1 Introduction to Differential Equations Exercises 1.1 1. Second-order; linear. 2. Third-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)* 3. First-order; nonlinear because of yy/. 4, First-order; linear 5. Fourth-order; linear. 6. Second-order; nonlinear because of siny 7. Second-order; nonlinear because of (d?u/d2?)”. 8. Second-order; nonlinear because of 1/r?. 9. Third-order; linear. 10, First-order; nonlinear because of 9”. 11. From y =e"? we obtain y/ = —}e-*/2, ‘Then 2y' + y = ~e72/2 + e #2 = 12, From y = 8 we obtain of = 0, so that y/ + 4y = 0 + 4(8) = 32. 13. From y = e% + 10e* we obtain dy/dx = 3¢%* + 20e°7. Then # ~ y= (Be + 2067") — 2 (2 + 1027") = e¥, 14. From y = 3 - ee we obtain dy/dt = 24e-%, 50 that dy —208 G 4 204 = 0 g + 20y = 2e 20(= 15. From y = Stan Sz we obtain y’ = 25sec*5z. Then of = 25sec? 5x = 25 (14 tan? 52) = 25+ (Stan Sz}? = 35 + 97. 16. From y = (V+ c1)” we obtain y’ = 2(/% + c1) /2v@, 20 that = en (ray =f 17. seoy- tues Lasse! we obtain f = Fear + being ~ 10e°*. Then yYrys 1 ( cos + going — 10-*} + (fsinz ~ Jeone + we™*) = sins, 218. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Exercises 1.1 First write the differential equation in the form 2zy + (22+ 2y) y’ = 0. Implicitly differentiating Py + y? = q we obtain 2ry + (29+ 2y) y' = 0. Fust write the differential equation in the form y’ = —2y/x. From y = ~1/2? we obtain y’ = 227%, 80 that —2y/x = 20% = y, From y = 2 +1 we obtain y’ = 1, so that (u’}® tay’ =ltiaey. implicitly differentiating y? = ¢ (« + ja) we obtain 9 = ¢1/2y. Then 2 2 az, 2ay' ty(y'P = + = wy ¥ ayy s, ifx>o Writing y = z[z| as y = 3 = we see that |y] = 2”, -00 < 1 < on, and -2?, ifg<0 le Vorawle BFPO since ya PB 2° ais apparent that 9” VW) ifx Se — dX Then = Q—X)(1-2). 2 2 Differentiating y = e dt+ce"* we obtain yao — are? f ef dt —2ete" =1~ are? f edt — 220 * Substituting into the differential equation, we have yi + 2ay = 1-220 f fat —2ox0™ + axe of dt + 2evee First write the differential equation in the form y! = . Then o(z + y)? = 2e%/* iraplies axes jation ei ase: co: = 75 and implicit differentiation gives 2oi(x + y)(1 + y') = we {e+y) z +7. Solving28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Exercises 1.1 for y/ we obtain Bes) — 2 From y = cie#® + cge~4? we obtain y = 3cpe3* — 4eze™4* and y/! = Sere®* + 16cye~4*, so that gy +y/— dy =0. From y = ¢%* cos 2x we obtain y’ = 3e* cos 2x — 2e%* sin 2z and y” = Se** cos 2x — 12e** gin 22, 50 that o/' — 6y + 1dy = 0. in OY — 9¢2t PY 24 dee? ay dy 22 wet cs = From y ~ €* +204 we obtain = — Se +200 and Fy = Be +dee™ co that TAG) +4y = 0. From y = cosh + sinh x we oblain y’ = sinh + cosh and y” = coshz + sinha = y. From y = ¢1 cos 5a we obtain y/ = —Se; sin 5x and y” = —25e; cos 5c, so that 4’ + 25y = 0. 1 From y = In| + ci] + 02 we obtain yf = ———— andy” , 80 that y+ (y')? = =-1 (e+e)? 1+ sing In(seez + tanz) and From y = —coszIn(secx + tan) we obtain y = y! =tenz + cosz|n(secx + tanz). Then y” + y = tanec. dy Fr = 1 ye obtain y! = —e2-? and y! = 2,275, so that ot 4 2% — OM Y = Cy + C22" v 9) and y 2: a “mt de . . 1 From y = x cos(Inz) we obtain y’ = - sin(Inz)+cos(Inz) and y” = > » cos(in 2) — ;sin(inz), s0 that 2?y"” — xy’ + 2y = 0. From y = 2? +2? Ing we obtain y/ = 32 + 2xIn2 and y" =5+2Inz so that 2?y” Bey! + dy 0. From y = ¢; sin 32 + cg cos 3x + 4e* we obtain y/ = 3¢, cos 8x — 3cg sin 32 + 4e?, y” = —9ey sin 32 — Yen cos 32 + 4e*, and y" = —27e1 cos 3x + 27ep sin 3x + 4€, so thet a — y" + Oy! — 9y = 0. From y = 2%¢* we obtain y/ = 272" + Ize*, y/ = that. 9” ~ 32 + 3y/—-y = 0. 