CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB BATHINDA

Department of law

Subject - Research Methodology & Legal Writing

(LLM509)

Term paper (Topic) – Research and publication ethics in India

and U.K ---A comparative study of top 5 Academic institutions

Submitted by: - Submitted to:-

Rahul kumar Dr. Deepak Kumar Chauhan

LLM Associate Professor of Law

1st Semester School of law and governance

Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

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 Acknowledgement

I hereby take the opportunity thank Dr. Deepak Kumar Chauhan sir, for his consent and the
inspiration that he radiates. His jovial behavior and ease making attitude eased my tension and the
initial doubts that I had about my potentialities. I also want to thank my friends who helped me a
lot in preparing this term paper. I have also taken help from several books and websites for doing
this. Ultimately, I once again thank Deepak sir, who made indelible impact on me which shall go
beyond the pages of this Paper and reflect in all my endeavors of life.

Hoping Acceptance and Appreciation from you, I hereby submit this project.

- Rahul Kumar

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 Table of content

1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………6

2.0 Literature review……………………………………………………………8

3.0 Research and publication ethics in U.K………………………………….10

3.1 The UK punches above its weight as a research nation ………………..10

3.2 The UK has robust cross-sector knowledge exchange………………….10

3.3 While the UK leads in many worldwide rankings, the world is changing...11

3.4 How is the UK performing? ........................................................................11

3.5 Rise of the emerging economies and other changing trends………………12

4.0 Research and publication ethics in India……………………………………14

4.1 UGC-CARE initiative to promote research quality, integrity and

publication ethics …………………………………………………………………14

4.2 Publication Policies and Ethics ………………………………………..15

4.3 Problems Encountered by Researchers in India……………………….16

5.0 Difference between Indian and Foreign Education System……………....19

6.0 Top five Academic Institution in India…………………………………...21

7.0 Top five Academic Institution in World…………………………………..24

8.0 conclusion……………………………………………………………………26

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Title of proposed study

Research and publication ethics in India and U.K ---A comparative study of top 5
Academic institutions

Literature Survey/Review

The following primary and secondary source have been referred to

Primary sources

Books
 CR Kothari, Research Methodology methods and techniques, (New Age International
Publication Ltd. New Delhi 2014)

 Ratan Singh, Legal Research and Methodology, (Lexis, Nexis, Delhi, 2013)
 Dr. S.R Myneni Legal Research Methodology’, (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad 4th
Edition 2009)

Secondary sources

Journal/Article referred:

1. Research and publication ethics

By Dr. S.K.Yadav, president, shri j.j. T university jhunjhunu, Rajasthan (India)

2. Ethics of Publication

By i) Subhash Chandra Lakhotia Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221005

ii) Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of

Science, Bengaluru–560012

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Website Referred

 https://www.elsevier.com/connect/report-compares-uks-research-performance-with-key-
nations
 Https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Santosh_Yadav24/publication
 https://www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research-
(IJAR)/page/p/plagairism-free
 http://www.rdaindia.net/publications-ethics

Hypothesis

The following hypothesis would be taken account of in the study and they have been examined
in the course of discussion. A conclusion has been drawn to assess whether the hypotheses
proposed were true to their extent of statement.

1. What are the problems that are usually faced by such researchers?
2. Why foreign education system is better than Indian education system?
3. Comparison between Research and publication ethics in India and U.K

Research methodology

In accordance with the objective of the present study, doctrinal research design has been adopted.
The doctrinal design has been used to study the methods of data collection. Doctrinal Research in
a research, as well all know, based on the principles or the propositions made earlier. It is more
based on the sources like books of the library, and through resources collected through access to
various websites. For the purpose of the Research project, the Researcher has collected relevant
materials from books on legal research methodology and also from various websites. The Research
has been done primarily with the help of books, journal and of various articles from the internet
sources have also been referred.

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 1.0 Introduction
The word research itself is a combination of “re” and “search,” which is meant by a systematic
investigation to gain a new knowledge from already existing facts. Frankly speaking, research may
be defined as a scientific understanding of existing knowledge and deriving a new knowledge to
be applied for the betterment of the mankind.

In contemporary practices, research is more formalized and has become an integral part of both
the academic institutions imparting higher education and institutions created for research.

Research and the publication process are built on trust based upon the basic belief that information
and data are collected and reported honestly without falsification and misrepresentation, so that
the resulting literature can be used as a reliable basis for further work. Since there are huge career
pressures to publish research outputs, unethical behavior on parts of authors, journal editors, peer
reviewers and or publishers is unfortunately becoming more noticeable in recent times (Mayer and
Steneck, 2012; National Academy of Sciences 2009; Tharyan, 2012). It should be noted that if a
published work is subsequently found to be unreliable or dishonest, not only personal and
institutional reputations are destroyed for good, research efforts building upon such published
work also suffers significantly in a cascading manner.

