PUNCTUATION

Punctuation is the system of symbol» ( , -

FRACTIE SENTENCES NARRATION gtc) that we use to
separat
sentences and patts of sentences, and to make their
sadam spveakiRg the
auth clear, Lach syrmbei
meaning
miC s callesda"punctuation mark
1) PERIOD/FULLSTOP (.)
1) To indicate the end of a declarative sentence
Hesavs. '7 do not ela ie.
kwer ot for me"
st Example: Here is the book.
said to henm voa are a strength
Ther said Ahata beauttul srene it is" Purtioa 2) To indicate that letters are used as abbreviations (Short forms)
bicvcle?" Example: Dr. Mr. Mrs.
i e sad tO me, "Do rou nde a

The teacher said "God is one.

ngis h 3) To indicate decimal fractions Example: 16.34

isaid to ary guest, "Kindly take a

chair."
(2. COMMAL)
to him, "You always help me."
10 will sav 1) To separate independent clauses joined by a conjunction
11 She savs, "I am hungry." Example: This is the street, but I don't know the number of the house.
He sac, "1 can solve this problem." 2) To separate parts of a series
13 They will say, "We are here to ieip you." Example: Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday
14 Ali said, "We already met him" 3) To separate introductory statements beginning with such words as when,

15. You said, "I can walka mile in 20 minutes." while, since, if, because, until, although, and whenever (or other subordinate
i said, "i have visited Murree this year."
conjunctions) Example: When the rain was falling, there was
very litle wind.
Ali says, Let me wTite a letter. 4) To set off such expressions as you, no, well, on the other hand, you might
18. She said "Can i read that book 8ay and of course, (such expressions are called interrupters)

19. She said to Ali, "How many boys are waiting outside." Example: He was, of course, the first person I saw.
She will say to her, "I am reciting the Holy Quran." 5) To set off such expressions as he said from direct quotations
20
21 He said, Hurrah! We have won the match". Example: "That decision," he explained, "must be your own."
She said, "Let us heip the poor m: n. 6) To set off the name of a person addressed
22
3. Mother said to her, "Do not tell a lie?" Exampie:Zain, may I borrow your bag?
24. He said," Let her sing a song.
25. He said, "May I leave now?
3 SEMICOLON (:)
Smart BS (Functionai) Engllsh Prof. Amir HafeezMalik
Smart BS (Functional) English Pro. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 80
 statements that are not joined by a coordinating Example: re-sign a petitiui (ts esign rom a job
Madu
1) To separate independent
for, yet, so) semiconscious) shell-like (but childike)
conjunction (and, but, or, nor,

Example: Black is a mixture of all colórs; white is the complete opposite. 4. Use a with the prefixes ex-{meaning former), Selt-, all-;with the sufftx
conjunctions if such elect,
2) To separate independent statements joined by between a prefix and capitalized word; and
a with figures or letters:
statements are long or they confain internal punctuation Ex-Director, self-assured
Exampie:
Spock and his
Example: Classic science fiction sagas include Star Trek, with Mr. 5. To divide words at the end of a line if necessary, Example: sell-ing
Galactica, with its Ceylon Raiders; and Star Wars,
large pointed ears; Battle star
7. QUOTATION MARKS ("-" and'-
with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.
1) To set off quoted matter (including punctuation marks, usually. See a

4. APOSTROPHE (") handbook for details.) Example: "I saw it" he replied
1) To show possession 2) To indicate a quotation within a quotation (single quotation marks)
Example: The doctor's advice, the housewife's choice, man's clothing "When I asked him if he had heard of the American
Example: I replied, ever

2) To indicate the omission ofletters in contractions Revolution, he said, "I saw it."
Examns; ran't, u on't. doesn't, haven't, it's 3. To enclose titles of short stories, poems, magazine articles, portions of
u a i of letters, words, and symbols that don't have logical books, and individual television show episodes
plurals for example: three 2's, too many &'s, and seven c's Example: Good diagrams can be found in the chapter entitled "Engine
5. DASH (-) Constructions" in Dean Austin's book Automotive Mechanics.

1) To indicate a sudden, abrupt break of an unfinished word 8. BRACKETS []

or sentence

Example: "She will be here soon and -

Wait a minute. Who are you?" To set off material inserted in a direct quotation
2) To set off a summary of a preceding series Example: Audubon reports that "if there are not enough young to balance
and of humor those are the things a
Example: Food, clothing, shelter,
-

a sernse
deaths, the end of the species [California condor) is inevitable."
man needs to survive.
9. COLON (:)
6. HYPHEN(-)
1) Used after an independent clause (complete sentence) to direct attention to a

