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    Corrosion Tests and Standards Application and Interpretation (PDFDrive)

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    sR AND STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATION Pao =P en re EDITOR ae Corrosion Tests and Standards: Application and Interpretation—Second Edition Robert Baboian, Editor Section Editors Robert Baboian John R. Scully ASTM Stock Number: MNL20—2nd Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Corrosion tests and standards : application and interpretation / Robert Baboian, editor; section editors, Robert Babolan, [etal.]—2nd ea _p.cmn—(ASTM manual series; MN 20) ASTM Stock Number: MNL20—2nd. ISBN 0-8031-2098-2 1. Corrosion and anti-corrosives—Testing. I. Baboian, Robert 1 Series, ‘TA462.C666 2005 620.1'1223—-de2? 2009025972 Copyright © 2005 ASTM International, West Conshohocken PA. Allrghts reserved. Thls material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part. in any printed, mechanical electronic, film, oF other distribution nd storage media, ‘without the written consent ofthe publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, ‘or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, oF fducational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International (ASTM) provided that the ap- propriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 978-750: £400; online: httpsfwww.copyright.comv. ‘The Society Is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this publication. Printed in Baltimore, MD “fanuary 2005 THE EDITORS ROBERT BABOIAN, Editor Robert Bsboian is a corrosion constant with RB Consion Service, He received his BS degree in chet Ss fom Sulfa University in 1959 and hie PhD. in [Physical chemistry (rom Renesalaer Polytechnic Inst {ute in 1968 He did postdoctoral research at the Un. ‘esiy of Toronto in 1964 and subsequently received Faculty appatnument to Senior Research Associate In 1905, He fined the Materials and Controls Group of Toxas Instruments, Ine in 1966, where he established the Electrochemical and. Corrosion Laboratory. He resied from Tenas Instruments in December 1996 25 Principal Fellow and Head ofthe lecrockemsical and CCorrsion Laboratory The Principal Fellow positon at ‘Tt the company’s Nghost honor for scant and technical achicement. He isan ASTM Honorary Mem ‘ber a Feliow of ASTM, NACE: and SAE, and Was a Ford Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow in 1964 Dr, Baboian has been dedicated to the research and development of corrosion resistant mate- als and devices, environmental effets on materials, and the use of electrochemical tech- higues in carosion testing for almost 40 years. He holas 18 US. patents is the editor of 13 ‘oaks, and has authored ever 170 technical publications. He has served on a numberof Gov cerament apd Academie Committees apd has lectured throughout the worl, and his vervces ‘were donated by TIto the National Park Service aa a comoston consultant of the Statue of Titerty restoration program. Recently, he has researched the sinking ofthe Tare and has proposed theories on comosion mechansis causing the failure [Recognized for his active involwemeat inthe technical commit, Dr. Botan has received the CCosaraigh Award and the Award of Mer from ASTM. the ASTAC Dudley Avard for publica tions the ASTM Laue Award fr oustanding contsbution to corrasion tess nd etalustion, the Speier Avard for oustanding contributions in carosion engineering. andthe T. J. Hull [Asad for publications trom NACE, the Science and Technology Award ofthe Suga Weathering Techology Foundation in Japan, the Viroro de Nora Award from the Electocherical Sock), the Franc L- LaQue Avrard for contributions to marine corvsion and prevention trom the [LaQue Center Sea Horse Inttte, and the National Materials Advancement Award from the Federation of Materials Socletes He has served on the Executive Committe a the Board of Directors of ASTM and NACE an wae the Chaisnan ofthe ASTM Board of Directors in 1987 [He also has chaired ASTM Commitee Gt on Corrosion of Metals, the SAE Autometive Coro. ‘om and Protection