7 + dne*2e*, and 4” ~ 27e* + Gre” + 6e*, 50 From y = ar pete we obtain y! =o) +e) In 2+ 8x, y” = cia! +8, andy" = —cyz7?, so that dy 3 ag oe ty 12: vapt + 22’ 2 vy 0, 2, r<0 —2r, 2<0 + = " btain y= that cry’ — 2y = 0. Rom y ( Pet we obtain y= [FOP FST so chat af = 2y 0 2<0 . ,_f% red yr f% <0 From y=} ig ag we obtain = jue 59 00th WTO og, 343. 45. 47. 50. 51. Exercises 1.4 From y = ex +c? we obtain yf = ¢ so that zy + (y/)? = er +? = y. From y = kz? we obtain y' = 2ke so that cy’ + (y’)* = y implies that 22k(1+ 4k) = 0. Then & = —1/4 produces a singular solution, |. From y = cx+ V1+¢ we obtain y = cso that ry! + 1+ (y)? = y. From 2? +4? = 1 we obtain iv v xt yf =-2/y. Then fory #0, zy’ tit (y?=— + v yr is implied by z? + y? = 1 together with y 40. =y. The condition -1 <2 <1 By inspection, y = —1 is o singular solution. Note that this is the “solution” obtained by computing the limit as c approaches infinily of the one-parameter family of solutions. Vi-g, -2<2<0 . The function y = { is not continuous at x = 0 {the left hand limit is 2 -VE-#, 0S e<2 and the right hand limit is —2,) and hence y/ does not exist at = 0. From y = e™ we obtain y/ = me™ and y” = m*e™*. Then y” — 5y’ + Gy = 0 implies me™ — 5me™ + Ge = (m — 2)(m ~ 3)e™ = 0 Since e”® > 0 for all x, m = 2 and m=3. Thus y =e?” and y = e™ are solutions. . From y = e™ we obtain y/ = me™ and y” = m@e™. Then y” -+ 10y’ 4+ 25y = 0 implies me" + 10me™ + 25€"* = (m+ 5)°e™* Since e™ > 0 for all z, m= 5. Thus, y = ¢* is a solution. . Using y’ = ma"! and y” = m(m—1)s™~? and substituting into the differential equation we obtain an(m — 1)2™ — 2 = (m? —m —1)27* = 0. Solving m? — m— 1 = 0 we obtain m= (14 V5) /2. Thus, two solutions of the differential equation on the interval 0 < 2 < 00 are y = a('+V5)/2 and ya rll Vb)/2, Using y’ = ma"! and y"” = m(m—1)z"~? and substituting into the differential equation we obtain zy" + Gry! + 4y = [m(m ~ 1) + 6m + 4Je™, The right side will be zero provided m satisfies m(m—1)+6m+4=m?+5m+4 = (m+ 4i(m+i)=0. Thus, m= —4,—1 and two solutions of the differential equation on the interval 0 < z < 00 are yor! and yoo. It is easily shown that y) = 22 and yp = 24 are solutions. If ys — e141 + cove = C12? + cox then YA = 2cpz+ 3eqz? and yf = 2qy + Gegx so that xy — dry} + 6ys = 0. Hence ciyn, coyz, and y+ yn are solutions.Exercises 1.2 52. It is easily shown that y= 2 and yo = 2? are solutions. If y = cry, = 2cpr + 2c, then y/ = 2c) 80 wo that zy’ + SO = 2ere 4 Qct £ y for ey £0 and co #1. fy = coya = (c2/2)a? then y! = —ear “we so that zy! + 22 =A Bey tea Foie y ley sy tye = ~22/2 + 22 + 2 then OF y =—2+2so0 that a/+"— ane 244. Thus, none of e141, cay2, and yi + ye are solutions. 83. (a) y=0 io) no real solution (c) y=lory 1 Exercises 1.2 1, The sum of the forces acting on the body is mg ~ kv where & is a constant of proportionality, and the minus sign indicates that the resistance acts in a direction opposite to the motion. From du ik Newton's second law we have mg—ku= m2 or 4 a=s. di 2. From Newton’s second law we obtain ne = —h? + mg. 3. (a) From g = k/R? we find k = 9R®. b) Using a= 2 and part (a) we abtein @ ae ae dvdr gR? _ de _ (e) Part (b) becomes SF — 8 =O ory ~ Fe = 4. (a) The sum of the forces acting on the satellite is ma — ku, so by Newton's second law, @ ot dr gk? a ma— ky =m. From Problem 3, a = 2. Thus, using y= Fm ES — kv = my or @r kde ae end 2 . dr ; dv ik a (b) Letting R = r and anu the equation is part (b) becomes E + minh which is the equation is Problem 1 5. Since i= # and vet + aa. E(t) we obtain uf + Ri= E(t). 1 6. By Kirchoff’s second law we obtain ra + 59= BO. 2 7. The differential equation is a = "8 Jagh. Using Ag = (3) = a Ay = 10? = 100, and g = 32 this becomes dh A808 aa arya 7 Of. ad “6000 ~~ 75010. