DOCUMENT RESUME ED 093 171 95 FL 006 132 AUTHOR Hardman-de-Bautista, M. J.; And Others TITLE Aymara Gramuatical Sketch to Be Used with Aysar Ar Yatiganataki (ror Learning Aymara Language). Voluge 3, Aygara Language Project. Final Report. INSTITUTION Florida Univ., Gainesville, Center for Latin American Studies. SPONS AGENCY Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-9-7758 PUB DATE Jun 73 CONTRACT OEC-0-9-097758-4097 NOTE 423p.; For related documents, see FL 006 130-133; Document way reproduce poorly due to quality of original copy AVAILABLE FROM Library, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 EDRS PRICE NF-$0.75 liC Not Available from EDSS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS ‘American Indian Languages; *Ayaara; Cultural Avareness; Glossaries; Grammac; Instructional Materials; Languaye Instruction; *Language Research; Second Language Learning; Textbooks; *Unconsonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS #bolivia; National Defense Education Act Title VI; NDEA Title VI; Peru ABSTRACT eae This voluse is basically a reference gracear and may stand on its own apart from the teaching vaterials. The three voluaes are cross-indexed according to the grangatical descriptions of the third volume. Grasuatical descriptions are therefore aluost entirely absent from the first two voluaes, and persons interested in the description of the foras they are learning vill find it necessary to consult this third volume. The general structure of the Aymara language is described, followed by specific chapters on the phonology, verbal derivational system, verbal inflectional systea, substantive aorphology, and brief chapters on the independent suffixes, the sentence suffixes, and the syntax. (Author/LG)(32 Fu coe = ED 093171 = PUAL REPORT geet Loe 097753 Comtrast lo, Ce ROMAIN ATAARA GRAUMATICAL SKETCH bo be used whth ‘he research reperted too contract with the Deportaent of icalthy 2 underta, ears ene: U, Se DREAP TEALT, SDUGATI“", AUD. WHLFARE O€Tice of Paucation Inctitute of Internatiosal Studies since a net, therefore, arity pepresont vitlelal office of EducationCombined Communities of Qumpi, Bolivia Guana Vasquez, Conswltant on all ratters InstitutoNacional jc Zstudios Lingufsticos La Paz, Bo: Artist - contribut wors, visual aids. The mater. Office of = OEC-0. 302(0)(25)5, 6 Teaching Ph.D, candidate as azenled veluse I AMAR Ai vandidate iu suthropology (etudent use} Those xho provided Those who helped with data: final copy: Pedro Copana Carol Badges Martin Lavra Lucy Briggs Plena Foveara Pedro Copana Gervasio Koya Iydia Deakin Karen Evans lydia Gonzele Robert J Gearne Jordan elipe Manteiga Vivian Colan sffie Siith Lydia Gonzdlez Micaela, Santiago Quis:AYMARA GRAMMATICAL SEKTCH To be Used With AYMAR AR YATIQANATAKT CONTENTS OF VOLUME IIT Contents of Preface and Indices sssseeeee Synbols of Bolivia and of Aymara - Juana Vasquez . Chapter I ~ Introduction ...seseesee Chapter II - Overview of the Structure of Aymara Chapter ILI - Phonology by Laura Martin Barber .. Chapter 1V - Morphophonenics .....+. Musician of Bolivia ~ Juana ‘Yasquez ... Chapter V - General Morphology ssssseeeeereresatesee renee Chapter VI - Verbal Derivational Suffixes by Nora Clearnan England . Chapter VII - Verbal Inflectional Suffixes ..... Chapter VIII ~ Structure of Substantive System by Lucy Therina Briggs sessseeeeeeeeeees Chapter IX - Theme Formation . Chapter X - Independent Suffixes Quga ~ Juana Vasquez «+ Chapter XI ~ Sentence Suffixes .. Chapter XII - Syntax Isla del Sol ~ Juana Vasquez «+. Postcript ...++. iv 80 98 99 16 181 206 350 358 364 365 376 400 40LPREFACE TO THE AYMAR AR YATIQARATAXT MATERIALS OF THE AY RA LANGUAGE MATERIALS FROJECT ‘The Ayrara lenguage belongs to the Jaq family, a fanily which’ is made up of three languages: Jagaru, Kavki, and Aynara, The Aymara language is spok n by ore than one million inhabitants of Bolivia and Port vith the highest concentration around the shores of Jake Titicaca, In Bolivia, it is spoken in"the department of La Paz, in Qruro, and part of Potos{, In Perd, Aymara is spoken in the depart- nents of Puno, Moquerua, and Tacna, The first ¢ prehensive study of Aymara is being undertak Dr. M. J. Hardnan-de-Bautista, the first North Arerican 14: analyze