h ^a`ca

9¶   4¶ >¶ Hrohelhyhr 
Hrohelhyhr Hrohelhyhr 

G.N   46   46   46
<9,60;9  G.N <9,6824 G.N <9,6487
< 93,9 92,3 93,8
< <
90
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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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LH^I E¶4
* Gintar @h Narrhnncþe Énc`a ^uogúrcna „ Nirdaeita `h ^a`ca

9¶ 4¶ >¶
Hrohelhyhr Hrohelhyhr G Hrohelhyhr G
G.N< .N< .N<

46 46 46
<9,3264 <4,6464 <9,3602
96,9 3,3 96,8

 
ET  < EIVTAR R G.N

* ET   Énc`a Axéocna „ Bc`rþxc`a `h ^a`ca

9¶ Hrohelhyhr
  E    T<6,9∛9,60;9<6,960;  

4¶ Hrohelhyhr 
 E  T<6,9∛9,6824<6,9682  

>¶ Hrohelhyhr 
  E    T<6,9∛9,6487< 6,9648 

*  ET   Énc`a ^uogúrcna „ Nirdaeita `h ^a`ca

9¶ Hrohelhyhr

 E  T<6,9∛9,3264<6,9326  

4¶ Hrohelhyhr 

 E    T<6,9∛4.6464<6,46464 

>¶ Hrohelhyhr 

 E  T<6,9∛9,3602<6,9360  

WCC. NXH^PCAEITCA:
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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
E¶94
WCC.9. LH^I E¶4 y Inc`clhtrìi1
±@hgcei X` quh hs Ionioclhtrìi

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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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LH^I E¶4
 He quìlcni, oas pranhsas `h ionioclhtrìi y inc`clhtrìi sae ildas, lãta`as `h
ieéocscs nuietctitcvas y vaoulãtrcnas, phra sae lãta`as cevhrsas hetrh hooas.
 He ho nisa `h oi ionioclhtrìi,  sh binh rhghrhenci i oi garli `h biooir
oi naenhetrincþe `h uei saouncþe ioniocei, a tildcãe `h oi `hthrlceincþe `h
oi nietc`i` `h éonioc quh pashh uei sustienci.

 Ho éonioc, suhohe shr oas þxc`as, bc`rþxc`as, a nirdaeitas `ho krupa `h
oas ionioceas. Hstas juhkie ho pipho `h dishs guhrths, sche`a distieth saoudohs
he
ikui. Xe hjhlpoa tìpcna `h éonioc hs ho ilaeìina.
 Var atra oi`a, oi inc`clhtrìi , hs ho lãta`a quh sh henirki `h `hthrlceir
oi nietc`i` `h énc`a quh sh henuhetri `h liehri ocdrh he uei `csaouncþe.
 He ildas lãta`as, sh utcoczie oas lcslas pranhsas.
Khehriolheth ho BNo sh utcoczi nala énc`a, puhs hs útco he oi prhpirincþe `h
 saouncaehs nae hxinti naenhetrincþe. Ho shkue`a énc`a lés utcoczi`a hs ho énc`a
 suogúrcna.

WCC.4. ± Nala cethrprhti X` ho lãta`a `h tctuoincþe énc`a-dish

a ehutrioczincþe1
Xei vioarincþe énc`a-dish hs uei tãnecni a lãta`a `h ieéocscs nuietctitcva
luy usi`i, quh phrlcth naeanhr oi naenhetrincþe `hsnaeanc`i he
uei
`csaouncþe `h uei sustienci quh puh`i intuir nala énc`a, ehutrioczi`i
par lh`ca `h uei dish `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i, a dche shi uei naenhetrincþe
`h dish `hsnaeanc`i ehutrioczi`i par uei saouncþe `h énc`a naeanc`a .Hs
ue tcpa
`h vioarincþe disi`i he uei rhinncþe énc`a-dish a rhinncþe `h ehutrioczincþe
hetrh ho ieiocta y oi sustienci vioarieth. Ho ealdrh vaoulhtrìi binh rhghrhenci

i oi lh`c`i `ho vaoulhe `h ois `csaouncaehs hlpohi`is, quh eas

phrlcth nionuoir oi naenhetrincþe dusni`i. Ipirth `ho néonuoa `h
naenhetrincaehs, uei
vioarincþe énc`a-dish phrlcth naeanhr ho kri`a `h purhzi `h nchrtis
 sustiencis.