Researchers should conduct their research from research proposal to publication in line with best practices
and codes of conduct of relevant professional bodies and/or national and international regulatory bodies. In
rare cases it is possible that ethical issues or misconduct could be encountered in journal when research is
submitted for publication.

Almost every step in the publishing process involves important ethical principles. Having clear statements
on these issues can encourage responsible publication practices.

India is a country which bestows thousands of books, articles and research papers every year. The
advancement and revolution in the arena of information technology has brought radical changes in the field
of academic writing as well as publishing. At one dimension, it has brought certain best practices and on
the other side, it has created venues for unethical practices.

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The guidelines of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) are not followed by most of the paid open
access journals operating in India. The ethical aspects of research and publication have never been
considered in such publications.

It is really worrisome that 2462 journals of Indian origin have been assigned an International Standard
Serial Number (ISSN) in last year by the National Institute of Science Communication and Information
Resources. Are we really contributing to the field of academia and research as proportionate to the number
of registered journals? Many of the publishers or interested people are curious to get this number as the
guideline of UGC says that “journal with ISSN number”.

The UK remains well-rounded across most fields of research, and is a highly productive research nation in
relation to articles and citation outputs per researcher and per unit of R&D expenditure.

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 2.0 Literature review

1. Research and publication ethics

By Dr. S.K.Yadav, president, shri j.j. T university jhunjhunu, Rajasthan (India)

Ethical Conventions of Publications

Multiple Submissions: It is unethical and illegal to submit the report of a study to more than one journal
at the same time. If authors want to submit their article to another journal while it is under consideration
elsewhere, they must formally notify and request the editor of the journal in which it is under consideration,
about withdrawal of their manuscript from further consideration by that journal. All coauthors must agree
to the request for withdrawal and this agreement must be made clear to the editor of the journal with which
the study is under consideration. Only after the receipt of notification from the journal acknowledging the
withdrawal, the authors may submit their manuscript elsewhere. Authors should inform the editor if they
wish to withdraw their work from review, or if they choose not to respond to reviewer comments after
receiving editors’ communication asking for revisions.
Multiple Publications: It is unethical, and amounts to plagiarism, to duplicate or reorganize/reformulate
existing publications into new publications by willfully disguising the sources of work. Slicing of a given
study to produce several publications is also undesirable as the significance of the study may be lost because
1
of the piecemeal information in each.

Where to Publish?

Once the authors are ready to prepare their research output in the form of a manuscript, they have to consider
and decide about how and where to disseminate the new knowledge. In earlier times, this was usually done
first at a meeting of academic bodies (Academies/Societies) where the participating experts would discuss
the new findings. These could then be published as part of the ‘Proceedings’ of the meeting or could be
published as independent monograph or book. Publication of conference proceedings continues as a forum
for dissemination. However, the published proceedings of conferences organized by individuals or groups
rather than by established Academies/Societies do not usually get a wider attention and often do not also
follow serious peer-review process. Therefore, often such stand-alone publications are not given much

1
Research and publication ethics By Dr. S.K.Yadav, president, shri j.j. T university jhunjhunu, Rajasthan (India)

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importance. The most common mode of dissemination of research output is in form of publication in
research journals, where the manuscript submitted by authors is subject to peer-review by one or more
subject experts or peers before being published. In recent times, the practice of sharing the new knowledge,
prior to formal publication in research journals, is to make the output available in the form of ‘pre-print’
through individual/institutional web-site and/or through organized ‘pre-print’ archives. Some issues that
authors should consider while deciding on the mode of dissemination of knowledge are noted below.

2. Ethics of Publication
By
i) Subhash Chandra Lakhotia Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221005
ii) Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bengaluru–560012

As a long process, the main driving factor of research is motivation and passion. For some researchers and
post-graduate students, the main objective behind the research remains to earn a degree. For organizations
including defense and research laboratories, research is an important aspect for the nation and sustainability.
To the philosophers and thinkers, research means the outlet for new ideas and insights, whereas to the
intellectual people research can be the development of new styles and creative work. Research is a random
walk, but the scholars need to systematically continue towards the destination. Failure is an inevitable step
in the research phase, but may be a pillar of success. Creativity, good written and verbal communication
skills and in-depth knowledge of the subject are essential for successful completion of research work. A
researcher should have sound fundamental knowledge of the domain to be undertaken. A querying attitude
is one of the important factors. Anything and everything are questionable. This questioning attitude of the
scholar is essence of research and invention. Practical intelligence is the ability to adopt day-to-day
requirements while persistent, tenacious, uncompromising, and stubborn are some of the characteristics of
creative people. Important ingredients for a good researcher are:2

i) Dedication and Commitment; iv) Good Verbal Communication;

ii) Consistency and Patience; v) Creativity.