the Aymara language system with the cooperation of Bolivian native Aymara speakers with linguistic expertise, The present peda- gogical text of ara as a foreign language has been carefully prepared, alvays tal ie semantic ng into account ba cultural aspects which nake up a large portion of the Ayzara language and culture, The units ch appe n the present text represont real life situations of the culture, Both the dialogues and the exercises have sprung up natural ry coul of the native speaker, from the Aymara ran, the Ayrara ¢ «terials presented in this text have been selected and conpiled from th r point of world view, The a as been utili din the present vork is the phonenic alrhabet constructed by a native Ay ker who studied ra-spea linguistics at the In 1 de dios Lingufsticos (Tez) of Bolivia; one which reflects th Phonological systen ara 1The raterials ich have been collected for this pedagogical te: show the Ayrara language spoken in different areas of the Bolivian alti- plano, In order to rake this work a reality, native Aynara-speakers have Worked in c4ose cooperation vith us. So as to confirm the phono- Logical wit structural accuracy of the language, the tape recording of don Gervasi € Llanacachi has been transcribed, The authors who participated in the realization of the present Work have been: » Ta.D., Director of the Ayxara Languoce Materials Project. Dr, Hardman is a Korth American linguist who dedi- cates her tine and her Life to the scientific analysis of the Aymara language and to the ative study of proto-Jaqi. ‘hanks to her ing efforts, and above all, to her capacitics as a has Coxe to fruition and © present wor vill serve as a basal text for Uke study of the Aymara language. Under her direction, | University of Florida began the acadexie ra language in 2970. The dedicated and uncea: ng tion in pedagori cal vents, she learned Ayre She has done scien! they reflect the reality of Aynara culture. fen) illustratiens are due to her efforts, all of which reflect city for work; her efforts bri vinita, Aywara teacher: a native speaker of Aymara © He studied linguistics at the Instituto Nacional de Estudios Li: sin istices (INPL) ef Bolivia, He has taught cours: Aymara on several occasions at ING! L, has initiated regular courses i Ayrara in the Languag? Departnont at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés de Ia Paz. He participated in various programs for teaching Aynara in the United States, He initiated the publicati n of bulletins in Aymara in the U. 5, as well as in Bolivia, Mr. Yapita constructed the phoneme alphabet of the Aymara language used in these materi contributed yan throughout in the it of the exercises, He is the initiator of language from the Aymara point of Other collaborators on th projects were the following: Mrs. Leura M, Borter, who wrote on Ayr a nology for her thesis; Hrs. Nora England, Who wrote about verbal suffixes; Ms. Iucy 2. Briggs, Ph.D, candidate, who wrote on the topic of noxinative suffixes and who is deeply engaged in the scientific of Ayrara. The work done by the graduate students 4 and ccopnration of the Botivians vithin the project. at a highly qualified +. of professionals It will be a terials und exerted thenselves rightily will serve as a base for the scicn- Once Ayrara is learned, understand ng of the Ayzara culture will follow; for as 1 ch tells us, it is the language w reflects the culture of a peo; With this point in mind, the Aymara tean msbers of the proj to have accepliched a vork vhich is in the interest of seciety. vitFinally, the Ayrara team extends its profound thanks to the Aymara conmmity in its entirety for having given their cooperation during the developrent of the Ayrara work, particularly to the inhabitants of the in Bolivi: to extend its thanks to the The Ayr nt of Anthropology and the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida for its cooperation vith this project. Juan de Dios Yani Menber of the AyVNILNZ9NV SN foyeiaat Exoysinonns | i i znva vinys — eduonnioaoo ~o. . 