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. . The differential equation is 2 = — Se Y2gh. Using Ay = x( . + . «dh 2 . The differential equation is & = — te agh. We have Ay =r (s 3) -n and g = 32. To find Ay we solve x? + (5 — h}? = 25 where a represents the Exercises 1.2 it ~ 576 + Aw = (2)? = 4, a and g = 32 this becomes ah 0.64 /576 pe _0.6(8) ge _ dt ar Gah = — Frere VR = me 0.6A9 7 radius of the circular area of the surface of the water whose depth is h. From = V10h — fh? we obtain Ay = 7(10h ~ 4”). Thus ah 0.6n/144 _ a ae "aon — Ry YO = ~a9RTOT Ry Y= ~SavRTO DD” The differential equation is A’(é) = KA(E) where k > 0. The differential equation is 2'(t) = r — kx(t) where k > 0. Equating Newton's law with the net forces in the 2- and y-directions gives nit = Oand 2, ae From Newton’s second law in the x-direction we have 2 mek _ _keosG = ti = | in vdt = ~mg, respectively. In the y-direction we have 2, uy idy mar = Mg — ksin@ = ~mg— ko Ge = mg ~ f The differential equation is x(t} = k(a~x)(8—2) where a and @ are the given amounts of chemicals A and B, respectively, and k > 0. To better understand the problem extend the line L down to the x-axis. Then we Ll see from the figure that ¢ — 28, tang = 7, and 2 = tan G - 9) = cot@. Now % yO ae 3 , hy 2ton@ _t e__2(de/du) de)? <= = tang = ® og ® = 2ae/dy) de 3 tang = tam 20 = ag = yo” Te (aayage oe (Ge) HYExercises 1.2 16. We have from Archimedes’ principle upward foree of water on barrel = weight of water displaced = (62.4) x (volume of water displaced) = (62.4)4(s/2)7y = 15.6ns?y. Tt then follows from Newton’s second law that wey = —15.6n8¢y or o, 9 = 82 and w is the weight of the barrel in pounds. 17. By combining Newton's second law of motion with his law of gravitation, we obtain 15.608? 9 = 0, wh ap Y= 8, where & M ae = he, where M is the mass of the earth and ky is a constant of proportionality. Dividing by m gives ey 2 . where & = kM. The constant k is gf?, where Ris the radius of the earth. This follows from the fact that on the surface of the earth y = R so that «me =mg, kM = gf, or k = gR?. If t = 0 is the time at which bumout occurs, then y(0) = R + yg, where ¥a is the distance from the earth’s surface to the rocket at the time of burnout, and y‘(0) = Vg is the corresponding velocity at that time 18. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain —(mg — at)g = (mo — att +(-a) or (mo — at) = ab — mog + agt. 19. By the Pythagorean Theorem. the slope of the tangent line is y 20. (a) We have Mp = far and M = Sone, Then Mp 0% and Mm mm/s mM Pm ho = hE = &r @r mM Pr kM 2 (b) From F = ma =m‘ and part (a) we have my = korn or Sy = “pyr = wir where w? = we . _ dA 21. The differential equation is > = A(M ~ A). 22. The differential equation is “ =hi(M — A) — kAChapter 1 Review Exercises Chapter 1 Review Exercises 1, First-order; ordinary; nonlinear because of y?. 2. Third-order; ordinary; nonlinear because of sin xy. 3. Second-order; partial. 4. Second-order; ordinary; linear. 5. From y = 2+ tan we obtain yf = 1+sec? x, and y” =2sec? xtanz. Using 1+tan® x = sec? x we have y! + 22y=2+27 +y’. 6. From y = cy cos(ln z) + cpsin(lnz) we obtain y’ = Slee cos(Inz) —¢sin(Inz)] and y= 3 [er cos(In2) + egsin{in.z) + ¢9 cos(hn 2) — e; sin(In 2} so that x4y" + ay +y=0. 7. From y = cre™ + c2e7* +cge* +3 we obtain y! = cpe* — oye"? + Qege™, yy!” = cre™ + ege® + dege™, and y’” = cye? — cpe"? + 8cge”* so that y” ~ 2y" — y’ + 2y = 6. 8. From y = sin 2z + cosh 2z we obtain y{) = 16 sin 2x + 16 cosh 2z so that y*) — 16y = 0, 9 y=2? 10, y= Li. y= ja? 12. y=2 13. y-e?, y=0 a. y= Vi 15, yssinz, y=cosz, y=0 16. y=" 17. For all values of y, y? — 2y > ~1. Avoiding left— and right-hand derivatives, we then raust have s?