iii) Good Written Communication; vi) Domain Knowledge

2
Dr. S.K.Yadav, president, shri j.j. T university jhunjhunu, Rajasthan (India)

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 3.0 Research and publication ethics in U.K

3.1 The UK punches above its weight as a research nation

In 2014, the UK represented just 0.9% of global population, 2.7% of R&D expenditure, and 4.1%
of researchers, while accounting for 9.9% of downloads, 10.7% of citations and 15.2% of the
world's most highly-cited articles. While there is no change in the percentages of the UK’s
representation of global population or researchers compared to 2012, its representation in three of
these indicators is lower in 2014 than in 2012: R&D expenditure by 0.5 percentage points (p.p.),
citations by 0.9p.p. And highly-cited articles by 0.7p.p. The UK ranks first amongst its comparator
countries by field-weighted citation impact, an indicator of research impact and quality, even
though its annual rate of growth slowed down from 1.3% over the period 2008-2012 to 0.6% over
2010-2014 – this was at the same time as other key comparator countries, such as Germany, were
growing at a much faster rate. The UK’s share of global patents has risen as a result of an increase
in the number of its patents in force, and the share of global patents citing UK articles is similar to
its global publication share. However, shares in both these indicators are smaller than seen in the
last report in this series – down from 2.4% to 2.0% and from 10.9% to 9.1% respectively.3

The UK remains well-rounded across most fields of research, and is a highly productive research
nation in relation to articles and citation outputs per researcher and per unit of R&D expenditure.
The sustained upward trend in UK research productivity may be correlated to its continued increase
in international research collaboration, an activity that is generally associated with greater citation
impact than research co-authored institutionally or nationally, while its national inputs are broadly
stable in relative terms.

3.2 The UK has robust cross-sector knowledge exchange

UK academic and corporate users increasingly are downloading articles produced in the other
sector, further strengthening an already robust cross-sector knowledge exchange within the
country. Internationally, the UK’s share of global patents has risen as a result of an increase in the

3
https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/science-and-technology/uk-continues-to-punch-above-its-
weight-in-the-research-arena

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number of its patents in force, and the share of global patents citing UK articles is similar to its
global publication share. However, the UK’s share of global patents in force ranked third lowest
amongst the comparator countries.

3.3 While the UK leads in many worldwide rankings, the world is changing

The UK punches above its weight in delivering increasingly high-quality research outputs, being
highly productive, impactful and well-rounded. It holds a central position in the global
collaboration network, is an attractive destination for researchers from other countries, and there
is active cross-sector knowledge exchange within the UK and by the UK internationally. All of
this is achieved on broadly stable levels of R&D expenditure and human capital inputs. However,
the global research landscape in recent years has become increasingly complex and fluid, and it
can only become more so as emerging research nations grow their research bases. The UK is
seeing, as are other research-intensive nations including the US, its global shares in key research
indicators eroded by emerging countries, especially by China. As China and other rising research
nations succeed in their desire to emulate and even surpass the research performance of countries
like the US and the UK, their shares will naturally become larger while the erstwhile powerhouses
see theirs shrink. Although there is no doubt that the UK is well-positioned to remain a leader on
the global research stage, this can only be sustained by continued investment in its national
research base.

3.4 How is the UK performing?

The 2016 report draws on data from 2010 to 2014, which show that the UK continues to perform
strongly in the global arena.4

 The UK produces more reputable research than its spend would suggest. While many
indicators measured in the 2016 report have remained static, or shown a slight drop since
the 2013 analysis, the UK continues to be a highly productive research nation when it
comes to articles and citation outputs per researcher and unit of R&D expenditure.