7 20 2 i VIATTO Ge tt” semen eee ang “ ° wath Oaay popiiuro ene 0 eiensatyo 7 : ‘ 74 sugoa get Fy G09 9 mie = (Moy ‘nupbop ‘DsDWAY) vaxods easy sebon6uo7 1OVr 2494m DalyCONTENTS Preface and Indices Title Page . Credits . Alphabet . Contents of Yolune III ss... Preface - Juan de Dios Yapita Moya . Map Contents - Preface and indices . Chapter I - Introduction ..... Chapter II - Gerview of the Structure of Aymara ..... Chapter III - Phonology - Barber .. Chapter TV ~ Morphophonemics . Chapter V - General Morphology .. Chapter VI - Verbal Derivational Suffixes - England ., Chapter VII ~ Verbal Inflectional Suffixes . Chapter VIIL ~ Structure of Substantive System - Briggs ss... Chapter IX - Theme Fornation ..+.. Chapter X - Independent Suffixes ..... Chapter XI ~ Sentence Suffixes .. Reeetssst) ‘i Chapter XII = Syntax se eeeee sense : ec eeecreen Preface from the Aynara Community ~ Juana Vasquez; Prof. Pedro Cepana ... Page it it iv xt xiit xitt xiv xvi xvi xiv xiv xx xx xxiCHAPTER I UNTRODUCTION 1 Decography .. 2 Language Family «+. 3 Data Source -- 2. Study Background .. 22 Previous Studies 2.2 Previous Studies by Project Personnel . 2.3 Personnel of Project . 3. Organization of Grammar « 31 Symbolization 3.2 Chapter Outline CHAPTER LL Overview of the Structure of the Aymara Language 1. Linguistic Postulates .. La Perscral vs, Non-personal Knowledge +++. 1.2 Four ’erson System; Salfence of Secend Person 1.3 Human vs. Nor-hunan « 1.4 1.5 Tine/Space Perspective Shape/Movenent Categorization « 2. Grammatical Levels 21 syntax «++ i 2.2 Norphology 6 2.3 Norphophonentes « 2.4 Phonology « Chart 11.1... Footnotes . : CHAPTER TIT Phonology Introducts deseanene Figure I1I.1 Phonetic chart - contoids of aynara .., Figure [11.2 Phonetic chart - vocoids of aytara . Figure [11.3 Phonenes 16 Phoneme Inventory and Evidence 1.1.0 Consonants eee vee Occlusives aot xt eau Seo 12 22 25 26 27 28 28 28Footnotes +++++ Appendices . Appendix Az Fricatives . Nasals «. Resonants «+++ Laterals Flap - Central Resonants « Vowels ss..5 Vowel Allophones Vowel Length «+ Siuple Phonemic Length « rammatical Length «+++. faya/ Reduction « Paralinguistic Length Distribututonal Limitations . Restrictions of Occurrence Vowel Linttations «. Consonant Linitat tons Frequencies «. The Phonological Kord Canor.ical Shapes +++ Roots + Suffixes The Syllable +++. Stress «. Definition of the Word « Consenant Clusters Root Clusters +++ Morphological Clusters + Transitional Vowel Phenonena Metathesis +++ Spanish Borrowings +++esese Canonical Foro Adaptations Phonological Adaptations «++. Dialect Variation «+++. Probleus for Further Research Short Text in Phonetic Transcription ... .s.e.. Appendix Al: Short Text in Phonemic Transcription with Appendix Bi Appendix Cz Appendix D: Appendix FE: Bibliography veeeseeeere Translation .. oe Short Text in the Ayrara Alphabet Frequency Count of Ayrara Phonenes . Root Consonant Clusters in Aymara (Continent Plus Occlusive) Aycata Alphabet . iL 67 68 70 73 74 75 16 78CHAPTER IV Morphophonemics 7 Pattern of Variation : Phonologically Conditioned Allomorphs - 1 Cannonical form Conditions - 2 Geminate Clusters .-.++++. 3 Predominance by /u/ ++++++ 4 5 Cluster Assimilation of /chC/ - Reduction of /j/ to /"/ sssrsssee 2. Morphologically Conditioned Allomorphs « 7 Syntactically Conditioned Allozorphs 1 Noun Phrases . rr] Verb Phrases « 3} Complenents . Abreviations for charts +++ Chart IV.A Morphenes Requiring Consonant Before and After q*=-o++++ Chart IV.B Morpheres Requiring Vowel Before and After y~--y Chart IV.C Morphemes Requiring Voxel Before, Consonant After y-=-9+ Chart IV.D Morphemes Requiring Consonant Before, Vowel After q~ Chart IV.B Morphemes Requiring Consonant Before, Permitting Either Consonant er Voxel after , Chart IV.P Morphemes Requiring Vowel Before, Permitting Either Vowel or Consonant After y--~ + Chart IV.G Morphemes with Complex, Indeterminate and/or Undetermined Morphophonenic Status, Morphemes Having no Characteristics of their oun, Pernitting either Consonant or Vowel to Either Precede or Follow --= sessssreee Chart IV.H Morphophonenic Distinctions Between Womonyns + CHAPTER V Structure of Morphological system ve Structure of the Aynara Word Ld Morphological Nodes «++. ; wall Description of Norphological Nodes 1.11.1 Substantive Roots... 1.11.2 Verb Roots «+++ : 1.11.3 Particle Roots ; 1.11.4 — Interrogative Roots + 1.11.5 Substantive Suffixes 1.11.6 Verbal Derfvatfonal Suffixes 1.11.7? Verbal Inf tional Suffixes 1.11.8 Independer. .uffixes . 