before noun
1) To join two or more words serving as a single adjective a
list, an aPpositive, or a quotation
Example: a one-way street, chocolate-covered peanuts Example: He laid down three rules: no smoking, no idle talk, and nosleeping
2' Use a hyphen with compound numbers
2) To separate two independent clauses (complete sentences) when the second
Example: forty-six, sixty-three. Our much-loved teacher is sixty-hre2. one summarizes or explains the first
3. To avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters Faith is like love: it cannot be forced.
Example:
10. QUESTIONS MARK(
Page 82
Smart BS (Functlonal) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Mallk Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik
 Smart BS {Functonalj English Prof. Amir Hafeez NMalik 84
S 1art BS
IFunctional) English Pre Amir Hafeez Malik
n interrogative sentences
Example: Who are you? Is this your bag? WHAT IS READING?
11. CAPTTALIZATION (Use of Capital Letter) "Reading" is the
process of looking at a
series of written symbois and
getting meaning from them.
When read, wewe
our eyes to receive written
use
U s e capital letters with: () First Letter of first word of every sentence Example
symbols (letters, punctuation marks and spaces) and we use our brain to .convert
This your bag. You live in Multan. (i) with Proper Nouns Example: Ali, them into words, sentences and
Pakistan (ii) I as Subject: I read the book.
paragraphs that communicate something to us.
Reading can be silent (in our head) or aloud (so that other
SMART LOOK AT 11 PUNCTUATION MARKS people
hear). can

Reading receptive skill through it we receive information. But the

is a -

complex
No Punctuation Mark Sign Use process of reading also requires the skill of speaking, so that we can
pronounce
1 Full Stop_ Shows end of simple sentence. the words that we read. In this sense, reading is also a.productive skill in that we
Comma Short Pause, Break, Addition
Semi Colon Link, Connect are both receiving infornatiorn and uansmitting it (even if only to ourselves).
Colon Details, Explanation Reading is making meaning from print. It requires the skills to:
Question Mark Ask, Inquire
Exclamation Mark Emotions and Feelings i) Identify the words in print a process called word recognition
-

7 Dash
|Bracket
9 Apostrophe
10 Quotation Mark
11 Capitalization
7 action ofWhilun
m Capto ultens
muras Capila.
Addition, Explanation Construct an understanding from them-a process called comprehension.
Addition, Explanation
Possession Some main Purpose of Reading are:
"Quoting,Reference i) For Pleasure/ Amusement / Joy
AliBig Letter, i) To Learm
iii) To Get Information
paintin9 iv) To Educate
wilk a v) To Pass time / As Hobby
vi) For Knowledge
vii) To Analyze
viii) To Complete a Task
ix) For Comprehension
x)ToReinforce
OBJECTTVES OF READING
Reading is an objective based activity. It has different objetive. It is
important to not that bype of text do not change the objectives of reading, The
main objectives for reading are
1. Read to activate and reinforce other skills (grammar, vocabulary,
pronunciation, and writing). In the same way that oral dialogues, short

Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Mallk

Page 84 Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. amir Hafeez Malik Page 85
 Smart BS unctional)
Smart BS Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik 196 sh Prof. Amir Hu Malik

ing and Redrafting (Editing) Report Writing

What is a Report?
First Draft
Writing the Reports are a highly structured form of writing. A report is a document
the first draít.
Using your plan, start writing containing information, organized in a narrative, graphic or tabulation. A report
Write your first draft early! is a formal document prepared or written for a specific purpose in business
areas that need
Be prepared to redraft
the essay a few times as you discover setting. A report is a result producing activity basicaly done to find facts.
or evidence. As you
redraft you can improve the
more research, reading Qualities of a Good Report
academic language. A good report has a clear purpose.
Structure your writing into paragraphs.
.Write up separate points. A report has a subject or topic etc.

Update your outline plan linking the sections. A good report advises problems.
the final polish to your writing. An
Re-Drafting: Editing Editing gives A gord report investigates an issue.
lose marks.
unedited assignment is an easy way to A good report is brief and exact.
it for at least a day before you
After you have completed the final draft, leave A good report is an effective document.
do the final editing. A good report has original approach (style).
structure?
Check the structure. Do you have an introduction-body-conclusion A good report has practical approach.
Do the ideas flow logically? Is the writing coherent? of
can hear when the
A good report offer complete understanding problem
Check your grammar and punctuation. Read it aloud. You A good report is a reliable document.
grammar is wrong. A goad report is based on fact and direct style.
Check the technical parts of the essay: presentation (font, spacing paragraphs,
What makes a Bad Report?
spelling), in-text referencing and reference list. of the most common complaints about reports:
Here are some
Editing and Proof-reading
the first draft of Badly structured
Editing is the first task that should be undertaken after finishing that the ideas Inappropriate writing style
a piece of text. It involves checking
the content of the text to ensure