4
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/report-compares-uks-research-performance-with-key-nations

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  The UK research base is well-rounded and demonstrates excellence in diverse
research fields. Its field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) is well above the world average
and it continues to rank first amongst the comparator countries, despite a slowdown in its
rate of growth and little change in its share of global articles.
 The UK is a key partner for global research collaboration and researcher
mobility. The UK attracts the very best researchers from across the globe. These
researchers are highly productive and contribute heavily to the UK’s overly large share of
highly cited publications.
 The UK has robust cross-sector knowledge exchange. UK academic and corporate
entities are increasingly downloading articles produced in other sectors, further
strengthening the cross-sector knowledge exchange within the country. Although the UK
accounts for a small proportion of global patenting activity, a high proportion of UK
research is cited in patents, and the UK is increasing its share of global patents in force.
 UK commercialisation of intellectual property derived from academic research is
increasing. The UK’s IP income amounted to £148 million in 2014, equivalent to just
under 2.0 percent of the UK’s total research resources in 2014, nearly one percentage point
higher than in 2010.
 The UK excels in several technologies that are highly relevant to industry. It ranked
first among the comparator countries in four out of nine areas: Genomics and Synthetic
Biology, Regenerative Medicine, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, and Satellites and
Commercial Applications of Space.5

3.5 Rise of the emerging economies and other changing trends

While the UK currently retains its position as a leader on the global research stage, the report
makes it clear this situation may not be sustainable in the long term as other countries continue to
focus on improving performance.

5
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/report-compares-uks-research-performance-with-key-nations

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Italy now has more articles per researcher than the UK and all other comparator countries. It has
also increased its share of international collaboration and its field-weighted citation impact is set
to rise above both the UK and Canada if current trends are maintained.

The significant increase in output by emerging research nations such as China and India means
that, based on current levels of performance, more established research countries such as the UK,
the US, Germany and France will see their shares shrink as these others grow. The high annual
growth in the number of publications of some emerging countries, for example India with nearly
12 percent, and China and Russia at around 8 percent, resulted in the UK and other research-
intensive nations seeing a reduction in their proportional shares (first chart below). The two largest
countries by article share, the US and China, continued to converge, and India’s significant growth
saw it overtake France in 2013. Japan continued to see a year on year reduction in its share of
publications, so much so that it is likely to be overtaken by India in 2015.

The biggest pressure on the UK continues to stem from China. The quality of China’s research in
terms of field-weighted citation impact, alongside an increased share in the number of publications,
has improved. In 2013, China overtook the UK in global shares of highly-cited articles. Although
there is no doubt that the UK is well-positioned to maintain its leading research nation status, the
report states that this will only be possible if there is continued investment in its national research
base.6

6
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/report-compares-uks-research-performance-with-key-nations

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 4.0 Research and publication ethics in India

4.1 UGC-CARE initiative to promote research quality, integrity and

publication ethics

Bhuahan Patwardhan and Archana Thakur

Research and innovation involve rigorous scientific efforts in the search of truth, and creation of
new knowledge contributing to socio-economic benefits for global good. Responsible conduct,
academic integrity and publication ethics are central to education and scientific research. It is
important to improve quality, safeguard ethics and prevent academic misconduct, including
plagiarism. Serious concerns regarding fake science and knowledge crisis have been raised,
appealing to faculty members, scientists and other stakeholders. The need to take a firm stand
against any fakery and contradict those who promote it has also been stressed7. Increased incidence
of compromised publication ethics and deteriorating academic integrity are a growing global
problem contaminating all domains of research. And India is no exception. This problem, it is
necessary to appreciate the vastness, diversity and complexity of the Indian higher education
system. The University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi,

To understand is a statutory organization established by the Government of India (GoI) for the
coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research
in university education. India still follows the British-origin affiliating system where, by and large,
over 40,000 colleges deal with undergraduate while over 900 universities are entrusted with
postgraduate education and research.

According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2018 data, about 1.285 million
teachers are present in the system to train 36.6 million students, of which 4.14 million are in
Master’s programmes and 161,000 in doctoral programmes. In 2018, about 34,400 students were
awarded Ph D degrees. The GoI awards nearly 10,000 research fellowships every year. According
to Scopus data, about 147,537 articles are published from India. Majority of research articles
published from the country are from over 100 institutes of national importance and a large number

7
Hopf, H., Krief, A., Mehta, G. and Matlin, S. A., R. Soc. Open Sci., 2019, 16(5), 190161 (1–7).

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of national laboratories managed through different research councils. Historically, a typical Indian
affiliating university centres to degree education, whereas national institutes and laboratories are
mandated for research. Except in a few cases, such bifurcation seems to be a major reason for poor
research culture in most Indian universities. It has been observed that unethical/deceptive practices
in publishing are leading to an increased number of predatory journals worldwide. We have closely
observed rapid emergence of predators in India during the last decade. After October 2018, the
UGC decided to take more firm steps to improve research quality, academic integrity and curb
mushrooming predatory publishers.

4.2 Publication Policies and Ethics

Guidelines for Retracting Articles

IJAR - Indian Journal of Applied Research Journals take the responsibility to maintain the
integrity and completeness of the scholarly record of the content for all end users very seriously.
The journal place great importance on the authority of articles after they have been published and
our policy is based on the best practice followed in the academic publishing community.

