Introduction:

“Anemia is strictly defined as a decrease in red blood cell (RBC) mass.

The function of the RBC is to deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. This is accomplished by
using hemoglobin, a tetramer protein composed of heme and globin. In
anemia, a decrease in the number of RBCs transporting oxygen and
carbon dioxide impairs the body’s ability for gas exchange. The decrease
may result from blood loss, increased destruction of RBCs (hemolysis), or
decreased production of RBCs.”
The value for Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in
Philippines was 30.30% as of 2016. Over the past 26 years this indicator
reached a maximum value of 47.20% in 1997 and a minimum value of
30.30% in 2016. Methods for measuring RBC mass are time consuming
and expensive and usually require transfusion of radiolabeled erythrocytes.
There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause.
Anemia can be temporary or long term, and it can range from mild to
severe. Treatments for anemia range from taking supplements to
undergoing medical procedures or by eating a healthy, varied diet to
prevent some types of anemia.

After the distribution of patients, we started with our tasks like monitoring of
vital signs, conducting an interview with the patients, and other procedures
needed for the care of the patients. We handled different kinds of patients
with different kinds of conditions; one of them was Ms. R.B.C who was
diagnosed with Anemia.

Definition of terms:
A. Anemia
⮚ is a condition that develops when blood lacks enough healthy
red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red
blood cells and binds oxygen. Hemoglobin is abnormal or low if
the red blood cells are too few or abnormal.
B. Iron deficiency anemia
 ⮚ This is the most common type of anemia worldwide. Iron
deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of iron in your body.
Your bone marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Without
adequate iron, your body can't produce enough hemoglobin for
red blood cells.
C. Vitamin deficiency anemia
⮚ In addition to iron, your body needs folate and vitamin B-12 to
produce enough healthy red blood cells. A diet lacking in these
and other key nutrients can cause decreased red blood cell
production.
D. Anemia of chronic disease
⮚ Certain diseases — such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid
arthritis, kidney disease, Crohn's disease and other chronic
inflammatory diseases — can interfere with the production of
red blood cells.
E. Aplastic anemia.
⮚ This rare, life-threatening anemia occurs when your body
doesn't produce enough red blood cells. Causes of aplastic
anemia include infections, certain medicines, autoimmune
diseases and exposure to toxic chemicals.
F. Anemias associated with bone marrow disease.
⮚ A variety of diseases, such as leukemia and myelofibrosis, can
cause anemia by affecting blood production in your bone
marrow. The effects of these types of cancer and cancer-like
disorders vary from mild to life-threatening.
G. Hemolytic anemias.
⮚ This group of anemias develops when red blood cells are
destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them. Certain
blood diseases increase red blood cell destruction. You can
inherit a hemolytic anemia, or you can develop it later in life.
H. Sickle cell anemia.
⮚ This inherited and sometimes serious condition is an inherited
hemolytic anemia. It's caused by a defective form of
hemoglobin that forces red blood cells to assume an abnormal
crescent (sickle) shape. These irregular blood cells die
prematurely, resulting in a chronic shortage of red blood cells.
I. Other anemias.
⮚ There are several other forms of anemia, such as thalassemia
and malarial anemia.
Pathophysiology
IV. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Modifiable Factors:
Non-modifiable Factors:
- Nutrition
- Age
- Tobacco use or smoking
- Race
- Drug Abuse
- Family history of leukemia,
- Alcohol intake
anemia and hypertension.
- Diet and lifestyle

Decrease in RBCs, Hgb, or Hct level

Diminished O2 –carrying capacity

Hypoxia and hypoxia-induced effects on organ function

Hypovolemia