Commitee, and the NACE Research Comte: Be fe) Eifel ty SHELDON W. DEAN, JR. | HARVEY P. HACK oe. tack so fs cumenily the President of Dean Corson | Adisory Engines for Noctop Gramman Corp Techacogy, Ine a cosuling fm in Antoun, | talon, where he does mari seleton and cr emoyhla that provider expert advice on | rose contol for underaser vehices and sens ‘hater imcbing ctrodon of meta He tal | forthe Depart af Deen He recened is BS [EStor in Chief ofthe Journal of AST Inema | and MS. ro Camegie Mebon Universi, ad his onl He recehed he AB. fom Middlebury | PhD. in Mealargy from The Pensyvnia Site Gel it Sand Se. Bam the Maw | Utena he ASH er Shs Ietute of Techolgy, Me hae eeved | tonal Anard of Mer apd x past Chairman of the (GEASTM Award of Meni te Charer B Dadey | Boardof Duecory of MSTA iceratlonal Dr Mack [Award the Sum Tour Award, the Prone L. | he recsted the Bintngutbed Serdce Awad ry TaGue Memorial ad, the ASTM Commitee | NACE Inermatind he Francs L-LaQve Merro- ‘on Publestions Award for Esceence, the ASYO4 | ral Ausra om ASTM Comalee Gt on Cor Commitee Gr Coteste of Appresation, he | son of Meta, ad the Raneis 1. LaQue Stud AcE Frank Newman Speer Awors the NACE | fom the Sea Hore Inaitte. He s ® NACE Camo- Fellow Honor, and war namnod Fellow of the | son Spells. Cade Proton Specials rd American inti of Chemical Engineers and | Coutts, Inger, a Fellow of NACE. Inter the Materale Technology Iaute He hae orsed | onal ASTM Intemational the Washington ead ‘i chaman of ASTM Commitee 6-1 forfour | en of Sener and the Insite of Comenion in Sears He ako sere an atid cad the ASTME | the Unied Kingdom, and in‘ Repsered Pres tnt on Pubs and the ASTM Board | sonal Engner in Maryland. De Hack is the Ass fi Diciors ani chore te Fnce and Aait | sate Etor for the Neils Performance and Commitee He har ako served on and caied | Chaocterzason section ofthe Jounal cf ASTM {he Board of Duero ofthe Matera Tock | Ineratomal ADI on De Mater Aiscry ‘ogy Inte, Ne bas 12 US patents 9 pulca: | Board for te Nato Air abd Space Museu of 1a and as coed ight boc, the Smithsonian Inston amd a pat Preset tthe Camel of Engine and Sei Specialy Boas De Hack hs apresmatl 70 publestions asthe aor cir er aor eon atc of ‘lcs He the nuhor of repr clan on Samo. i EDWARD L. HIBNER #2 sen toe Mellargst and Code Manage: at Speci Mota Corportion fey Ico Alloys Ine nal Hung, West Virgie. He receved hie BS. in Chemistry fore Marsal Unersty Sd in Meany fom the Unversity of Cin ‘at Hee the relent of the ASTM Award Fe, the ASTAU Commitee Get France ThOue Memocal Award the ASTM Commivee G1 Gertie of Appreciation, and the NACE Falow Award, snd i caventy Vise Chirman fo the Earl Review Chairman of ASTI ‘Commitee G1 on Comenon of Metal, He fas Served sn Chamoun and a Trste of the West Virginia Section of NACE International ands ‘Surely serving on the NACE” MROI7S" 180 1S1se Malntonance Pare. He has etenate ex ‘evens inlay devlopmen for chemi! prow fe ga deufrization. arin, and ol eld “pplication: Ne has writen adel on teas ‘Pyleions and carvan tpi a thse feds nis four patents sd 0 pubcabone Ina ‘onto ASTM lnteratona hee member of he Tnermational Desllnaion Asociation, the Soc (for Peroleum Enaeer ASME Interasiona ‘SAE Internationa, NACE Internation and the Naval Submarine Lev JOHN R. SCULLY mesneshisns MS, and PRD. im Materia Sclene> and Eng ering, fom Jobae Hopkins Unies. While fuvuing he PhD. he worked at Dav Taye Rival hip R&D Conn Annals: Maryan in the Marne Catenin Branch He then jned ‘Sands Nasal Laboratory afer te as Visi Ing Slenit at ATE Bal Laboatrien. I 199, joined the aay of the Depart of Mae a Sdence snd Engineering tthe Unieriy iia a 2 ll poensor and codets the Corer for lesrochemal Science and Engine Ing Profesor Sail reed the T985-A_B, {Cling Young Author Award fem NACE. He [av to been sled ar « Natonal Scene Fue dation Young Invest, ad bs ested eH 4L Uni As om NACE ade Wala Bary ‘Avard Kom the Blecttochercal Socket, Profesor ‘Silvie pine eer 10 tsi papers ad ‘sted soe aks on comenon Reviewers Dinesh Agarwal Vinod Agarwala Hira Ahluwalia Paul Aimone George Andersen Frank Ansuini Peter Ault Denise Aylor Robert