forma coherent and meaningful whole. Incorrect or inadequate referencing

are expressed clearly and logically, and
Doesn't answer the brief
Editing requires focusing on the content of
the text. The key goals are to check
Too much/too little/irrelevantmaterial
that the text: Expression not clear
.flowslogically Doesn't relate results to purpose
i s coherent and consistent
Unnecessary use of jargon
forms a meaningful whole
5 Steps to Report Writing
is clearly expressed 1. Define the problem
is accurate and is concise 2. Gather the necessary information
has an appropriate tone
3. Analyze the information
makes its purpose dear 4. Organize the information
i s targeted towards the readr 5. Write the report
finer detail after the editing
Proofreading involves checking over the text in Structure and Format of A Report
and format.
stage, to detect errors in spelling, punctuation, grammar Title page
The aim of proofreading is to spot and correct errors in:
Acknowledgements
.spelling Contents
tography Abstract or summary
grammar, punctuation and use of language Introduction
style and format
anything missed at the editing stage
Methodology
Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik
Page197
Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 196
 Results or findings
Discussion
Advantages
Smart BS

of a Report
IFunctionall English Prof. Amir Hofeez Malk
Ssaynsd rryyM yunu
Conclusion and recommendations
Report bears very importancemuch in the fieid of
bus iness, commerce and trade
References
Advantages of report also make us to understand the importance of report writing.
Appendices Closing(name, signature, designation, date) 1. Keep ki cords 2. Provide information

Title
Report Structure
The title page should
3. Indicatc Status 4. Facilitates Research:
have the title of the report, the author's name,
5. Setting Actions 6. Decision Making 7. Building Relation
and any other details
required by the assignment brief such as Disadvantages of a Report:
module/ course titles. No doubt business report is a useful tool for the executives. In
Contents List all the main sections spite of its
including the
appendices remembering to
include the page numbers. Any illustrations, tables or diagrams that advantages it has some drawbacks. Basic limitations are as follows:
you have used also need to be included in a separate list in 1. Reports can be biased 2. It is time consuming
Abstract/ Summary | A brief
summary or overview of the
this section. 3. Expens:ve
report. It should be
document
a
which also needs to be included in a separate list in this 4. Sometimes implementation of the recommendations becomes unrealistic.
Introduction A brief section.
description of what the report is about, what it will cover, 5. Technical reports are not easily understandable.
relevant background information and any
any limitations on the contents Types of Reports
Main Section
or coverage of the report. 1. Informal Report
Presents your results to the reader.
and the instructions Depending on the type of report 2. Formal Repo
you have been given this section might be further
divided into areas such 3. Feasibility Report
as literature review, methodology, results and
Conclusions
discussion. chnical and Special Report
Summarizes the key points from the main Types of Informal Reports
them back.to the introduction. Do not body of the report relating
section.
introduce new material in this Progress Report
Sales Activity Report
Recommendations This section
provides you with the opportunity to Personnel evaluation
improvements.. Any recommendations should suggest changes and
be based on Financial Report
your
conclusions.
References The reference list should detail all the sources you have used in your
Feasibility Report
report Literature Review
APpendices Use this section to include material that Credit Report
the reader might want to refer
to but would
disrupt the flow of the main report. Each appendix is Formal Report The formnal report collects and
information. The formal report is
interprets data and reports
numbered so that it can be referred to in the report complex and may even be produced in bound
Checklist book volumes. It is often a written account of a major project. Examples of
Are all your diagrams/ illustrations clearly labelled? subject matter include new technologies, the advisability of launching a new
Do they all have titles? project line, results of a study or experiment, analy s of relocation for corporate
Is the link between the relocatiorn, an annual report, or a year old review of developments in the fieli.
text and the diagram clear?
Are the headings precise? Technical and Special Reports The technical report is a
Are the graphs category, not by
clearly labeled? type. Many industries and disciplines reed specialized reports. Within the
Can tables be
easily
Have you abided byinterpreted? insurance industry and in police work, there are needs for specialized accident or
incident reports.
copyright laws?
Feasibility report The feasibility report defines a need or proposed idea, then
analyses, compares and recommends a course of action. When the organization
is considering a new location,
expansion, or purchase of new equipment, it. is
vital that
youlook closely to see which course of action is best and if that course
of action is likely to succeed.
Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Mallk
Page 198
Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 199
 Malik
S r B S Fwectnall Emglsh Pref Amir Hfaleez Mali

Progress Report Writing Work Remaining

sProgres Report?
A
ss p B i wen
documet Tel your reader wat work need o be accomplshed next A pe chart wi
n g regarding he stahas of an gTaphacally depact both work acompliashed and work remauning
and what work remains t e actviry
wtat ork bas e e
Emier ar
accompished
supervisors a n t to know what progress workers are done 3. Conciusion
what ditficuites are faced makig
h e veryhungs on chedue and on a
project Sum up what is achaeved durng the reporte penoad and provde umai
y e e mght beasked o wrie n view of
progress reports on dauly, weekly. hs an compiebon ame
monthiy, quarterty 4. Recommendation
way it is Needed?
in the liaght of the above mentioned problems, recommended changes in personai
Progress needed when
report is
company is renovating is home or an budget material or period that
time may of the progext
help in timely completion
ceThe suervisor wants to know when the renovations IA enid Specimen of progess report on compietion of airport construction
eport s also equired when anutactung Progress To The CEO
procedures iprove supervisor bes iniiated new The Proect Director
product quaiy and now wants to know how those From
peoceduralchanges
are goù on Date October 2018
Proggess Report Parts There are thre parts of Subject: First Year Report Progress Airport Expansions And
nodaction progress report
Dicussio
Enhancemnent Projec
Purpose of report
Conclusio in response to v m r remet, fnilwine our first quarteriy report on
i