WCC.>. ±@ir hjhlpoas `h oas 0 tcpas `h rhinncaehs quìlcnis quh

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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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puh`he utcoczirsh nala dish `hLH^I E¶4 vaoulãtrcnas1
oas ieéocscs
* Wioarincþe Énc`a „ Dish:

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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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LH^I E¶4
 Hstis vioarincaehs hstée disi`is he oi rhinncþe `h ehutrioczincþe quh
anurrh hetrh ue énc`a y uei dish, nuie`a sh lhznoie he saouncþe. Oi
 saouncþe vioarieth, yi shi ue ]énc`a\\ (a uei dish), sh iùi`h i
uei durhti, prhvcilheth oivi`i nae ho lcsla énc`a (a dish). Ho
ieiocta, a luhstri, nae nalpartilcheta énc`a a déscna, sh iùi`h,
`csuhota he ue

`csaovheth i`hnui`a, i ue litriz Hrohelhyhr. He ois earlioczincaehs,

oi saouncþe he ho litriz, khehriolheth, hs uei saouncþe `h rhghrhenci=
nuyi naenhetrincþe hs hxintilheth naeanc`i, y oi saouncþe he oi durhti
hs ho pitrþe shnue`irca, nuya tìtuoa a naenhetrincþe `hdh
shr 
`hthrlcei`i par ho pranh`clcheta `h tctuoincþe.

* Wioarincþe Th`ax:
Oi rhinncþe anurrh hetrh uei sustienci axc`ieth y atri rh`untari.
Hjhlpoa:
Wioarincþe `h 46 lo `csaouncþe ghrrasi ipraxcli`ilheth 6.6066 L nae
saouncþe nãrcni 6.9666 L he lh`ca B 4^A0 9L

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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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Thinncþe `h vioarincþeLH^I E¶4

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 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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LH^I E¶4
Nh0+ + Gh4+  Nh>+ + Gh>+
*

^aouncþe vioarieth `h
Nh0+ 6.9666L

46.66 lo `h saouncþe ghrrasi

iprax. 6.6066L

* Wioarincþe Nalpohxalãtrcni:
^h utcoczi uei saouncþe hstée`ir `h ue ikheth nalpohjieth, nala ho
H@PI, piri lh`cr oi naenhetrincþe `h @urhzi, hs `hncr, Nirdaeitas `h
Nionca y Likehsca, he ho Ikui.
Hjhlpoa:

* Wioarincþe `h Vrhncpctincþe:
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 ^h ooili tildcãe Irkhetalhtrìi, y utcoczi uei saouncþe hstée`ir `h
 Ectrita `h Voiti piri `hthrlceir nuéetas Noaruras biy he uei luhstri.

WCC.0. ±@hgcei X` quh hs earlioc`i` vhr`i`hri1

Ho gintar `h narrhnncþe `h uei saouncþe vioki oi rh`ue`ienci hs biyi oi `hsvcincþe
`h oi naenhetrincþe laoir a earlio thþrcnilheth prhpiri`i `h oi naenhetrincþe
laoir a earlio rhio, vhr`i`hri a préntcni.
Hs `hncr, hs ho hrrar  rhoitcva hetrh oi naenhetrincþe `h oi saouncþe prhpiri`i y su
nalpartilcheta he oi préntcna a rhio (su vhr`i`hri naenhetrincþe).
 Hsti `hsvcincþe eas ce`cni oi rhoincþe `h praparncaeioc`i` hetrh oi
naenhetrincþe thþrcni y oi adthec`i he oi préntcni (I oi bari `h oi vhr`i`, he
cethrinncþe nae ois
`hlés), hs `hncr, praparncaei ue vioar eulãrcna quh phrlcth narrhkcr oi `hsvcincþe
a ho hrrar, he atris pioidris, ue gintar `h praparncaeioc`i` ooili`a gintar `h
narrhnncþe.
Ho pranh`clcheta noéscna hs lh`cieth vaoulhtrìi, i pirtcr `h uei saouncþe
 prhvcilheth vioari`i, uei saouncþe hstée`ir.
WCC.8. ±@hgcecr quh hs saouncþe pitrþe a saouncþe vioari`i1
Xei saouncþe pitrþe hs ue rhintcva `h naenhetrincþe naeanc`i nae hxintctu`.
Hstis `csaouncaehs `hshlphùie uei guencþe prcencpio he ta`as oas lãta`as
vaoulãtrcnas. Viri hstidohnhr oi naenhetrincþe biy `as apncaehs: prhpirirois
 par ue lãta`a `crhnta a par ue lãta`a ce`crhnta a earlioczincþe.
Ois saouncaehs vioari`is a saouncaehs hstée`ir sae iquhoois he ois quh ois
lh`c`is `h naenhetrincþe `h sus nalpaeheths sae naeanc`is y shkuc`is nae
 prhncscþe. Ois lh`c`is `h naenhetrincþe hstée hstie`irczi`is.
 VTÉNPCNI @H OIDATIPATCA
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LH^I E¶4
WCCC. VTADOHLI^:
WCCC.9.   Yuã vaoulhe `h Énc`a ^uogúrcna `ho 32% `h purhzi y
`hesc`i` 9,20k/nl> sh rhquchrh piri prhpirir 4 octras `h saouncþe `h 6,8E.
   Vrhpirincþe `ho Énc`a ^uogúrcna 6,8E:
  V   L°   ( B  ^
4 )< 32,62
A0
  °
 Hqucvioheth Krila:  V  L     < 32,62 <03,60 k
β 4
03,60 k ↔ 9666 lo ↔ 9 E 