Baboian Brian Baker Milan Bartos Neal Berke ‘Thomas Britton C. Sean Brossia Rudolph G. Buchheit Kenneth Budinski James Bushman Paul Brewer Julie Brown ‘Kirk Bundy Gustavo Cragnolino ‘Lee Craig Sheldon Dean Terry DeBold Stephen Dexter George DiBari Jefirey Didas Charles Dillon Marcia Domack George Downs Dave Duquette K Daniel Bfird Nathan Eisinger Peter Elliott David Enos, Ed Escalante John Fitzgerald ‘Anna Fraker Gerald Frankel Jim Gossett Richard Granata Harvey Hack William Hartt Gardner Haynes George Hays Edward Hibner Stanley Hirozawa F. Galen Hodge Alfred Hopkins William Jarosinski James Jenkins Denny Jones Russell Jones Robert Kain Mike Katcher Robert Kelly Gerhardus Koch ‘Simeon Krumbein Paul Labine Herbert Lawson Jason Lee Daoming Li Brenda Litle Daryl Lite Prank Lutze Florian Mansfeld ‘Charles Marsh James Martin Peter Mayer Joseph Menke Jean-Marc Meyer Harold Michels Tom Mills James Moran Patrick Morris Max Moskal Jim Myers. James Noel iv Sankara Papavinasarm Frederick Pettit Bopinder Phull Robert Puyear David Reiser Pierre Roberge Paul Rothman Ken St. John. Alberto Sagues ‘Stuart Saunders John Schemel ‘George Schick John Scully K Anthony Selby David Shifler Tetyana Shmyreva David Silverman J. Douglas Sinclair Raymund Singleton Joseph Slusser Gaylord Smith John Snodgrass Donald Snyder Narasi Sridhar Sridhar Srinivasan Anthony Stavros 7, J, Summerson William Tillis Herbert Townsend Hector Videla, Yash Virmani George Waid Robert Wei Paul Whiteraft Jan Wright George Young Walter Young Foreword THE REVISED PUBLICATION, Corrosion Tests and Siandards: Application and Interpretation, is sponsored by ASTM Committee G1 on Corrosion of Metals and edited by Robert Baboian, RB Corrosion Service. Section editors include Robert Baboian, Sheldon W. Dean, Dean Corrosion Technology, Harvey P, Hack, Northrup Grumman Corpora- tion, Edward Hibner, Special Metals Corporation, and John R. Scully, University of Virginia. This isthe second edition of Manual 20 in the ASTM Manual series. Preface Conxosion coxminvss to be a problem of worldwide importance. The second edition, of this manual has been prepared and published to address this form of degradation. Corrosion is often neglected, but it seriously impacts our economy, jeopardizes hu- man health and safety, and impedes technological progress. The most important fac: tors in addressing corrosion and its control are: (1) recognizing and understanding the mechanisms, (2) developing solutions to the problems, and (3) implementing those solutions. Corrosion tests and standards are very significant in addressing each of these factors, Therelore, this manual includes guidelines for recognizing types of corrosion as well as fundamentals of testing and provides the tools required for mak- ing calculations, interpretations, and correlations. It serves as a source book of proce- dures, equipment, and standards used in testing. The editor and section editors have coordinated the revision and update of this book so that most recent technologies are included in each section. In most cases, the original authors of chapters have made the revisions. In some cases, new authors needed to be chosen, or the editors performed that task. Users of the manual will find that itis an invaluable and instructive tool, as well as a source book on how to con: duct corrosion tests, interpret results, and use standards The second edition of the manual is the result of a massive effort of planning, writ: ing, reviewing, editing, production, and marketing. It would not have been possible without the outstanding efforts of the ASTM staff and the valuable and competent work of the editors and over 400 experts in the field that donated their time as au- thors and reviewers. They represent industrial, educational, and government organi- zations, and their contributions are greatly appreciated. Robert Baboian Editor Contents Introduction 1: GENERAL INFORMATION—R.Baboian, Section Editor Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys Examples of Common Names of Selected UNS Alloys Standard Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing Glossary of Corrosion-Related