1.11.9 Sentence S. fixes +++ tee 1.11.10 Nominalize:s and Verbalizers + xiit Page 80 81 81 81 82 82 83 84 85 86 86 86 88 89 90 91 92 33 94 95 96 99 99 100 100 101 102 104 106 107 107 108 108 108Constructs . Root Sten Thene . Verb ...0s The Word . Chart V.A The Structure of the Aynara Word: Morphological Categories .. Chart V.B The Structure of the Ayrara Wor; Preceding Possibilities .... Chart V.C The Structure of the Aycara Word: Succeding Possibilities .. 2. Terms and Abbreviations ....++ CHAPTER VI Verbal Derivational Suffixes 1 Introduction Figure VI.1 Phonemic Alphabet of Aymara ... 2 Verbal Derivational Suffixes - Structural Analysis .. Qt Frozen Suffixes .. {-ki-} .. {-li-} and {-nki- (-pa-} i-xa-y) vt Set 1 Suffixes 1 {-cha} . Chart VI.2 Order Classes of Aynara Verbal Derivational Suffixes vee... 2.22 vee 2.23 teeeee 2.26 (eran), (AtMapic} 2 2.26.1 (-ra-}".., 2.24.0 {-e"aptth ne 2125" (enuga-}, (2qach) (xata“} 2.25.1 {-nuga-} 2.25.2 {-ga-) 2.25.3 {-xata-} . 2.26 (-ta-} 2.27 (kata~ (xaru-}, {-x: 1 Ckata-} ee. 12 (-kipa-) « +3 (-naqa-} <4 (-nta-} “3 “6 {-nuku} (-tata-}eseee xiv 109 109 109 110 110 110 112 113 114 11s 116 17 118 120 120 120 120 121. 121 121 122 123 124 326 125 125 126 126 127 127 127 128 129 129 130 130 131 1312.27.7 . 2.27.8 ; 2.27.9 ; 2.28 5 2.28.1 . 2.28.2 . 2.29 (-rpaya-} : 23 Set IT Suffixes .. ‘i 2.31 {-ya-} 5 2.32 {-si-) : 2.33 0 {onti-} : 2.34 (-waya-) : 2.35 {-rapi-}, {-raga-} : 2.35.1 (-rapd-) . . 2.35.2 {-raqa-} « : 2.36 {-st=2) : 2.37 . 2.38 : 2:39 (-xa-ghy (kasd . 2.39.1 (~xa-3} 5 ‘ 2.39.2 {-ka~} . ‘ 2.4 Morphophonemic Summary ....+ : 3 Verbal Derivational Suffixes - Comparisons and Combinations «+ 3a The Causatives {-cha-} and {-ya-} . seeee 5 3.2 The Directionals {-qa}, {~su-}, {-ta-}, {-nta-} . . 3.3 The Completives {-su-) and {-xa-) . 3.4 The Distance Suffixes (-nuku-} and ( waya-) . 35 Nearness {-ni-} and Distance {-waya-} : 3.6 Suffix Corbinations tn Aynara . : 3.7 A Conparison of Functions of the Verbal Derivational Suffixes . aoe ate een ae 4a Suggestions for Further Research « Footnotes ..... Peet Appendices ssveseseeee Appendix A Glossary of Words . Appendix Bt Index of Suffixes . Appendix C: vorphene Frequency « Appendix D: Dialogue .. Bibliography see. xv 132 132 132 133 133 133 134 134 135 136 136 137 137 137 138 138 139 139 140 140 140 141 144 144 2145 146 17 147 148 150 153 155 156 157 168 170 172 180Chart VIL. 3.3 Chart VIL. Chart VIL. Footnotes CHAPTER VII Verbal Derivational Suffixes Introduction seseseseeseteneaneee Verb ROOtS seseereeerseereees Verbal Interrogative Roots .. Verbal embedding safia +...+. Inflectional Suffixes ....... Primary Tenses . ; Personal Knowledge Tenses ... Simple Tense . Future Tense « Near Remote .. Indirect Knowledge ... Far Remote Inferential . Suppositional .. Non-realized Tenses Imperative . Desiderative Compound Tenses . Remonstrator .... Inferential Compounds . Suppositional Compounds . 1 Suppositional Compound Tenses .... Inflectional Distinctive Features ss+sssseseveeeeee Subordinate and Defective Forns Subordinating Verb Suffixes . General Subordination .... Purposive Subordination Defective Principal Verbs Verbs from Verbalization . Obligatory .eseeeeee A Verbal Tense by Tine and Data Source . B Verbal Inflectional Suffixes .. xvi Page 181 182 183 183 185 185 185 185 186 187 188 188 189 190 191 191 192 193 193 194 194 195 196 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 200 201 204Chart - Class I Aymara Substantive Suffixes CHAPTER VIII Structure of the Substantive Systen Introduction . Sources and Texts . Methodology ..+++ The Aysara Sentence Substantive Root Classes Noninals .. Open Subclass - Nouns .... Closed Subclass . Positionals Prononinals ... Personal Pronouns .... Bemonstratives Substantive Interrogatives ... Negative .ssseeeees er Ambiguous Substantive/Verb Roots and Stens Verbal Suffixes That Affect Substantive Morphology « Verba! Suffixes as Thenatic Alternat ts .. Those that nay Verbalize Substantive Roots Those that Nominalize Verbs .. vtri, ofa. sta. wi. pee Other Verbal Suffixes That Relate to Substantive Morphology . ~rapi- ~raqa~ wst]- wees Substantive Suffixes ~ Structural Analysis Suffixes of Limited Distribution ., itu ~ja. ~layku ~qata -wisa ~ch'a ~pura Class I Substantive Suffixes ... xvit