  R k ↔ 4666 lo ↔ 6,8 E 
 R k<03,60 k

   Viri biooir ho vaoulhe:

  k
W  <
 @hesc`i` x Naenhetrincþe
*Naenhetrincþe : 37%
*@hesc`i` : 9,20 k/nl>
  03,60
W  <
9,20 x 6,37

W < 4;,;7 lo
WCCC.4.  Xei luhstri `h 4,66 k `h Nirdaeita `h ^a`ca bc`riti`a rhquchrh
piri su ehutrioczincþe bisti vcrijh ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa 0,>6 lo `h uei
saouncþe
`h Énc`a Noarbì`rcna 6,866 E. Nionuoir ho parnhetijh `h Nirdaeita `h
Vatisca iebì`rc`a prhsheth he oi luhstri, ±Yuã nietc`i` `h ikui `h
bc`ritincþe naetcheh oi sio, supaeche`a quh shi hsti oi úecni lithrci cehrth
hxcstheth1
i)  M  4NA>  <1
 Ei4 N A > . B 4 A + BNo ↔ M 4 N A > + EiNo
  V  L° 4M  N >A
k M  N A < k Ei NA
 x
4 > 4 >   ° Ei N A . B  A
 V L 4 > 4

k  M  N A <4,66 k  9>2,49
x
4 > 940,69
k  M  N A <4,7626 k
4 >

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LH^I E¶4

d)  B4 A <1
k B  A < k Ei NA   V   B 4 A
x
L°
 °
4 4
>
 V L Ei4 N . B 4 A
  92,64 A>
k M  N A <4,66 x
4 > 940,69
k M  N A <6,4367 k
4 >

WCCC.>.
  ^h `cspaeh `h uei saouncþe `h Énc`a ^uogúrcna 0 E. Nala prhpirir i
 pirtcr `h oi lcsli saouncþe 6,9E.
9666 lo ↔ 0 E 

 R lo ↔ 6,9 E 
 R <48 lo

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CR. NAENOX^CAEH^:
* Oi gceioc`i` `h oi tctuoincþe hs oohkir i ue pueta `h hqucocdrca, quh sh
puh`h naeanhr krincis i oas ce`cni`arhs quh sh bie utcoczi`a nala oi
gheaogtiohìei y ho ieirieji`a `h lhtcoa, oas nuiohs puh`he iothrir sus
naenhetrincaehs gìscnis
`hphe`che`a `ho tcpa `h saouncþe.

* ^h pu`a iprhncir quh ho nildca `h naoar hs ue lh`ca luy hghntcva piri

 pa`hr tctuoir tieta he oi vioarczincþe `ho bc`rþxc`a `h sa`ca (`h cenaoara i
rasi`i) nala `h oi vioarincþe `h énc`a suogúrcna (`h naoar ieirieji`a i rasi)
he oi préntcni.
* Iprhe`clas nala pa`hr vioarir ue énc`a i pirtcr `h uei rhinncþe
`h ehutrioczincþe hghntui`i nae uei dish nae oi iyu`i `h oas
néonuoas ehnhsircas hghntui`as ieths `h bidhr rhioczir oi préntcni.

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R. THNALHE@INCAEH^:
* Xtcoczir narrhntilheth oi dioiezi ieioìtcni piri adthehr ho phsa hxinta
`h ni`i luhstri.
* Xsir oas hqucpas `h prathnncþe phrsaeio io lalheta `h rhioczir oi préntcni.
* Hstir io tieta io nildca `h naoar `h ni`i vioarincþe piri pa`hr thehr ue duhe

`ita `ho kista quh sh bi khehri`a io lalheta `h thrlceir oi tctuoincþe.

* Ikrhkir ois katis ehnhsircis `h oas ce`cni`arhs.
* Hlpohir oi nietc`i` ehnhsirci `h oas rhintcvas piri quh isì ea sioki
hrrþeha oi vioarincþe.
* Io lalheta `h tctuoir utcoczir narrhntilheth ho saparth uecvhrsio y oi durhti.
* Ieatir ho vaoulhe kisti`a io lalheta `h gceioczir oi tctuoincþe.

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RC. DCDOCAKTIGCI

* bttps://quclcni.oikuci4666.nal/naenhptas-discnas/ionioclhtrci-y-

* bttps://hs.wcmcph`ci.ark/wcmc/Wioarinc%N>%D>eQ%N>%I9nc`a-dish

* bttps://hs.wcmcph`ci.ark/wcmc/Ie%N>%I9ocscsQvaoul%N>%I3trcna
* bttp://www.ncdhrehtci.nal/thscsQhs/YXCLCNI/YXCLCNIQIEIOCPCNI/W

* bttp://anw.usio.hs/nchencis-hxphrclhetiohs/quclcni-

* bttp://www.hbu.hus/dcalaohnuois/pb/ehutri.btl
*

* bttps://www.uv.hs/qieio`hthnt/vaoulhtrcis/9Qgue`ilhetasQ`hQoisQvioarinc

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