—g—1>-1. Thatis,e lL. 18. If |x| < 2 and |y| > 2, then (dy/dz)? < 0 and the differential equation has no real solutions, This is also true for |x| > 2 and |y| < 2. 19. The differential equation is a 2 yan. We have Ap = ; To find Ay we note that the radius Tr 5 2h 4ah: r corresponding to A,, satisfies R730 Thus r = S and Ay = a Then dh 1/4 wYIgh He ~~ Tane/B V8" = — Teens? 1 pmg—urpmg or ® 6 6 (1~ vy). ey 20. From Newton's second law we obtain m— 7 dt 82 First-Order Differential Equations Exercises 2.1 of 2 1. For f(x,y) = 92/3 we have ay wl ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any rectangular region of the plane where y ¥ 0. 2. For f(x,y) = Fy we have oe Ve in any region where x > 0 and y > 0 or where @ <0 and y < 0. of 1 ay region where z #0 : of 4. For flay) = 2+ y we how 3° = 1 Thus the diferentiel equation wilt have @ unique solution in ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution 3. For f(y) = © we have ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any the entire plane. on? 5. For f(x,y) = = a Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any region where y < —2, -22 oe OF _ —8n%y? . . , 8. For fle.) = 7 Ti we hove 5) = Ga Thus the diferentiel equation will have a unique solution in any region where y # —1 7. Por fey) = nave Of 2278 rus the differential equation will h i . Por f(a y) = ty we have 52 = 228 Thus ferential equation will have a unique Ye ose Oy a+ yy? 4 ma solution in any region not containing (0,0). . z 8. 2; 8. For f(ey) = ee we have a = wy ‘Thus the differential equation will have 6 unique solution in any region where y < x or where y > x 9. For f(x,y) = 2° cosy we have of = —a?siny. Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in the entire plane, 10. For f(x,y) = (@ — Le*/®-Y we have Z = e#/—))_ Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any region where x # 3. 11. Two solutions are y = () and y = 29 12. Two solutions are y= 0 and y = x?, (Also, any constant multiple of x? is a solution.) 13. The solution is y = 0, which is unique by Theorem 2.1Exercises 2.1 14, A function satisfying the differential equation and the initial condition is y = 1. Although f(z,y) = ly — 1] is continuous, Af /y is not continuous at y = 1, so Theorem 2.1 does not apply. 45. For y — oz we have y! = ¢, from which we see that y = cr is a solution of zy/ = y for all values of c. All of these solutions setisfy the initial condition y{0) = 0. The piecewise defined function is not a solution since it is not differentiable at x = 0. 16. (a) Since 1+? and its partial derivative with respect to y are continuous everywhere in the plane, the differential equation has a unique solution through every point in the plane. (b) Since (tans) =sec*x =1+tan?z and tan0 = 0, y = tang satisfies the differential equation and the initial condition. (c) Since -2 < 2/2 < 2 and tanz is undefined for ¢ = 1/2, y = tanz is not a solution on the interval -2 = —3 + 3x ln|z| + cae. 1 11. From y2dy = (3 +2) dr we obtain iA z 12. From (+) dy = sin dz we obtain In|y| + y? = —cosr +e. 18. From e“¥dy = ede we obtain 3e—™ + 2e 14. From vets = « + ee) dx we obtain ye¥ — e¥ +e % + ee =e 18. From raw Toga de we obtain In|2 + 9] =In|4+2%| +e or 249? =e (440%). 16. mn (noni Tepe we obtain 2 ty = tam ate. —hn|rtijte. 17. From dy dy = 2 de we obtain y? 2 y 1 _ dL» 1 1, 1 . a ayy +l = aye =-i4e. 18. From 1% qa ae we obtain 3Y y+ln[y+1] greg ytiniy+1] pte 1 ? 3 I 19. From (e243) dy = 2? In cde we obtain tv +iniel = Friel ~gete 1 da we obtain 1 1 2 20. From Bae Y = Gea bi Wea aa t® 21. From ~ = kdr we obtain $ = cel”, 1 22. a= = kdt we obtain In|Q — 70| = kt+c or Q—70= c1e**. 23. From 5— 1 iP (st z 3) dP = di we obtain In |P|-In [1 —P| = deo that ln = i _ aie =cre!. Solving for P we have P= oC 11