Acronyms Standard Abbreviations and Unit Symbols International System of Units (S1) General Conversion Factors Condensed Metric Practice Guide for Corrosion Multiplication Factors (SI Prefixes) Corrosion Rate Conversion Factors Corrosion Rate Calculation (from Mass Loss) Corrosion Rate Conversion Factors DensitiesK Factors for Alloys Overvoltage Values Reference Potentials and Conversion Table Equivalent Weight Values for Metals and Alloys Constants Used in Faraday’s Equation Physical Properties of Gases and Liquids Physical Properties of Elements Densities of Metals and Alloys Density of Materials ‘Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Alloys Physical Properties of Water Dew Point of Moist Air Chemical Cleaning Procedures for Removal of Corrosion Products Electrolytic Cleaning Procedures for Removal of Corrosion Products ESTING AND EVALUATION—R.Baboian, Section Editor Chapter 1—Planning and Design of Tests ‘Stephen D. Cramer and Barnie P. Jones Chapter 2—Types of Data David C. Silverman Chapter 3—Metallographic Analysis Richard L. Colwell 49 59 66 vili_ CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS MANUAL. Chapter 4Surface Analysis Alfred G. Hopkins Chapter 5—Statistical Treatment of Data, Data Interpretation, and Reliability Fred H. Haynie Chapter 6—Computer Based Data Organization and Computer Applications Piere R. Roberge : TYPES OF TESTS—H. P. Hack, Section Editor Chapter 7—Electrochemical Tests John R. Scully Chapter 8—Cabinet Tests Cynthia L. Meade Chapter 9—Immersion Testing Richard A. Corbett (Chapter 10—High-Temperature and High-Pressure Corrosion Testing Russell D. Kane Chapter 11—Atmospheric ‘Sheldon W. Dean, Jr Chapter 12—Seawater James F. Jenkins Chapter 13—Freshwater Walter T. Young and Philippa Fairer Chapter 14-Soils Edward Escalante Chapter 15—Industrial Applications Allan Perkins Chapter 16—High-Temperature Gaylord D, Smith IV: TESTING FOR CORROSION TYPES~V. R. Scully, Section Editor Chapter 17—Uniform Corrosion James A. Elor and John Repp Chapter 18—Pitting Robert G. Kelly Chapter 19—Crevice Corrosion Narasi Sridhar, Darrell S. Dunn, C. 8. Brossia, Gustavo A. Cragnolino, and Jeffery R. Kearns Chapter 20—Galvanie Harvey P. Hack Chapter 21—Intergranular Michael A. Streicher 16 33 89 107 1B 139 147 159 170 175 rat 187 194 205 2n 221 233 244 Chapter 22—Esfoliation Donald O, Sprowls; revised by Kevin R. Cooper Chapter 23—Erosion, Cavitation, and Fretting. WA. Glaeser Chapter 24—Dealloying ‘Ann Chidester Van Orden Chapter 25—Environmental Cracking—Stress Corrosion W. Barry Lisagor (Chapter 26—Environmental Cracking—Corrosion Fatigue Richard P. Gangloff Chapter 27—Hydrogen Damage CG. Interrante and L. Raymond V: TESTING IN ENVIRONMENTS—H. P. Hack, Section Editor Chapter 28—Outdoor Atmospheres Herbert H. Lawson Chapter 29—Indoor Atmospheres J.D. Sinclair Chapter 30—Seawater ‘David A. Shifler and Denise M. Aylor Chapter 31—Freshwater Walter T. Young and Philippa Fairer Chapter 32—Soils Lucien Veleva Chapter 33—Conerete ‘Neal S. Berke Chapter 34—Industrial Waters ALS. Krisher Chapter 35—Industrial Chemicals Robert B. Puyear Chapter 36—Petroleum K. Daniel Efird Chapter 37—High-Temperature Gases Gaylord D. Smith and Brian A. Baker Chapter 38—Organic Liquids CS, Brossia and D. A. Shifler Chapter 39Molten Salts FS, Pettit Chapter 40—Liquid Metals Chris Bagnall, Peter P. Tortoreli, Steven J. Pawel Jack H. DeVan, avid Steven L. Schrock CONTENTS 266 213 218 289 302 322 343 349 362 380 387 405 413 418 25 434 448 x CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS MANUAL Chapter 41—Corroston Inhibitors Rudolf H. Hausler Chapter 42—Corrosion Testing in In Vivo Environments KJ. Bundy Chapter 43—Microbiological Effects ‘Stephen C. Dexter Vi: MATERIALS TESTING—E. L. Hibner, Section Editor Chapter 44—zine Frank E. Goodwin and Safaa J. Alhassan Chapter 45—Lead (and Alloys) Safa J. Alhassan and Frank E. Goodwin Chapter 46—Magnesium (and Alloys) James B. Hillis Chapter 47—Aluminum (and Alloys) Bernard W. Lika Chapter 48—Steels M.E. Komp, D. 1. Jordan, and R. Baboian Chapter 49—Copper (and Alloys) Arthur Cohen Chapter 50—Nickel (and Alloys) Pdward