It is a general principle of scholarly communication that the Editor of a learned journal is solely
and independently responsible for deciding which article(s) shall be published out of the submitted
articles in a particular time. In making this decision, the Editor is guided by the policies of the
journals Editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements in force regarding copyright
infringement and plagiarism. An outcome of this principle is the importance of the scholarly
archive as a permanent, historic record of the transactions of scholarship. Articles that have been
published shall remain extant, exact and unaltered as far as possible. However, occasionally
unavoidable circumstances may arise where after publication the article requires retraction or even
removal from a particular journal. Such actions must not be undertaken lightly and can only occur
under exceptional circumstances, such as:8

8
https://www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research-(IJAR)/page/p/plagairism-free

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Article withdrawal: This is only used for Article in Press which represents the early versions of
the accepted articles. If any article at the stage of Article in Press, by any means, represents
infringements of professional ethical codes, such as multiple submissions, bogus claims of
authorship, plagiarism, fraudulent use of data or similar incidences, the article may be withdrawn
depending on the Editor’s discretion. In this regard, Editor’s decision must be considered as final
following the deep assessment and analysis of the situations, on a case by case basis.

Article retraction: Infringements of professional ethical codes, such as multiple submissions,

sham claims of authorship, plagiarism, fraudulent use of data and similar claims will lead to the
retraction of an article. Occasionally, a retraction may be considered to correct errors in submission
or publication.

Article removal and replacement: Subjected to legal limitations of the publisher, copyright
holder or author(s). Identification of false or inaccurate data representation which may pose a
serious health risk and involves any means of scientific data tampering or other fraud hindering
fair practice of science should be treated with highest possible strictness.

The core objective of these measures is necessary to maintain the integrity of the academic record.

4.3 Problems Encountered by Researchers in India

Researchers in India, particularly those engaged in empirical research, are facing several problems.
Some of the important problems are as follows:9

1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research is a great impediment

for researchers in our country. There is paucity of competent researchers. Many
researchers take a leap in the dark without knowing research methods. Most of the work,
which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to many
researchers and even to their guides, is mostly a scissor and paste job without any insight
shed on the collated materials. The consequence is obvious, viz., the research results,

9
CR Kothari, Research Methodology methods and techniques, (New Age International Publication Ltd. New Delhi
2014)

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 quite often, do not reflect the reality or realities. Thus, a systematic study of research
methodology is an urgent necessity. Before undertaking research projects, researchers
should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects. As such, efforts should be
made to provide short duration intensive courses for meeting this requirement.

2. There is insufficient interaction between the university research departments on one side
and business establishments, government departments and research institutions on the
other side. A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature remain
untouched/untreated by the researchers for want of proper contacts. Efforts should be
made to develop satisfactory liaison among all concerned for better and realistic
researches. There is need for developing some mechanisms of a university—industry
interaction programme so that academics can get ideas from practitioners on what needs
to be researched and practitioners can apply the research done by the academics.

3. Most of the business units in our country do not have the confidence that the material
supplied by them to researchers will not be misused and as such they are often reluctant
in supplying the needed information to researchers. The concept of secrecy seems to be
sacrosanct to business organisations in the country so much so that it proves an
impermeable barrier to researchers. Thus, there is the need for generating the confidence
that the information/data obtained from a business unit will not be misused.

4. Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of
adequate information. This results in duplication and fritters away resources. This
problem can be solved by proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals, of a list
of subjects on which and the places where the research is going on. Due attention should
be given toward identification of research problems in various disciplines of applied
science which are of immediate concern to the industries.

5. There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-university and
interdepartmental rivalries are also quite common. Hence, there is need for developing
a code of conduct for researchers which, if adhered sincerely, can win over this problem.
6. Many researchers in our country also face the difficulty of adequate and timely
secretarial assistance, including computerial assistance. This causes unnecessary delays
in the completion of research studies. All possible efforts be made in this direction so

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 that efficient secretarial assistance is made available to researchers and that too well in
time. University Grants Commission must play a dynamic role in solving this difficulty.

7. Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places and much of the
time and energy of researchers are spent in tracing out the books, journals, reports, etc.,
rather than in tracing out relevant material from them.

8. There is also the problem that many of our libraries are not able to get copies of old and
new Acts/Rules, reports and other government publications in time. This problem is felt
more in libraries which are away in places from Delhi and/or the state capitals. Thus,
efforts should be made for the regular and speedy supply of all governmental
publications to reach our libraries.

9. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data from various
government and other agencies doing this job in our country. Researcher also faces the
problem on account of the fact that the published data vary quite significantly because
of differences in coverage by the concerning agencies.

10. There may, at times, take place the problem of conceptualization and also problems
relating to the process of data collection and related things.10

10
CR Kothari, Research Methodology methods and techniques, (New Age International Publication Ltd. New Delhi
2014)

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 5.0 Difference between Indian and Foreign Education System

Education system in India is worse than foreign countries including US, countries of UK and Gulf
countries. This is the known fact. We all know it; but why? Why foreign education system is better
than Indian education system? I list out few differences between Indian Education System and Foreign
Education System. Have a look.

 Indian education focuses more on theory rather than practical. Indian education system
doesn’t allow creativity. Whereas in foreign countries; they focus more on practical based
learning. And they allow creativity in education.

 In India; education is a formality, part of routine; every Indian must get a degree of
Engineering or Medical stream; whether you learn something or not. In foreign countries;
education is taken as a learning process.

 Foreign education curriculum contains everything taking from arts to sports along with
studies. US has arts, sports, music and theatre in syllabus. Australia focuses more on sports;
they have cricket, hockey and boxing in their college curriculum. Whereas Indian
education system only emphasize on studies. There is no room for extracurricular in our
education system.

 In Dubai; primary and secondary education is free and it is made compulsory in law. Where
as in India education is becoming business. Taking from privatization of education to
tuitions and coaching institute; education is generating good money. So business minds are
now moving towards education.

 In India students are not given choice to select their field of interest. One must become an
engineer or a doctor! Sports and arts are considered to be made for leftovers. If you don’t
get admission in science of commerce stream; you choose arts. This is what Indians feel.

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  In India; students are admitted into streams which have higher pay scale or higher number
of jobs. And in foreign country; students are admitted according to their field of interest.

 In India; students take admission seeing the trends. So if in a particular year, majority of
students are rushing towards Mechanical Engineering, you’re bound to take admission in
Mechanical Engineering. Students are not given choice to select their field of stream. In
short in India; we go with the flow. Where as in foreign countries, students wait until they
get admission into their field of interest.

 In India, students are required to memorize facts and figures. Thousands of equations of
mathematics, birth dates and death dates of freedom fighters, chemical reactions and
hundreds of other things. We emphasize on theory. And in foreign country they impact
knowledge in students through practical implementation

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 6.0 Top five Academic Institution in India11

1. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) Mumbai

2. Indian Institute of science (IISC) Bangalore
3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) Delhi
4. Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) Chennai
5. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IITKGP) kharagpur

1. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) Mumbai

Established in 1958, the second of its kind, IIT Bombay was the first to be set up with foreign
assistance. The funds from UNESCO came as Roubles from the then Soviet Union. In 1961
Parliament decreed the IITs as ‘Institutes of National Importance'. Since then, IITB has grown
from strength to strength to emerge as one of the top technical universities in the world.The
institute is recognised worldwide as a leader in the field of engineering education and research.
Reputed for the outstanding calibre of students graduating from its undergraduate and postgraduate
programmes, the institute attracts the best students from the country for its bachelor's, master's and
doctoral programmes. Research and academic programmes at IIT Bombay are driven by an
outstanding faculty, many of whom are reputed for their research contributions internationally.IIT
Bombay also builds links with peer universities and institutes, both at the national and the
international levels, to enhance research and enrich its educational programmes. The alumni have
distinguished themselves through their achievements in and contributions to industry, academics,
research, business, government and social domains. The institute continues to work closely with
the alumni to enhance its activities through interactions in academic and research programmes as
well as to mobilise financial support.

2. Indian Institute of science (IISC) Bangalore

The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) was founded in 1909 as a result of the joint efforts of
Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, the Government of India, and the Maharaja of Mysore. In 1886,

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Jamsetji Tata conceived of a university of science that will work for the benefit of India, and in
1898 created an endowment for establishing such an institution. The Government of India then
took up the effort, and, in consultation with scientists in England and in India, decided to locate
the Institute in Bangalore, where the Maharaja of Mysore, Shri Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, donated
372 acres of land. The Institute was formally vested in 1909, the foundation stone was laid in 1911,
and the first batch of students started their studies in the same year. Over the 105 years since its
establishment, IISc has become the premier institute for advanced scientific and technological
research and education in India. Beginning with 2 departments and 21 students in 1911, today IISc
has over 40 departments, units, or centres, 4000 students, and about 500 academic and scientific
staff, supported by 600 administrative personnel.