1 Introduction plans incdude the folkowing

airport project. The construction
The Following w
aspects should be desaribed in 1. Airport construction terminals run ways, report, feeder, roads,
LObjectves ntoductions observabon tower, parking lots.
erornei 2 Site enhancemernt ponds, iandscaping ightning
3 Prevous actvity Working Accompiished
Objectives In this first year we completed folowing
Trus part
expiain he reason beh1nd 1. Subcontractors
working on this projert the problems that
nodvatei to launch this project the hopes attached with hus projet and aisoo Pernits
who ribated this actviy of preposition of report 3. Core samples
Personnei 4. Shipments
Describe the peopie aiong with their skiis who are 5. EPA approval
working on the project Work Remaining
Previous activity
To complete our project, we need to accomplish the following
this is the second, third or fourth report in a series, reminds the readers what
works has already been accompished 1. Advertising
2 Discussion Signage
Work accompished (completedd 3. Landscaping
Probiem encountered (faced) 4 Construction
Work remairing (to be done) Recommendation
We began this project in 2016 and we have completed 85 perent of the work
Work acomplished
Using subheadings and mention the work accompiished either chronoiogically
or by importance.
Probiem Encountered
form readers of difficuities encountered like late
shipments, poor weather, Lab
shortage and so on.
mart BS (Functionai) Engish Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 201
Page 200 Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik
 Smart BS IFunctionail English Prof. Annir Hafeez
3mar oo ir wnctionaly tnglish Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik
21
2. Format
Technical Report Writing Format deals with the basic elements and their placement Technical
What is a Technical Report? om

A technical report (also scientific

report)is a document that describes the
and papers are more structured one than other forms of writing,
Techi
writing is straight forward, easy to understand. Examples
PTOcess, progress or result of techrical or scientific research or the state of a Instruction Manuals
technical or sientific research problem. It might also include recommendation
and conclusion of the research. Policy Manuals
Technical report is a type of writing where the author is Process Manuals
about a particular subject that writing User Manuals
requires direction, instructiorn or explanation. This
style of writing has a very different purpose and different characteristics than Report of Analysis
other writing style such as: Instruction for Assembling a Product
1. Create writing Tips for good Technical writing
2. Academic writing There are following tips.
3. Business writing8 Know your audience: An expert in the field will understand certain
Characteristics of Technical Report abbreviation, acronyms, lingo that directly applies to such a field. The
It
pertains to a technical subject.
1. It has a novice will understand in the same manner and therefore every detail
purpose.
2. It achieves
must be explained and spelled out for them.
objective. Use Impersonal Style: Write from a third
person perspective like a
3. It conveys information,
facts, and data. teacher instructing a student.
4. It is
impersonal.
5. It is concise.
The writing should be straight forward, to the
point, and as simple as
possible to make sure the reader understands the process or instruction.
6. It is direct and exact.
Know how to research, gather information from the number of sources.
7. It is
performed with a particular style and format.
8. It cites contributions of others.
9. It has more attributes. What is Term
WritingTerm Paper
a
Paper?
Format A Term Paper is a research paper written
TITLE by students during an academic
term. A term paper accounts for a
Executive Summary large part of a grade. Term papers are
1: Introduction generally intended to describe an event, a concept or argue a point. It is a written
2: Methodology original work discussing a topic in detail. It is usually several typed
length. It is often due at the end of a semester or a term. pages in
2.1.
Experimental/ sampling design
2.2. Data analysis Main Parts: The main
parts are an introduction, a
body and a conclusion.
3: Results Outline: It has Three Major Sections.
4: Discussion 1. Preliminary Section
5: Conclusions a. Title Page
6 Recommendations b. Abstract (if
required)
References c. Table of Contents (if
Appendices 2. Text
required)
(Body Section)
Style: a. Introduction
Style is the
way of writing. The appropriate style for technical b. Main Body (Chapters or Sections)
objective writing is
c. Conclusion
3. Supplemental Sectio
a. References
Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik
Page 202 Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir hafeez Malik Page 203
 7. Unsiructured interview ie quepbore are n t alre desded and rx
a e Emal
agreed)
h e Hiring Email
Preparation
10 The New Product Email Physical and Mental Preparato
1TheAnnouncement Email Tie interviewer must be Diccplined, Wel Dressed and Yormal
Geod Email He/she should try to act like a Proiessaconal
A good email must have tollowing parts Be psychologically prepartd
1 A sulbjective line that summarize the .ssage Appear with a proper Mind et.
A n opening that reveals the main idea. Three Stages of Interview Skills
S A body that explain the main idea. 1. Before Interview
4. A closing that sumumarizes the message or offer a clasing thought. 2 During Interview
Bad Email 3. After interview
Sometimes pepple send bad email to other unintentionally which destroy 1. Before Interview
bad
their reputation. An email becomes bad if itis long and time consuming. A 1. Know Yourseif
email has these problems: 2. Know the Company
. Subject line may not be informative 3. Dress Properly
not reveal the main idea. 4. Prepare and Practice properly
2Openings do
3. May not provide the context to reader and include bad response 2. During Interview
4 May not reflects any action to take 1. Greet the interviewer (s)
interview Skilis 2. Create an Impression
interview is a face to face activity. is One on 3. Know your Resume (CV)
It sometinmes One, Two
on 4. Use positive Body language
One or and Pane! taking an interview. In An interview there is an "interviewer"
5. Show confidence
wiho takes the intenview and an "interviewee
wiho gives tihe inierview. interview
to face 6. Be patient (listen before answering
is a purposeful pracical acivity based on interactive planned and Face

