Edificaciones

APROVECHAMIENTO DE ESPACIOS
SUBTERRÁNEOS EN EDIFICACIONES

Klaus Meyer
Sika

Conferencia patrocinada por:

 Optimization of
Underground
Spaces in Buildings
 Construction methods and design
principles for optimization
e.g. Cavity drain method

Optimization
 Construction methods and design
principles for optimization
e.g. Structural design

Optimization
 History of cavity drain method

- Rehabilitation of old leaking structures

- Reasons:

• Missing repair materials and methods

• Missing waterproofing technologies
• Missing concrete technologies
• Design option
 Evolution of Waterproofing Structures

• Availability of Waterproofing Technologies (joints/membranes)

• Availability of Waterproof Concrete Mix Designs

• Knowledge for Design of Watertight Concrete Concept

• Availability of Repair Materials and Technologies

Waterproofing Technologies for Basements

Membrane systems
External coatings
Watertight concrete
systems
 Rigid Basement Waterproofing System

What does this mean?

Waterproof Joint
Concrete sealing
 Watertight Concrete Systems

Joint sealing principles Labyrinth principle

Filling principle Embedding principle

Adhesion principle

Pressing principle
 Watertight Concrete Systems

When to use what system?

 Watertight Concrete Systems
Construction and expansion joint solutions with waterbars
Width Thickness
Type Cross section
(mm) (mm)
V - 20 200 3-7

O-20 200 3
 Watertight Concrete Systems

Construction joint solution with hydrophilics

 Watertight Concrete Systems

Advantages

• Highly economical

• Use in contact with water and light salt water

(content < 7-8 % )

• Able to swell into cracks and gaps

• No loss of swelling capacity (wet/dry-cycles)

Watertight Concrete Systems

Sealing of construction joints

 Watertight Concrete Systems

Sealing around service Sealing between

entries such as pipes different construction
materials
 Watertight Concrete Systems

Construction joint between slurry wall and invert

slab
Watertight Concrete Systems

Waterproof Joint
Concrete sealing
 Watertight Concrete Systems

What does “Waterproof Concrete”

mean?

Waterproof concrete describes only the concrete mixture

 Watertight Concrete Systems

Concrete mixture which is impermeable

to water, typical products are:

• Super plasticizers
Waterproof
• Shrinkage reducers Concrete
• Pore blockers
• Fibers
 Watertight Concrete Systems

Main features of Waterproof Concrete

Concrete aggregates max. size approx. 32 mm

Minimum binder content 350 kg/m³

Maximum water cement ratio 0.45 Waterproof

Concrete

Water penetration < 30 mm

Water conductivity < 6 g x m²/h

 Watertight Concrete Concept

What does it mean?

Waterproof Joint
Concrete sealing

Additional Basic Rules:

• Simple clear and rectangular shape of the structure
• Maximum size of concrete steps for slab an wall

If you follow these rules, cracks can be limited and avoided.

 Watertight Concrete Concept

 Example of simplifying a clear rectangular shape, e.g. intersection

Waterproof
concrete
 Watertight Concrete Concept

 Selection and definition of construction and expansion joints

Construction
joints Expansion joints

Lohmeyer / Ebeling: Watertight Concrete simple and safe

 Waterproof Concrete Concept
 When to create construction joints in walls?

Poor size of the walls should not exceed 25m² and maximum dimension
of 5m without additional construction joint.

Walls
max. 25m²

(according to National Structural Concrete Specification for Building Construction)

 Waterproof Concrete Concept
 When to create construction joints in slabs?

Poor size of the slab should not exceed 100m² and maximum dimension
of 10m without additional construction joint.

Slabs
Max. 100m²
(according to National Structural Concrete Specification for Building Construction)
 Waterproof Concrete Concept

Waterproof Concrete: Simple design rules: Joint sealing:

Concrete aggregates max. size Hydrophilics

approx. 32 mm
Minimum binder content
350 kg/m³
Maximum water cement ratio
0.45
Water penetration
< 30 mm
Water conductivity
< 6 g x m²/h
Max. water penetration
5 bar / constant
Wall pour dimension
Maximum 25m² Waterbars (PVC)
Slab pour dimension Waterbar V and O 20
Maximum 100m²
Injections
Simple and clear
rectangular shape
 How can we optimize by using a watertight
concrete concept?

 Longitudinal section
Water will be drained

Optimization

Risk of crack – can be injected

 How can we optimize by using a watertight
concrete concept?
 Cross section

Optimization
 Advanced Design

 Longitudinal Section of a Consolidation of Watertight Concrete System

and Bonded Membrane

Water will be drained

Cracks will be injected….

Crack will be dry in cases ….

Bonded membrane
 Cross section of of a Consolidation of Watertight
Concrete System and Bonded Membrane
Water will be drained
Cracks will be injected…. Crack will be dry in cases ….
• Build-up of a bonded membrane

 Embossed membrane (FPO*)

* FPO = Flexible Polyolefine

 • Build-up of a bonded membrane

 Embossed membrane (FPO)

 Laminated with a unique

sealant grid

* FPO = Flexible Polyolefine

 • Build-up of a bonded membrane

 Embossed membrane (FPO)

 Laminated with a unique
sealant grid

 Non-woven fleece (PP*) 






* FPO = Flexible Polyolefine

 • Build-up of a bonded membrane

 Embossed membrane (FPO)

 Laminated with a unique

sealant grid


 Non-woven fleece (PP*) 


 Structural concrete 



* FPO = Flexible Polyolefine

 How does it work?

• Durable mechanical bonding with cured concrete

Concrete

Fleece

Sealant

Membrane
 How does it work?

Concrete structure Lateral underflow

Loose laid membrane system Lateral underflow

Fully bonded membrane system

No lateral underflow, no leak!
 State of the Art Basement Design

Waterbar

Injection

Injection packer

Injection hose

Hydrophilics
Joint connection

Optimization of Underground Spaces in Buildings
Cavity drain system
• Wasting of space for additional
structure elements (drain elements)
• More time an cost consuming for
construction
• Leaks are part of the design
- extra costs for drainage maintance
and pumping
- limited design life of the structure
- limited use depending on grade
No repair possible - leaks are part
of design
Summary
Watertight Concrete Concept
• Optimizing of space by reducing
additional structure elements
• Less time and less costs for
construction
• Watertight concrete is part of the
design
- no extra cost for drainage
maintance and pumping
- longer design life of the structure
- optimized use depending on
grade
Leaks (cracks) are visible and can
be repaired easily by injection
Advanced Watertight Concrete
Concept
• Optimizing of space for highest
requirements of use
• Less time by equal cost of
construction
• Absolute watertightness is part of
the design
- no extra costs
- longest design life
- highest level of waterproofing
depending on grade
No repair necessary - additional
membrane offers no lateral
underflow
 Final Conclusion

Based on innovation  waterproofing products

 concrete mix design

 design principles

Underground spaces and uses in buildings can be optimized