DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Course Code :- 22414

Aim: Design layout of a Network for department,

Deciding upon type of network, number/length of
components with their specifications.

SUBMITTED BY

ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME

13 2015640047 Tejas Dilip Talole
08 1915640016 Sushil Rajesh Mishra
01 1915640009 Santoshi Dnyandeo Paul
07 1915640015 Vaishnavi Santosh Mohe
02 1915640010 Himanshu Nilesh Khatri

Guided By
Prof. Namrata Mahalaxme
 Types Of Network

Computer networks can be classified by a number of different properties such as

capacity, authorization, structure, technology, organizational purpose, etc.
However, the most common network classification method is the physical or
geographical extent.

Here’s the list of the different types of computer networks:

Sr. No. Types Of Networks

1 Local Area Network (LAN)

2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

3 Wide Area Network (WAN)

4 Personal Area Network (PAN)

5 Campus Area Network (CAN)

 1. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN stands for local area network and is the most common and popular
network design found in most businesses and homes. It is a network that
interconnects devices in a limited geographical area. The single defining
characteristic of a LAN is that it connects devices located within a single,
limited area such as a building or a house. However, the scale or number of
devices doesn’t limit a LAN. It can be large such as an enterprise network with
thousands of connected devices or small such as a home network with only a
couple of devices.

A simple office LAN consists of cables, access points, switches, routers, etc.

which connect the devices such as computers and laptops with internal servers,

printers but more importantly allows the connected devices to access a shared
internet connection. More robust LANs include firewalls, load balancers,

network intrusion detection, redundant links, and traffic segregation among

other features.

Number/Length Of Components With

Their Specifications In Local Area
Network (LAN)

A local area network(LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that

share a common communications line or wireless link. Typically, connected

devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small

geographic area. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games

or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LAN’s, and to the

Internet or other WAN.

Components of LAN:

A LAN is made up of three basic elements:

• A. The hardware which is connected to form the LAN.

• B. The software (or programs) which is accessed through the LAN.

• C. The users, who create, work with and manage the various files.
 Each of these elements can be divided into a number of components.

A. Hardware Components:

A LAN can be thought of as a system composed of a series of building blocks.

These blocks can be added and configured as needed. Some of basic hardware

components of LAN’s are:

1. Networking Interface Card (NICs):

A network interface card (NIC) is a circuit board or card that is installed in a
computer so that it can be connected to a network. Each networked device
contains a Network Interface Card. The NIC may be a separate board installed
into a computer’s slot, or it may be built into the motherboard.
2. Server:
A network server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to
other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet. A server may be
three types:

• File Server: A file server is a computer that stores files, is attached to a

network, and provides shared access of those files to multiple workstation

computers.
 • Print Server: A print server is a device that connects printers to client

computers over a network. It accepts print request from the computers

and sends the jobs to the appropriate printers over the LAN.

• Communication Server: A communication server is a computer system

designed to handle a wide range of communications-based applications.

3. Station:

A station is a computer that is connected with a server computer over the LAN,

and communicate with other devices connected with it.

4. HUB:

A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used

to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet

arrives atone port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the

LAN can see all-packets.

5. Switch:

A switch is like a hub in that it is a central point for connecting network cables;

however, a switch is able to receive a packet and transmit it to only the

destination computer.

6. Router:

Routers make the connection to the Internet for LANs. They use a configuration

table to decide where packets should go.

7. Access point:
A hardware device or a computer’s software that acts as a communication hub

for users of a wireless device to connect to a wired LAN.

8. Power Supply:

Both wired and wireless networks need a power supply. A wireless network uses

the current to generate radio waves. A cabled network sends data interpreted as

an electronic pulse.

9. Connector:

A network connector refers to any device that used to connect many LAN

connection with the hardware of the computer.

10. Shared Peripheral Device:

A peripheral device is any device—such as a printer, hard disk drive, CD-ROM

drive or modem—that is connected to and controlled by a computer. Any or all

of these devices can be accessed by multiple users when connected to a LAN in

the proper manner.