L. Hibner Chapter 51—Stainless Steels James W. Martin Chapter 52—Cobalt-Base Alloys P. Crook Chapter $3—Titanium, Ronald W. Schutz Chapter $4—Zirconium and Hafnium Te-Lin Yau (Chapter $5—Tantalum and Niobium Alloys E.B, Hinshaw and K. D, Moser Chapter $6—Metallic Coatings on Steel T.C, Simpson and H. E. Townsend Chapter 57—Nonmetallic Coatings Richard D. Granata ‘Chapter 58—Metal-Matrix Composites LH. Hihara Chapter $9—Electrodeposits T.P. Moffat 480 500 509 525 331 337 347 558 580 585 591 598 613 617 620 632 637 656 (Chapter 60—Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Materials Erhard Klar and Prasan K. Samal ‘VI: TESTING IN INDUSTRIES—S. W. Dean, Jr Chapter 61—Automotive ‘Robert Baboian Section Editor Chapter 62—Commercial Aircraft A.A, Adjorlolo and J. A. Marceau (Chapter 63—Military Aircraft and Associated Equipment Earl C. Groshart Chapter 64—Pipeline Paul S. Rothman and Walter T. Young Chapter 65—Highways, Tunnels, and Bridges James B. Bushman and Victor Chaker Chapter 66—Marine—Piers and Docks James F. Jenkins Chapter 67—Electrie Power P. Mayer and A. D. Pellgrini Chapter 68—Nuclear Power George J. Licina Chapter 69—Steam Generation Otakar Jonas Chapter 70—Flue Gas Desulfurization Harvey S, Rosenberg and Eldon R. Dille Chapter 71—Electronies Robert Baboian (Chapter 72—Telecommunications George Schick Chapter 73—Metals Processing Terry A. DeBold (Chapter 74—Chemical Processi Bert Moniz and Shi Hua Zhang Chapter 75—Pulp and Paper Angela Wensley Chapter 76—Petroleum Production and Refining RON. Tuttle Chapter 77—Food and Beverage W.E, Clayton and B, Tholke Chapter 78—Water Handling Systems Bennett P. Boffardi CONTENTS xi on 687 693 696 708 16 nt 738 746 154 162 729 795 312 822 826 xii CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS MANUAL. ‘Chapter 79—Medical and Dental ‘Arma C. Fraker| Chapter 80—Pharmaceutical David F. Jensen VII: CORROSION-RELATED STANDARDS—H.P. Hack and R. Baboian, Section Editors LIST OF CORROSION-RELATED STANDARDS, Author Index Subject Index 834 846 851 865 367 Introduction AsTM's AWARD-WINNING Manual 20 has been revised and ‘updated to include current and state-of-the-art technologies in corrosion testing and standardization. The editors of this manual have many years of experience in this field and are ‘well qualified in leading the task to provide state-of-the-art information on this subject for corrosion scientists and. technologists throughout the world. The work of 80 highly qualified chapter authors and numerous reviewers has resulted in a revised, expanded, and updated Manual 20 on, Corrosion Tests and Standards, Application and Interpre- tation, Corrosion is the chemical or electrochemical reaction be- tween a material, usually a metal, and its environment that, produces a deterioration of the material and its properties. ‘The direct cost of corrosion in countries throughout the ‘world is estimated to be between 3 9% and 4 % of the gross domestic product of each country. For example, that cost in, the United States was estimated to be $276 billion annually, for recent years. It was determined that a significant por- tion of these costs could be avoided through the more effec- tive use of existing technologies and the use of sound corrosion management techniques. This manual is a key resource in addressing both of these subjects. Corrosion testing is one of the most important aspects of corrosion control because it is used to advance technology and to determine the most effective and economical means to achieve acceptable performance. A large number of fac- tors affect corresion behavior so that there is no universal corrosion test. ASTM and other organizations such as NACE, 180, and others have standardized many tests and practices. However, industry, government, and academic laboratories sometimes utilize in-house tests. Thus, this Manual provides valuable resource describing and listing a large number of tests ranging from highly accelerated laboratory tests 10 field service trials. Since standards are universally recognized as an important tool in effective corrosion control management, this Manual not only provides