communication.
7. Be to the point. Give brief answerTs
An interview is.. 8. Be truthful
9. Be professional
1.Purposefu! Activity
2. It is practicai 3. After Interview
3. interactave 1. Thank the interviewer (s)
4.it is piarned 2. Leave with a smile
5.it is face to face activity 3.
Ask for further contact
6. It is Question/ Answer based activity Interview is a practical activity therefore; never appear in an
without preparation. Try to give your best during the inienview, never gve up
intervew
7. A structured Controlled Actvity
8. Physical and Mental Activity and hope for the best
Check Points of An interview Important Possible Quesiions to practice and prepare for interviews.
1. Purpose Tell us aboutyourself.
2. Planning Why did you apply for this position?
3.Control What special qualifications make you a good candidate?
Types of Interviews: Usuaily the Describe your greatest accomplishments.
foliowing types are common: What activities have you been actively involved in during colege?
1. one-one interview 2. Panel interview 3. Video conference interview
Presentation/Demno interview 5. Case inerview Describe leadership roles you have heid.
5. Siructurd Interview (The questions are already decided and What did you contribute in your last position or intermship?
agreed)
Daa 77?
 What goals have you set for yourself? iodel Job Letter
What do you consider your greatest strengths?
Describe what you are doing to improve one of
your weaknesses.
To,
What have you read lately? The Director of Edueation,
What do you think your Multan Division, Multan.
responsibilities would be in this position?
Why should we invite you to come here lo work? Subject: Appointment As AComputer Compeser
is there anything else yu
Woutd like us to know? Respected Sir,
In response to your advertisernent published in the daily
The News
The key a successíul interview is
preparation. Based on your resume, Composers. i offer
the interviewer has determined that
you meet the qualifications required for the Lahore dated 15th May, 2013 regardirg the posts of Conputer
I cubmit the detailed CV for
job. The interview will allow you to provide additional details about my services for the post of Computer Composer.
and give you yourself your kind consideration.
an opportunity to clear how you will be a good fit for this position
and how you will I fulfil ll the requirements of eligibiity. It gives me pleaure to be a
contribute to the organization. candidate. I would feel honoured to appear in the test and interview.
Job Application Letter Thanking you in anticipation.
What is Job Application Letter?
a

Job application letter is written to the Head of some Ycurs truly,

company, department or office by
organization, X.Y.Z.
jok seeker (candidate) while applying for
a

jobs. This letter gives an impression about the applicant. Writing Resume/ CV
3 Sections of a Job Vetter A resume or CV isa written documeñt (summary) of one's education,
Job application letter is divided into three sections: work experiernce, skills, and achjevements.
1. Introduction, which details why the applicant is writing. 3-Types of Resume
2. Body, which discusses relevant qualifications. 1. Chroroiogical-The most common resume type, in which you list ycur work
3. Closing, which thanks the reader and
provides contact information and experience in reverse hronological order, from the most to the least recent.
follow-up details Functional
Tips for Writing a Strong Application Leiter 2. - A functional resume focuses on your skills and abilities rather
. than your work history.
It is formal letter. The words and
phrases should be carefully chosen. The 3.
Combination This type of
resume lists your skills and experience before
ianguage should be simple and easy to understand. The letter should be your employment history.
and short. It should coniain all precise
necessary information. Parts of Cy
1. Take a direct start Part-1 Address and Date Part-2 Addressee Part-3 Personal Details
Explain simply why you are writing. Part-4 Qualificationa Part-5 Educational Details Part-6 Experience
2 Offer something different than
Tell a narrative about
what's in yourresume Part-7 Languages Part-8 Personal Interests Hobbies Part-9 Reference
your work experience and career.
3. Make a good case
Emphasize on the strengths.
Close with all the
important dètails
Include a thank you at the end of
your letter. Share your contact
information and mnention how you will follow
up.
 Sunart B5 (Functionall English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik
Curriculuin Vitae (CV) or Resume
Detaiis

Zain Khan
Letter Writing
eliniion A letter is defined as a wr:tten
message addressed to a perscn or an
Fauar's Name: Fakhar lqbal organization, usually put n an envelope and sent by post. The same can be done with
Address: ABC Colony, Multan. computers or internet in modern times. Leiter writing is a common writing activity. t is