Page 206 206 207 207 209 210 210 210 210 211 217 217 217 220 225 225 226 226 226 227 227 230 232 233 233 233 233 233 235 235 236 237 237 238 239 239 239 240 240Footnotes . Index of Substantive Suffixes .. Bibliography .... Locationals Possessor/Enunerator -ni Personal Possessives .... on stens ending in fa cesses with locational suffixes Plural -naka sss... Conjoiner ~mpiy . Includer -packa; Class 11 Substantive Suffixes Relational/Complement Suffixes . ru (index) ~ta (index) : wtaki (index) we... mnipig (index) na (index) Final Class IT Suffixes . ~pachag « wkama (index) sara (srall index) Zero Commlenent s+. - (index) « “Vi- (index) -pta~ ws, Morphophon Complex Substantive Formations (index) . Suggestions for Further Research .. xvid 240 241 241 241 242 242 284 245 246 248 249 250 250 253 255 257 257 258 265 273 278 284 291 291 292 296 300 303 304 307 312 313 316 342 ad 347 349CHAPTER 1X Thene Formation 1 Introduct£On sesseseceeeeeeseeernees 2. Nominalization ... 3. Verbalization .. peer 3.1 Verbalization to Full Verb .... 3.2 Verbalization to Defective Verb . 4 Multiple Thematization 4a N>Von, a 4s VoN>V, 43 NoVoN> 4h V>N>V> 45 N>V>N> 4.6 N>N>V> 47 With Five Changes or More ... Chart IX.A Theme Forming Suffixes Footnotes s..seeee CHAPTER X Independent Suffixes a Definition and Occurrence Patterns .. eee seasonal 2 ~puni ~ -pint, "emphatic! + 2.2 ki ‘Limttative’ sreseees 2.3 vraki ‘aggregate’ wraki as a conplainer «+++ vraki ag a cautionary + sraki ag an objector mraki as defiance or challenge +++s+++ee 2.4 ~jana 'simulator's ss... Co-occurrence with other independents . Other examples «+ xix Page 350 350 350 351 351 351 351 352 353 353 353 354 354 356 357 358 360 360 361 362 362 362 362 362 363 363CHAPTER XI Sentence Suffixes Introduction ... Description of Suffixes Individual Suffixes .... +1 (-xa} Attenuator, Topic Marker +2 (-wa} Absolute, Affirmative . +3 {-sa} Information Interrogative . 24 {-ti} Interrogative/negative .. +41 {-ti} as yes/no Interrogative . +42 {-ti} as Negative « +5 (-sti} Follow-up “6 wi 8 9 at 1 {-ya} Politive . i-sa}o Lister ... Coha} Alternate Interrogative {-pi} Exclamatory « 0 {+} Exclaratory 1 {-chi-} Hearsay Inform : Suffix Conbinations . +21 Combinations with ( +2.2 Combinations with (-xa). 2.3. Other Corb nations .. Chart X-XI.L .. CHAPTER XIT syntax a Basic Sentence Structure « 1a {-xa/-wa} Statement .. os 1.2 {-xa/-ti} and {-xa/sa} Questions . 1.3 Negation peat) Chart XII.1 Basic Questions and An’ 1,4 Summary of Basic Sentences 2 Markable Structures in Basic Sentences . 6D 2.1 Kord 2.2 Phrases 2.21 Verb Phrases .. 2,22 Noun Phrases .... 2.23. Reduplicative Phrases 3. Permutations of Base Sentences . 3.1 Obligatory Pecnutations 3.2 Question Pernutations eee 3.3 Optional Permutations s.sseseeeeee xx Page 365 365 365 365 366 367 367 367 367 368 368 369 369 370 371 37. 37. 37 373 373 378 375 376 378 381 3al 383 384 384 384 385 385 386 387 388 388 389 301Multi-sentence Structures ... Context and Paragraph Structure 1 Juxtaposition ... 2 (sag) 3 4 {-cha} fuka} . Subordination Non-wka Subordin Verb Reduction 1 Regular Subordination -sa/sina . 2 Purposive Subordination ~iri/-fiataki . Subordination with {-xa} 46. Uka Subordination . Combinations ses... Footnotes «+. xxd 392 392 392 392 393 393 394 394 395, 395 395 395 396 396 398 399tapi kun qtllgasinxd, gnis emytliritanka, w L uraqins sifla= tL Niparux ) Sapa navnis Cimpukipan yatugapxa- hinut, Ayman arux Ji yaqManakax carniy = Ay xxitCHAPTER I imtRoDveT 1.1 Derography era is today a lensiase of the hich Andean plain tetweon the highest sins aid of the shores of the vorl@'s nichest nevi- he nurker of speskers vary widely; conservatively, the reel total could easily surpass e million the population he 1952 revolution to facilitate greats ninistries, in epite of the nove- rent after aco ver with Paraguay (1923-1938) for Aware es a national Jangunge, a5 Guevant ts to the Faracguayens, and in spite of the recent decla- vation (1970) of Foltvie ation, nevertheless, those who speek only iynara are effeotively pover of he st te. pts since ages in th 10 speek Spanish, but not ratively, Tins the project of which this Gremar is one re ers of Ay: Linguistic sefence to (a) the Lin v3 and, hopefully, ied or rationalized by the existence