3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) Delhi

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi is one of the seven Institutes of Technology created as centres
of excellence for higher training, research and development in science, engineering and technology
in India, the others being at Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Bombay, Guwahati and Roorkee.
Established as College of Engineering in 1961, the Institute was later declared an Institution of
National Importance under the \"Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 1963\" and was
renamed \"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi\". It was then accorded the status of a deemed
university with powers to decide its own academic policy, to conduct its own examinations, and
to award its own degrees.

4. Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) Chennai

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, is one among the foremost institutes of national
importance in higher technological education, basic and applied research. In 1956, the German
Government offered technical assistance for establishing an institute of higher education in
engineering in India. The first Indo-German agreement in Bonn, West Germany for the
establishment of the Indian Institute of Technology at Madras was signed in 1959. IIT Madras is
a residential institute with nearly 540 faculty, 8400 students and 700 administrative & supporting

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staff and is a self-contained campus located in a beautiful wooded land of about 250 hectares. It
has established itself as a premier centre for teaching, research and industrial consultancy in the
country. The Institute has sixteen academic departments and a few advanced research centres in
various disciplines of engineering and pure sciences, with nearly 100 laboratories organised in a
unique pattern of functioning. A faculty of international repute, a brilliant student community,
excellent technical & supporting staff and an effective administration have all contributed to the
pre-eminent status of IIT Madras. The campus is located in the city of Chennai, previously known
as Madras. Chennai is the state capital of Tamilnadu, a southern state in India.

5. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IITKGP) kharagpur

The Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur is the first of the sixteen Institutes established in
the IIT system. Established in 1951, IIT Kharagpur stands tall for its excellence in Academics and
Research with top class faculty. With 19 Academic Departments, 7 Centres & 8 Schools of
Excellence, the Institute offers 15 B.Tech.(Hons.) Programs, 38 Dual Degree Programs, 2
Interdisciplinary Dual Degree Programs, 6 Integrated M.Sc. Programs and 5 Two Year M.Sc.
degree programs of Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D.The motto of IIT Kharagpur is "Yoga Karmashu
Kaushalam" . The motto literally translates to "Excellence in action is Yoga" essentially implying
that doing your work well is (true) yoga. It is sourced to Sri Krishna's discourse to Arjuna in
Bhagavad Gita. This quote in its larger context of Gita urges man to acquire equanimity because
such a soul endowed with the mind of equanimity allows him to shed the effects of his good and
evil deeds in this world itself. Equanimity is the source of perfection in Karmic endeavors while
leading to Salvation.

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 7.0 Top five Academic Institution in World12

1. University of Oxford
2. Stanford University
3. Harvard University
4. California Institute of Technology
5. Massachusetts institute of Technology

1. University of Oxford

One of the most prestigious universities in the UK has come out on top for the fifth year running.
The University of Oxford is the UK’s oldest university and one of the best known in the world.
There are more than 20,000 students at Oxford, with a roughly equal number of undergraduates
and postgraduates. About 95 per cent of Oxford graduates are employed or in postgraduate study
within six months of completing their studies. Admission is extremely competitive; on average the
university receives five applications for every place. The university employs staff from just under
100 countries and foreign citizens make up about 40 per cent of the student and academic body.

2. Stanford University

Stanford University has produced many entrepreneurs and start-ups and was partly responsible for
the development of the surrounding Silicon Valley. Many students go on to achieve great things;
17 Nobel laureates are affiliated with Stanford. The large campus is home to 97 per cent of
undergraduates and nearly 700 university buildings, alongside museums, gardens and recreational
centres. There are just under 7,000 undergraduates and 9,000 postgraduates at the university, with
a 7:4 student-to-staff ratio. Research at Stanford has a $1.22 billion budget and more than 5,000
of the projects are externally funded.

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3. Harvard University

Harvard University finds itself back in the top five this year, climbing four places from number
seven last year. It is one of the most prestigious universities in the world and has topped the Times
Higher Education Reputation Ranking for nine consecutive years. It is also part of the Ivy League,
a group of eight private universities in the US, which are highly regarded. Established in 1636, it
is the oldest university in the country. The institution is connected to more than 45 Nobel laureates,
at least 30 heads of state and 48 Pulitzer prizewinners.