Contact No. 123456 an art. lt hasdifferent

types. Diferenttypes of tetters
styles. The common types of letters are given below.
have different specific formats and
Date of Birth: March 03, 1994 .Infornmal, social or personal Letters
Age: 25 Years These types of lctters are written to famiiy members, relatives and friends.
Gender: Male 2. Business or Commercial Letters (written for business purposes)
Religion: Islam 3. Official Letters (written in / to Govt. offices and officers)
Nationality: Pakistani A good letter should consist of:
Material Statu_: Single 1. An appropriate Greeting (Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Father, Dear Ali)
ldentity Card: 001-12-1234567 2. An introduction clearly stating the reason you are writing
3. A Main body in which the subject is developed. Begin a new paragraph for
Email: zainkhan786@gmail.com
Qualification: MBA each main point
4. A final paragraph in which yuu sum up the topic or express your wish for
Educational Details:
MBA 2018 ABC, University. something to be done
Govt. College, ABC. 5. An appropriate Ending (Proper Closing)
Inter 2014 (Yours/Best wishes, + first name, Yours sincerely, Yours faithfuly, + fuil name).
Mairic 2012 Govt. High School, ABC.
Tips for formal letters
Experience: Sales Representative ABC Computers (02 Years)
Office Manager ABC Media, XYZ. (01 Year) Begin with: a) "Dear Sir/Madam" and end with "Yours faithfully" + full name End with
"Yours" sincerely or faithfully + full name
Interest & Hobbies Working on Computer, Internet, Travelling Remember, that there's also a slight difference between American and English business
Languages: English, Urdu letter writing that can be foilowed during writing
Personal Inerests: Cricket & Reading In formal letters never use slang and excessive details, try to express your ideas in the
References: Will be provided on Demand at the time of concise form, the shorter the message the better the understanding.
interview. .Tips for informal letters
In informal (friendly letters) start with "Dear" or use the first name of the recipient
The ending is usually sounding like "Love/Yours/Best wishes" + first name or "Yours
sincerely and full name"
Ifit'sa semi-formal letter it also can begin with "Dear Mr. /Mrs." and surname, ending
with "Yours sincerely" or "Best wishes/Yours" +first name or full name
Types of Letters
Formal Letters Informal Letters Business Letters
Thanks Letters Invitations Sales Letters/ credit,
Congratulation Letters Cengratulation coll ction
Sympathy Letters Apologies Orc er Letters
Apology Letters Sympathies Coinplaint Letters
Invitation Letters Complaints Adjustment Letters
Regret Letters Requests Inquiry Letters
Request Letters Condolences RecommeFdation Letters
Favour Letters
Sharing Personginformation Acknowledgment Letters
Cover Letter
Lettersof Resignation
Smart BSTshciongi) Znglish Prei. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 226
Smat BS (Functionai) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 227
 Snart Bs tu. f inglish Prof Anir Hafeez Maltk fajee.
SmartB, at1uitall L1gtish Prof. Amir

Personal Leiler Congratulation Lett er)

Bsin5sLetter
Leter to Fiend Congratu ating lim on Success in Examination Lstiera To Fin Caling ior Rat s For (uoialim
aination Hal, 17-A Gulshan Market,
A.B.C. New Mutan.
July 0, 2013. July 30, 2018.
Dear Friend, Messrs. Crace Garments,
s u c c e s s in the Board
my heartiest congratulalionson your brilliant
Accept 37-BThe Ma!l,
i n the
Eiamination. Yesterday, 1 read your result and saw your photugraph Lahore
ln tot, what you have achieved s e e m s
newspaper. I a m really very happy. Dear Sirs,
unachievable to so many. Your lamily will b very happy on thus great occasion. Your name as the best nmanufacturers of T-shirts has been mentoned t
Your sucCess is envtabl: T feel prOud of you. You have seta very ood example s by otur friend, Mr. Kazim of Dress Well Gaments. We plan to buy IO00 1-
bet
for the young ónes. Oe ayain accept niy hearty congratul:tion. I wish you shirts for new
seasonstarling next
your products and their rates
month. We therefore, need complete details of
We shall be glad if you send u your cataoyue
luck
Your sincere friend, with quotations lor large, medum and snall size round neck, halt-sleeves ant
X.Y.Z. sleeveless T-shirts. Please also state the lime you will require for delivery andl the
Official Leller
To Health officer requesting for ianproving Sanitary todaions
condstions of payment. We expect to have an early response from you and al
look forward to better future business relatons.
The lealth Officer, Yours faithfully,
Municipal Corporation, Faraz Khan
A.B.C
Manager
Respected Sir, Fashion Point
Tdraw your attenlion to tlhe erious problem of bad sanitary conditions of
ur cplony. I would like to thank you for unprovung healtlhsanitary the conditions of Summarizing
conditions. There is What is a Summary? sumn.lry is a siortened version ol an oriyinal
ty. Our colony still faces the worst sanmtary and
u text. It in ludes the thesis and major suporting pont,
tilih depot or carrier arrangewnt. There is no proper dtanage syste
opopyr A summ.ary is a significant reduction ot te
makes streels
Sagnant waler, *spially in t e t a n y s e a s o n
Lile
impassible, is
original source
to du whatever was A sunmary 1s not a rewrite of the original piece. .. To write a summury,
dulicult in unhealthy conditions. We have tried our best
solution ot use your own words to express brielly the main idea and relevant details of the
possible. lt is roquested that kindly direct the staff for the pemaent
interet, We shall piece you have read. Your purpose in witing the summary is to give the basic
Our
problems. This may not be possible without your personal
ideas of original
be highly obliged for thin lavour thw
vents r ideas,
readng.
A good summaty gives only the most important
Yours obediently.
low Long is a Sunmary? lt nmay 1/3 or 31% of the original
XY.
Qualities of a Good Summary
text.
1 . Accurate 2. Clear 3. Relevant 4. Concise 5. Originaliy
4 Can be underst1lod without reference to the origunal;
s a taithtul reprodurtion ot, or contains only the ideas or information ot
the original,
a l s briel witut any unnevessany detai
a readable unitied whole
Steps in Writing a Summary:
R e a d the text Tounderstand the text and tud the grneral theme
Reread the text Divide into se tions and lalel eah section
Understand the impurtant parts.
Haleez Malik Page 228 mEemtee
Ssn.ut B5 (Functton d) Engllsi Prof. Amir Sart Bs (Functlonal) Kngllsh Prof. Ami Halee: Malilk Page 229
 Smart BS ifunctional} Engiish Prof. Am1r i: rez
Miai Sart 35 IFunc naly er Malik