of sare and S F to appreciat? tho richness of their languag:, and thus counterset sone of the consequences of the social prejudice. The Aynara @ ulstion in Pers absclute size ( is conriderably smaller, both in jolivin) ond dn relation ty the The proble are sinilar. Peru alse 1 ed Ayrare (with Quechua and all other in of the nation, In both ntrtes anative Janouigs hes beon declared a requirerent for noreal scheol st tho wi) be wor in community develoy A anifor th ‘Alco, bilinruel education has been Seclared policy. doth countries, are yet to be inplenented, itically divided by the border be Titicace tke two countries, the ed culture, leet di: wees Bre Tinor, ara have a! essences and unique- throush conquests, Rusitdations, cerfdcn., and vhetever woran, @ strong, intel- "oe Tnene cre end conquered us, and’ thon seennebionod in thi ith a lon mpnen fren th tno on its correct, creative, proper, skit A thereasingly, highly valueds parents vide en education for thely chilare essary; in others, the corxunity builds a govertent for teachers and/or provides ifice for the conmmity school » onder to ellos a child to complete higher enter “he professions, Although come ty contacts, the oversheling proro: group fron any one tom will act the cepitals anity ad vender otner urban services ir tun, will keep their urban narkanesi proiets. the A rural ewltare, throughout over very 1 wticularly sedentary te of their posed travel linitalions. ‘The roads 5, veatity to the cace of novenent, the uoren do ost of ing, both Bolivie. ontration, neata) and Bolivia he people were we: Sahoo, and secondly, ® Randaentelist Christiens sho went 23 4th the value placed on vork by the Aymara. @ amount of nateriel produced, the care the exdless corrections so that ed by, the exquisite detail intestixony to the value of work to the erfection ine people is dictated by the exigencies of stout 12,699 feet (that of the Altiplano), fo snées, and, ith other related tubers, are tices do pot difter ureatly fron those of She dress ic primarily adapted groups are reczoned through ed through the spiritual/fictive aysten. There is also politics] organization on al type groups for such events as the fiestas. mel lands, irrigation canals, scheols, chtrehes. The details runity 40 corn art reflecting the lar 1, are good organizers. 1.2 Language fanily the Jagi seqera and fyvara is a fordly, which includes tro other ‘oth spoxen in Feru, The location on pase 3. Both languaces are Hately 2000 speakers of é vent generation. dely distr. - stic evidence point to a much wider distribution storie tires. Apparently at one tine they vere rth as Cajenares, The Ayrara vere apr: ratively recent tines - the rain split coming at on {+ 430-700 A.D.). ip of the Quecia languages to those ef the Jagi family whatever historical genetic rela- hove to be at a very profound tie depth. al contact, however, for at least 2000 pave alterrately held the dominant mutually influcneed each other nen is still unanswerable) nological and grarsaticn] xely in contact. ‘The arca roctulated ic thet of aspivation and lot sentenee suff. optionals (ugvelly); a siniler thfluenee fasies today (e.g. hops, sips). ich cer be corpared to Proto-dd by addivion well as 8 collected by Juana om vast movledge, Speeir- Agustin Nelda vat Gregorio de Agu Fosendo Antonio va Carselo = Funsay Micaela, chiryuito and VIL have acknowledged their sources uebion to tLe Tine spent over the Jai ten Fantxan vould preciation. y the Jesuit prisSwank, ant the Ayra psupcrior, is that of SICA Y > La Pav, 1965, It has the weakness that gvara % deviant fern of Tatin, tut he y and, Ike Rertento 1 learned by the’ Building on Ross, with improverent but seen through eyes more dedicated to Quechua, is the work of R. P. Joaquin Herrero, S. J., Daniel Cotari, Jaine Mejia and of the Padres de Maryknoll, LECCIONES DE AYMARA, Volumes Land 2, Instituto de Idionas, Cochabanba, Bolivia, 1969. ed a EP ‘or the Poace of the tr: Lar Carter, ined its d fortunately , idle stuly: alco, at three nonths the baer the versity of Ylorida that date the three co- fence and training whieh when Dr. Hardran, 20% previously and% began studies of Aymara during ove of the trip was to see whether & Tact inposeible to ascertain ae total lack of nateriels con- Stetes, The