B. LAN Software:

Once the physical building blocks of the LAN are put into place, the next step is

to make them functional. Software is needed for devices to function

cooperatively and effectively on the LAN. There are three categories of software

found on a LAN:

• The operating system of each attached server: The server operating

system is considered to be the brains of the network:

• The operating system of each attached station: All PCs require an

operating system to function.

 • Applications software accessed by LAN users: Applications software is

those software, which are used to perform a specific task. The most

common business applications are word processing, spreadsheet analysis

and database management.

Groupware: A second type of application software has been introduced for the

LAN environment— groupware. Groupware refers to programs that help people

work together collectively while located remotely from each other.

Client/server computing: In client/ server computing, the applications

software is created and sold for use expressly on a LAN. Client/server software

has two distinct parts—the client part which runs on the user’s station and the

server part which is installed on the file server.

C. The People:

Among the most important elements of a LAN are the people. The purpose of a

LAN is to allow the sharing of resources. This sharing is done by people—

making them an integral part of the structure.

With any LAN there are two groups of people involved—those who use the

resources and those who manage the resources.

• The users: A user is defined as a person who makes use of the network

resources.

• Network Administrator: The network administrator is the individual

responsible for maintaining the LAN. It is essential that the administrator

have a good understanding of how the network is put together and how it

functions.
A LAN consists of a group of computers and devices connected by switches and

hubs. For this LAN to gain access to the Internet it must contain a router. The

speed of the network greatly depends on the configuration of the switches and

hubs.

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

MAN or Metropolitan area Network covers a larger area than that of a LAN
and smaller area as compared to WAN. It connects two or more computers that
are apart but resides in the same or different cities. It covers a large
geographical area and may serve as an ISP (Internet Service Provider). MAN is
designed for customers who need a high-speed connectivity. Speeds of MAN
ranges in terms of Mbps. It’s hard to design and maintain a Metropolitan Area
Network.
The fault tolerance of a MAN is less and also there is more congestion in the
network. I t is costly and may or may not be owned by a single organization.
The data transfer rate and the propagation delay of MAN is moderate. Devices
used for transmission of data through MAN are: Modem and Wire/Cable.
Examples of a MAN are the part of the telephone company network that can
provide a high-speed DSL line to the customer or the cable TV network in a
city.

Number/Length Of Components With

Their Specifications In Metropolitan
Area Network (MAN)

Bridges

The industry definition of a bridge is a device that connects two networks that

might use the same or a different data-link layer protocol (Layer 2 of the OSI

reference model). Figure 1-1 illustrates this concept.

Figure 1-1. Bridges Enable the Connection of Two Networks

Basic Ethernet-to-Wireless Bridges

An Ethernet-to-wireless bridge (see Figure 1-2) connects directly to a single

computing device through an Ethernet port and then provides a wireless

connection to an access point. This makes it useful when the device, such as a

printer, PC, or video game console, has an Ethernet port and no wireless NIC.

In some cases, you might have no way of adding a wireless NIC, which makes a

basic bridge the only way to go wireless. Printers and video game machines are

common examples of this scenario.

Figure 1-2. Basic Bridge Connects a PC to a Wireless LAN

Workgroup Bridges

Workgroup bridges are the answer for connecting wireless networks to larger,

wired Ethernet networks. A workgroup bridge acts as a wireless client on the

wireless network, and then interfaces to a wired network. The wired side
connects to an Ethernet switch that connects multiple devices. A workgroup

bridge offers more robust and higher-end management and security utilities?

with higher prices?as compared to a basic bridge.

Figure 1-3. Workgroup Bridge Connects to Standard Wired Networks

Directional Antennae

The antenna is an important element of a wireless MAN. Unlike other types of

wireless networks, most antennae for wireless MANs use directional antennae,

mainly because they operate over wider areas. Figure 1-4 illustrates the

propagation of radio waves from a directional antenna. This contrasts with an

omnidirectional antenna, which transmits radio waves in all directions.