Nite one-sentence surnmaries

Opposiie to solud essay writng, the goal 1s to be href and ginerai tai
Summarize each section of thought.
than supporting alBstatements with ixts, exami-s, or other detis
Formulate the thesis statement How to Wrile a Summary in 8 Sieps
Join the one-sentence section-summaries together. Writing a good summary demonstrates that you clearly understand a e at and o t
First Draft (Writing Sunmary) communicate that understanding to your readers
The structure of your summary should include 1) Divide...and conquer.
an
paragraph. This introduction, however, should include the name of the article's
introductory 2) Read.
author, the title of the article, and the central idea or thesis of the article. 3) Reread
The 4) One sentence at a time
body paragraplhs should address the most important points in the idea that says what the whole summary is about)
original article. The topic sentence of each paragraph should state the main idea 5) Write a thesis statement (BIG main

6) Ready to write.
oí that paragraph and include the name of the article's author. 7) Check for accuracy.
Tinalizing Your Summary 8) Revise.
Proofread and correct your rough draít catefully. Make sure your Conclusion: Summarizing is the leaming skils. These skills are helptuí in

summary has not left out anything important, that it makes the same point as the understanding the text.
original article, and that it is coherent and flows smoothly
book
Paraphrasing
Summarizing generally outlines the main ideas or highlights of a or
Paraphrasing reproducing the writer's ideas in your own words
is
article or passage. You can summarize in your own words or use quotes írom the as the
without changing the original meaning. It is usually about the same length
original. It is the activity of reducing the original text by giving main points only. structure and the vocabulary are not too
original. It is important that the sentence
Summarizing is telling the important ideas of a text in your own words. similar to the original. While summarizing, on the other hand is a synopsis of
Purpose: The purpose of summarizing is to briefly present the points of a
key someone else's work or writing. There is no original thought put into writing8a
theory or work in order to provide context for your argument/ thesis.
summary: it is simply
a recap of an article, book, or excerpt" (Martineez,
outlines the
How to Summarize a Paragraph: Peterson, Wells, Hannigan, &t Stevenson). Summarizing generaliy
1. Preview and read: Preview and read the paragraph closely. You probably will main ideas o: highlights of a book or article or passage. You can summarize in
find that you need to read the paragraph more than one time. your own words or use quotes from the original.
details of
2. Make a list or outiine: Determine the main idea and the supporting Paraphrasing is when you borrow someone's idea, and when using
that idea in
own words.
the paragraph. Make a list or outline. Be sure to use your it
your paper, you put entirely in your own words. You are borrowing an idea,
the paragraph. State
3. Write a summary: Using your list, write summary of
a
not words. Paraphrase is one form oí note-taking. Paraphrasing information
one or
the main ideas, followed by important ideas. Limit your summary to just requires that the researcher rewrites the passage in his or her own
words but stil
two sentences. preserves the complete meaning of the passage. Direct quotation and summary
mistakes.
4. Read aloud and correct: Read the summary aloud, correcting any are the other two ways in which to use information from a source.