results were positive: a3 trade five additionel trips to Bolivia of epproxir, four years, in Polivie as the founding, of tne Instituto Juan de Dios ara TroJeet ac to th es its con- could be iweu out theve rateriala, ava tor the Avrara, It is ke Por the rouse her co project. yal Linguistics, +. He was later reos to study thy ‘ovento Linguis Linguistic field rethods. He ited States where training of the three ithout the dedication 1: Sypossible,2.3. Broject Personnel In addition to the three directors and co-authors of the a 1 the i cooperation of 2 worked with the Project as part of their th the Project dur: 1963-79. orida, She reeet) the Uns n taught Spanich ac a teaching ¢esistant guages before joining the Troject. She exe in the Linguistics Frogran at A. ies in 1970. oho, 16 ay the theris she partial the Gsaree requircuents, Tt io the mont 40 date, ron the University of to teach 8) ler interes boxber courses y pri- narily ix intenstion, nglend first wor va asa student in hen joined the trojeet for the year 190-71. cy fvor, Bryn Naur 4 the HvA, in authrovolesy wi ation in Tinguisties vavéed her degree 1 1 sut- She cor ho presented in partial particular class of suffixes is and one of tho vost bedaviting for danguac leavin “aeser is i ion oF eople, and help in the ‘cherina of 1970 to join the fa nghon, the frojest, after a disloxatie csveer in tae Depertient of siete, “sith an ani with a near ns Latin Anerien niects the dtftuston chagten VIII,Sti in an es: i the mowledge : ho can then have kad the oppor- © tire tr unate that i ve trust the mee wo worked so intensively together itten by persons tho were teaching Ls written ty 3 all other editor def. However, the actin with Ex, Yapita and to a lesser ed all of the data, Soxe . Yapita, extent section hole Aymawa tear ald have contributed endighte’ ng onledee dual coutri- y the cig lors as already indicated. to butions other 4 jn surbolicn.ton tel rorcnelsturs. e tha, if vor 5) however, rach of 4 4 ss each thesis or tem reetior ¢ deranded phonetic pre is fowd replaced ffovent &3.2 Chapter Outline nepters vritten by the editor-in-chief are all briefer, less the chapte! by the teaching assistents. Tt i future studies by students will msxe them as complete as the ritte: oe ig assistant chepters row, Chapter TZ discusses y the overall structure of Aymara and describes @ fox of the ling rostwlates of the language which cut across all cretraticsl categories and ell levels. oxy, by Laura Martin Barber, coustitutes the initial state vologieal oyster of Ayrara, the consonant end vowel phonexes of ayrara are ceseribed, and their distribution both individually avi in clusters is presented. A partial description of stress, sow cheuge, bor d dialect variation is included, Sove areas here further re. s necessary are noted, in view of the fact thet to satisfactory description of the sound systen of Ayrara has been previously done. Chapter Chapter Iv, Mo: the language ecco: tactically doterined very is very brie?: addition 4 rorpho: 3 is largely 201 be included for hophonenie character: sare also discussed. The chapter each chapters cara and thus must eture of the Aynare iterrogative, and general rorphologice! eneral irportanee beyond that of any one class. y used throughout the book are defined. pter V, word, the nature patterning vaich i Also, sore teri Kora Clearnen England, in Azara which combine 10 to rots, one of which acts on ths root of the verb, aul one of which acts on the inflection, are explained, Fach of the suffixes is analyzed sey and then the Tunetions of all the suffixes are cor furthei ren are noted, in have to wait for further research in the other parts of the language. Sixes, lists ell inflectional as to basie caveyories, co-occurrence ines as to specific usage. Chapter ¥II, ¥ volevant” Inv ities, and a Iney Therins ands, thore- Sve cysteu, eubstantive phiases at to th 10. the first neptor cites, “the classes, of Ayuara cubstantive roots. e substantive roots are listed, inalize vert roots are described. 