 Figure 1-4. Directional Antennae Maximize the Intensity of Radio Waves in One Direction

3. Wide Area Network (MAN)

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a computer network that covers a

large geographical area consisting of two or more LANs or MANs. These

networks are established with leased telecommunication circuits, in which two

sides which are connected have routers that connect the LAN of both sides

together in a network to facilitate communication.

The roots of WAN are connected to the U.S Department of defense which

developed ARPANET to let researchers communicate and share computer

resources remotely.The connection can be circuit-switched telephone lines, radio

wave transmission or optical fiber transmission. It is used to exchange data with

users all over the world, they can be client, employee, buyer, seller, student, etc.

WAN has the ability to transmit data, image, audio data, video data over large

distances.

Number/Length Of Components With

Their Specifications In Wide Area
Network (WAN)

Wide area network (WAN) is a type of computer network that spreads over a

large physical area connecting one or more local area networks (LAN) together.

The geographical area covered by a wide area network is significantly larger

than the areas covered by a typical LAN or MAN. Internet is the largest wide

area network. WAN consists of different components that combine together to

form a wide area network.

1. Routers, Switches and Modems (Edge Device)

2. Connecting Media (Fiber, Wireless, Microwave or Satellite)
 3. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

WAN usually connects more than one local area networks together, a router or
layer-3 switch or modem is used to connect the local area network to the WAN.
The edge device advertises the details of the LAN that is connected to it so that
the other edge devices know which network is behind a particular router.
Similarly, the edge devices also receive the information from other edge devices
regarding the networks connected to them.

The medium used for connecting the LANs to the WAN can be fiber optic cable
or other wireless medium such as radio waves, microwaves or satellite
connections. UTP cabling cannot be used as the size of WAN is significantly
larger than the supported maximum by the UTP cables. WAN links can also use
the ordinary copper PSTN networks for connectivity.

A customer premises equipment is installed at the end-customer’s home or

office to provide the last-mile interface for WAN connection. For home and
small offices, a CPE may be a low cost device which is usually provided by the
service provider on easy installments or free of cost. Large enterprises and
corporate offices use enterprise-grade routers or layer-3 switches as CPEs.
Many large enterprises use their private WAN to connect between their
different offices situated in several countries around the world.

A large public WAN may consist of hundreds and thousands of LANs, the data
from origin to destination is guided by the help of routers installed on the edge
of each LAN. These routers use the routing algorithms to guide the data packet
correctly from its origin to its destination. Commonly used routing algorithms
are RIP, OSPF and EIGRP etc.
3. Personal Area Network (PAN)

A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a user's

immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few

meters. One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the

connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone. PANs can also

connect laptops, tablets, printers, keyboards, and other computerized devices.

connections can either be wired or wireless. Wired connection methods include

USB and FireWire; wireless connection methods include Bluetooth (the most
common), WiFi, IrDA, and Zigbee.
While devices within a PAN can exchange data with each other, PANs typically
do not include a router and thus do not connect to the Internet directly. A device
within a PAN, however, can be connected to a local area network (LAN) that then
connects to the Internet. For instance, a desktop computer, a wireless mouse,
and wireless headphones can all be connected to each other, but only the
computer can connect directly to the Internet.

Number/Length Of Components With

Their Specifications In Personal Area
Network (PAN)