information required to find and use pproper standards in specific applications, it also includes a CD with almost 200 of the most widely used ASTM and NACE corrosion standards. all of the chapter authors have included important standards specific to their topic and the Manual includes lists of standards according to subject, of which the most important are included in the CD. ‘The revised Manual is organized into eight sections. Section I on General Information (R. Baboian, Section Editor) provides tools necessary for the corrostonist to define, MNL20-2ND-EB/Jan. 2005 interpret, and evaluate the technology. This section is greatly expanded and includes a unified numbering system for met- als and alloys and their common names, standards terminol- ‘ogy, a glossary of terms and acronyms, abbreviations and ‘units symbols, Intemational System of Units and matrix ‘guide, general comversion tables, corrosion rate calculations and all necessary conversion factors, chemical and physical properties of materials, properties of water and moist air chemical and electrolytic cleaning procedures for corrosion, products, physical properties of gases, liquids and elements, and densities of metals and alloys. ‘Section Il on Testing and Evaluation (R. Baboian, Section Editor) is designed to provide important informa- tion on planning and design of tests and interpretation of results. This topic provides a foundation for corrosion test- ing and the use of corrosion standards. It includes chapters con planning and design of tests, types of corrosion data, metallographic and surface analysis, statistical treatment of data and data computerization and computer applications. ‘Section III covers Types of Tests (H. Hack, Section Edi- tor) including laboratory-accelerated tests, field tests, and service tests, The chapters in this section provide basic principles, describe test techniques and specific considera tions such as specimen preparation, test duration and acceleration factors, and cite pertinent standards. Chapters, included under laboratory tests are electrochemical, cabi- rt, immersion, high temperature, and high pressure. Field ‘Tests chapters include atmospheric exposure, seawater, fresh water, and soil, Under service tests are industrial applications and high temperature environments. ‘Section IV on Testing for Corrosion Types (J. Scully, Section Editor) describes the major forms of corrosion, how to recognize them and factors of influence. Each chapter includes an overview of basic principles and also descrip- tions of test techniques, methods of evaluation of test re- sults, and standards used for testing. Subjects included are ‘uniform, pitting, crevice, galvanic, intergranular, exfoliation, cerosion, cavitation, fretting, dealloying, stress corrosion, cor- rosion fatigue and hydrogen damage ‘Section V on Testing in Environments (H. Hack, Section Editor) includes chapters on outdoor and indoor atmos. pheres, seawater, fresh water, soils, concrete, industrial wa- ters, industrial chemical, petroleum, high-temperature gases, “organic liquids, molten salts, liquid metals, corrosion inhibi tors, in-vivo, and microbiological effects, Each chapter pro- vides a descriptive overview of the environment and factors, land variables affecting corrosion rates and mechanisms, 2 CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS MANUAL. ‘unigue characteristics of testing, descriptions of appropriate laboratory and field tests and lists of standards used for cor- rosion testing in these environments. Section VI is on Materials Testing (E. Hibner, Section Editor). This section provides overviews of important tests used in evaluating the corrosion behavior of metals and alloys. In addition, this testing information provides the means for the development of new and improved corrosion resistant ‘materials. Each chapter includes a discussion of the nature of the material, such as the effect of composition, alloying, met= allurgical treatments, microstructure, surface effects and natural films on the corrosion behavior. The chapter also in-

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