PROCESS: Paraphrase Iníormation from a source that has been writien in your own words,
author's intent. This is a crucial of wriing is
R e a d the work first to understand the usually in more simplistic vocabulary and sentences. Tre body
could lead to an inaccurate summary. version of
step because an incomplete reading equal in length to the original body of information. The paraphrased
Note: an inaccurate summary is plagiarism! informationis easier to understand.
and main ideas in point form.
In your own words, write the thesis Paraphrasing is really about:
accurate summary of the authors - Internalizing the meaning of the text
Decide which points are crucial to an -

Understanding a
passage
does not misrepresent the
work. It is very important that the summary - Restating the important points in your own voice
author's argument. The two key sBeps to paraphrasing are:
and
E d i t the surmmary by deleting extraneous descriptors, details, changethestructure of the paragraph
examples. change the words
Reread the original work to ensure thaB you have accurately represented
the main ideas in your summary.
Smart BS (Functional) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 231
Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 230
Smart BS (Functional) English
 AMr H..ie:
Smart Es (Fnctior Ergiis* Prof
SorzrtES Fmcthonali
Engiisis Pru, Atir FEecr Ni.i. 23 very wess
subect that vou knon
letter to the editor on..
erconing Stoge Frighi It vou cmpese a

jargon and technicai

terms unlkss you are absonteBv
sure that ut
eak ing s aato e ihe bigeess ear. Take tonot use

sieps to overcome your stage fright ntended audience l

understand them
s o
reduce Siag: Srigat: is s t a n d a r d t o r
letters to the edito
S the focus T : vOursei ard
y >u ear to
The use ot the tirst person
this task. You are trving to perstuade pe
ur mue are necessar tor
3 u t vour aud:ence purposaonuibuiing sometnhing ot Persuasve texhnues
of v i e w his means
that you can use a tone that is owtas nat
D
scarng ousli with ihughts abOut what to see yOur pou can be
emp
0a
houghis and nages har are calminE and might go wrong Instead. tocus
your attention or
mterestect It also means that i
nuiniber of persuasive techniques
Refuse to think reassuring Structure and format
thoughts thal
Practice ways to caim and rela
create salf-doubt and low
confidence Introduction
our mind and about
erCises. )oga. a d meditation. bocy. such as deep breathing. relaxation Brielly outline the issue
that you are wnhng
Exercise. eat weil, and nclude your opinion.
aicoboi as much as practice other healihful tifesty le habits.
possibie. Try to limi caffeine, sugar, and
istualize your success: Ahw ay s focus on Body
Explain your opinon
situations your strength and ability to handle
Prepere your mareri2l in advance
challenging Give evidence tOr your opinion

and read it aloud to hear Conclusion

ake connections t h your voice
your audience. Smile and Restate opinion.
ater than enemies. sreet people, thinking Questi ons
Scand or sit in a sei
-assured, confident pos+ure. Remain warm and
of them as friends Asking Questions and Ansvwering
Questions
Cve up
tring to be perfect and know that it is open and make eye contact. Strategies for Asking level most of the class
OK to make mistakes.
Be natural. be Ask plenty of questions that
are pitched at a

Letter to the yourself.

pose The purpose of a letter Editor can handle.
t-ut curent issue. Lettes to
to the editor is to to use their own reactions, feelings,
a
the editor are express your individual views Encourage students tor
TeS pers. published in nearly all magazines and life experiences as starting points
Tone The tone can be perceptions, values and
informal or formal, discussioon.
is to be
published. This is because the audiencedepending upon the publication in which it
pubticaon is the Ask specific questions.
readership of any given L e a r n to really wait after you ask a question.
Features of a letter to the
Editor
Give ali students adeqiate tirne to formuiate
A etier to the answers.
editor is an
recently publishedexpression
has been of opinion on a
in the topical subject
to which it has been (usually
one that B e clear and positive in rewarding al! participation.
etter to the editor is a publication writtan).
public persuasive text, withihe aim to express views to a wider Strategies for Answering Questions
it.
Effecve letters to he editor Repeat the question or paraphrase
Letters to the editor are rely on fact as well as opinion. Redirect content-related questiors to the whole class.
often
Lo other
letters to the editor. responses to articles form the particular Answer a question with more questions.
Always start with To the publication, or
Promote a discussion among students.
Sn off briefly, with eitherEditor, and then leave a line.
to admit you don't know the answer.
Sbarb. your initials or your first initial and last name and
Don't be afraid
Set certain times in the class when you deal only with basic
inis for writing Effective letters to aside
7he secret to the Editor questions
writing
with wel researched good letters to the editor is to USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
combine persuasive linguage
Short, concise letters eviderce be
Audio visual aids are those devices through which
can
are more message
(around 200 words is a likely
published to be
longer, waffling letters than As these materials involve two important senses
ot
well
While sone letters to good maximum length).
heard as as seen.

the the other two, visual

editor
are composed in an informal tone, are m o r e effective when compared to
n e will
help your letters to carry keeping a formal learning, they
an air of
authority. and audio materials.

5
(Functionai) Erglish Prof. Amir Hafeez
Malik Smart BS (FunctBonal) English Prof. Amir Hafeez Malik Page 237
Page 236