Wireless PANs feature battery-operated devices that draw very little current.
Sleep modes commonly are used to further extend battery life. Network
protocols tend be simpler than Wi-Fi or WiMAX (to reduce required processor
power), and the transmit power is typically less than 1 milliwatt.
In the United States, PANs for the most part operate in two unlicensed bands:
902-928 MHz and 2.4-2.4835 GHz. Ultrawideband devices also can operate in
the 3.1-10.6 GHz band, coexisting with other radio services by employing low
overall power and ultra-low power densities (watts/Hz).
Let’s examine three of the most popular PAN technologies: ZigBee, Bluetooth
and ultrawideband.
ZigBee is a short-range, low-power computer networking protocol that complies
with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. In the U.S., ZigBee devices operate in the
902-928 MHz and 2.4 GHz unlicensed bands. The technology is intended to be
less complex and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. Although
ZigBee is a WPAN protocol, it also is used for telemetry applications such as
automatic meter reading and building automation.
ZigBee employs direct-sequence spread spectrum modulation with a gross data
rate of 40 kb/s in the 900 MHz band and 250 kb/s in the 2.4 GHz band.
Advertised transmission range is from 10 to 75 meters, but like any radio
system, the actual range depends on the environment.
There are three types of ZigBee devices: ZigBee Coordinator (ZC), ZigBee
Router (ZR), and ZigBee End Device (ZED). The ZC is the most capable
device, forming the root of the network tree and bridging to other networks.
There is only one ZC per network. The ZR can run an application function as
well as act as an intermediate router, passing data from other devices. A ZED
contains just enough functionality to talk to its parent node, which is a
coordinator or a router. It can sleep most of the time, extending its battery life.
The ZigBee Alliance is a trade organization charged with developing and
publishing the Zigbee standard and promoting its use.
Bluetooth is a computer networking protocol designed for short-range, low-
power communications in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band. It was named after
King Harald Bluetooth, ruler of Denmark and Norway in the late 10th century.
Sven Mattison and Jaap Haartsen, both employees of Ericsson Mobile Platforms
in Lund, Sweden, published the first Bluetooth standard in 1994. The current
version of the standard is 2.1 and specifies gross data rates up to 3 Mb/s.
Bluetooth employs frequency-hopping spread spectrum modulation with a rate
of up to 1600 hops per second using 79 different channels, each 1 MHz wide.
Because the technology uses a spread spectrum signal and low power, it is less
likely to cause harmful interference to other 2.4 GHz devices, such as Wi-Fi
radios, that often exist in the same personal computer. There are three classes of
Bluetooth devices corresponding to different transmit power levels. Class 1, 2
and 3 devices operate at up to 100 mW, 2.5 mW and 1 mW, respectively.
Bluetooth networks normally operate in a master-slave configuration. A master
device can communicate with up to seven active slave devices, and this network
of up to eight devices is called a piconet. Up to 255 additional devices can be
inactive or parked, waiting for wakeup instructions from the master.
The technology implements confidentiality, authentication and key derivation
using algorithms based on the SAFER+ block cipher.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group is a privately held, nonprofit trade
association organized to promote Bluetooth in the marketplace and to develop
Bluetooth standards.

3. Campus Area Network (CAN)

Campus Area Network (CAN) is a group of interconnected Local Area

Network(LAN) within a limited geographical area like school campus,

university campus, military bases, or organizational campuses and corporate

buildings etc. A Campus Area Network is larger than Local Area Network but

smaller than Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) And Wide Area Network

(WAN)
This Campus Area Network also called as Corporate Area Network. Sometimes

this network is also referred as Residential Network or ResNet as it is only used

by residents of specific campus only. Campus Area Network is network of

interconnected Local Area Networks where these LANs are connected via

Switches and routers and create a single network like CAN. Campus Area

Network covers areas of around 1 to 5 km range and it can be both wired or

wireless connectivity.

Finally, we can say Campus Area Network is a cost-effective and easy to

implement within a specific geographical area or certain kilometers of locality.

And it is very helpful to campuses like colleges, universities, corporate

organizations, etc.
Number/Length Of Components With
Their Specifications In Campus Area
Network (CAN)

A campus network, campus area network, corporate area network or CAN is a

computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks
(LANs) within a limited geographical area. The networking equipments
(switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5
cabling etc.) are almost entirely owned by the campus tenant / owner: an
enterprise, university, government etc. A campus area network is larger than a
local area network but smaller than a metropolitan area network (MAN) or
wide area network (WAN).

Much like a university campus network, a corporate campus network serves to

connect buildings. Examples of such are the networks at Googleplex and
Microsoft's campus. Campus networks are normally interconnected with high
speed Ethernet links operating over optical fiber such as gigabit Ethernet and 10
Gigabit Ethernet.