4. California Institute of Technology

One of the most striking features of Caltech is its small size; only about 1,000 undergraduates and
1,250 postgraduates are enrolled there. The college boasts a high student-to-staff ratio. Caltech
aims to foster an interdisciplinary environment in which students learn about and tackle the most
challenging and fundamental scientific or technological problems. The institution was founded as
Throop University in 1891. It assumed its current name in 1920. There were 6,506 applicants for
the entry class graduating in 2019 and 99 per cent of the students accepted across all years were in
the top 10 per cent of their high school class. More than half of Caltech students receive need-
based financial support. The average financial aid package is $38,983. Caltech’s mascot is a
beaver, “nature’s engineer” Among the unusual features of the institution are the customary cookie
break taken every Thursday by physicists and their students, and the university’s status as a
distributor of olive oil. Caltech: ‘uniquely difficult but a wonderful place to study’

5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was founded in the mid-19th century and has always
endeavored to provide financial aid to students on a needs basis. The first architecture classes in
the US were taught at MIT. The first female student, Ellen Swallow Richards, was admitted to the
chemistry department in 1871. Just two years later, the first international student – from Canada –
graduated from MIT. The campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, includes 18 student residences,
many gardens and public works of art. Admission to the university is extremely selective; only 8
per cent of applicants won a place in the graduating class of 2019. Graduates are employed by top
companies, including Google, Amazon and Apple

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 8.0 Conclusion

From this article we can get to know that the education standard in India is very less comparing
with Switzerland and United Kingdom. Due to which other factors like school enrolment and
unemployment rate are also affected. Even though the school enrolment is high and the education
standards are in moderate rate, unemployment still ranges in a high rate which indirectly affects
the economic conditions of the country. Since education plays a vital role in the life of everyone it
is an important factor that has to be shown importance on. It is very important to improve the
education standard of a country so as to improve the economic growth of the country.

Most of the Universities have negligent attitude towards the publications made by their faculties
(where they publish and what they publish). As far as promotion is concerned, it should not be
deemed as a mere personal activity and the Universities ought to give concern for the faculties and
their publications. A few universities have taken considerable measures to check the quality of
what have been published or at list where have been published. Some of the universities give
weight age to paper published in journals with Impact Factor and books with strong peer review
system. However, impact factor alone must not be the criteria and every subject must have proper
system, as there are limited choices available for subjects like humanities and social sciences,
which lack high impact factor as par with science subjects. There is no suspicion that „indexing‟
has relevance. Therefore, clarity on which index is needed to be considered for what subject should
be explicit. Now several universities consider the indexes that are all „science centric‟.
Subject/theme wise delineation of such consideration should be initiated. Points should not be
awarded just because the journal is indexed anywhere.

Those who are blindly deceived by the API system are disturbed by the tedious task of preparing,
submitting, revising, waiting so long and getting published. Another group of people are against
this practice, due to the prevailing practice of awarding marks for anything and everything. Yes,
their concern is real; people should not enter into academics with their pseudo-publications. In the
absence of such system of performance appraisal, how can we assess the quality of a person
engaged in research? Truly speaking, we do not have any other mode to assess it. We must
understand that many of the reputed foreign universities consider „quality publications‟ as par
with a doctoral degree. Such waiving off is provided in the context of people’s ability to engage

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in research and dissemination. In India, we are lacking uniform policies to bring quality into
academics writing and publishing. Every university must have its own clear policy on ethics in
publication and plagiarism.

Most of the western universities have well defined policy on plagiarism that is even applicable for
writing academic assignments. This policy is applicable from the undergraduate level itself. It is a
matter of profound regret that we don’t have such policies even at PhD and faculty level. In western
universities, at the time of admission, students were oriented on what is plagiarism, how can it be
avoided and the consequences of it. There are incidents where many students are thrown out from
the universities due to the allegations of their involvement in plagiarism.

Although many initiatives have been taken in order to ensure quality in the field of research, India
still performs faulty in such quality concerns. University Grants Commission in the year 1984,
through its document, has given strong indication against plagiarism and other academic
unscrupulous acts. For 32 years from that point, we have not made it standard and systematic. Even
though the recent guidelines brought forth by the University Grants Commission (2016) is a
beacon of hope for reducing some of the existing unscrupulous acts and many of the unanswered
ambiguities. The guideline emphasizes to consider those publications in “Refereed Journals as
notified by the UGC”, “Other Reputed Journals as notified by the UGC” and National/International
publishers as identified by the UGC. The criterion of being notified as a journal/publisher by UGC
is not indicated. It’s a relevant question what mechanism would be used for identifying such
journals. The guidelines have to be clear. There must be a solid system to identify
journals/publishers.

Recently, many of the universities began the system of plagiarism check, before the submission of
thesis. Many more initiatives have to be taken place in the field of research and academic writing.
The culture of „cut and paste‟ must not be promoted and orientation must begin right from the
primary levels of education. The initiation of strict and viable policies in this field is a prime need
in India. A qualitative transformation is required so as to safeguard India from the damages
imparted by the present system and to carve a nice he of its own in the circle of world academia.

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