5 three order classes for Aywara ructural description of their dis- + Class T suffixes inelude loce- my possessives, the plural suffix, Class IT suffixes are suzfixes, three final substantive suffixes, and voxel dropping. Class III sufTixes are those roots or stens. A rorphoy ie swiery, @ substantive formations, and suggestions for further 2 the chapter. The rain part of the sus suffixes section on cor research corpl: Chapter Tx, he nouinalizetion, vefe chapters, and illustrates in Ayara, ion, brings together all verbalization and to the appropriate sections in other ne TecuPYences of there formation possibilities Chapter: of suffixes ¥ the class of the latter, se2, describes that srall closed class ‘cot, stem, or thene independently of Chapter XZ, and detersine the » decesives the suffixes which define Ch sentence ty (within the 2 cusses very briefly the rors inportant ch ere & result of the distribution enl/or co-oceurrenes } possibilitics of sentence suffixes. Soxe oi re Geseribed, Relationships between sentence types are ON 3 to be valid for the lenguage i included - how soon th rthors. And they did perate dialect sree, infrequent sur quite or t#0; *e doubt vesented; rost likely ate place, All due care has tect heve discovered thet, working so es possitle not to see what is urthem:ore, beeaice of the nature of the raterials, ld proofread, For thore errors that may have we apolosise. unFOOTNOTES this statistic cla ming much hi peak Aynara also knew s ut Porg and inte Argentina stinates, Te raterial is avail 4 of the Bolivian population has as its roth ager languages: Ayrara, huect arish. y languars. y tongue his Leaves 2, In adit: to the ma tioned as cifically for the tioned by Yapita and raterials that sre officially 1 oct, others were prepared 2 r to the proble includ (the list 1s not exclusive with world w ara, from the Aymara p rho in its Tourth year of publication): A (naverials pedarceically @ @ for the cultural edification htt or no (MARA LITERACY FOR AY bet): YATTON? WUAKT. (nev 2+ @ course carrie and ites of nt of view, for ARITA of the SPEAKERS 1970 (for teaching vriais for the teaching out during two yeu 3. Sven a: OF 89) Printin tina Tehopik Gluvry, Jv., "The Aywara" in HANDBOOK nil, Steward, IT, 503-79. U.S, Govt. Barre (Westen, 1948 "The Ayrare Indians of AKA Morey #8), Even more current, C. oni Jud Buechler, The ures (inci thal " aro rere fornally organized in lina, Pers than fn La Paz, Bolivia, but in both countries. GETIES ALD VHF BOLIVIAN AsRARTAM in fecial fclences, Ac, Gainesvills, 127. One of the best studies of the prehistoric relationships of the Jaqi and Quechua families and reconstruction of language distribution is Alfredo Yorero, "Linguistica e Historia de la Sociedad Andina," in Alberto Escobar, ed., RETO DEL MULTILIGUISNO EN EL PERU, Peru ~ Problema 9, IEP Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1972. 8. Hardman, M. Discussion of paper by Lanham, PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINIH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF LINGUISTS, Mouton and Co. 1964 (p. 690). Also - "Andean Languages: Problems in Comparison and Classification", with Gary Parker, Cornell Linguistics Club, December, 1962. Parker, Gary J.: WORKING PAPERS IN LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, University of Havaii, Honolulu, Issues No. 1, 2, & 9. Also ~ COMPARATIVE QUECHUA PHONOLOGY AND GRAMMAR V: THE EVOLUTION OF QUECHUA Bl. Torero, F. Alfredo: (See footnote #7) 9. One illustrative error: Aymara does not have a base question ‘why’ (see Chap. VIII for interrogative orgenization): however, English speakers do and why (with the reply because) are a fundamental part of Protestant preaching. ‘There is a suffix in Aymara /-layku/ which translates why - it is a complainer, more like why on earth!, a repentive suffix. Because of its extensive use in Evangelical translations, hcvever, its use now marks one as Evangelical, In fact, Aymara speakers have told me that they do not know what it means, but one is supposed to slip it in every now and then. With the literacy materials some individuals educated by the Evangelicals have begun to write with the Yapita alphabet; many will throw in a few /-layku/'s apparently associated with writing. We have been able to remove the item froma text, thereby removing only the Evangelical stamp - no other semantic or grammatica} element is touched. ‘The impact of Protestantism on the Aymara lenguage would make a fascinating study in and of itself as would a study of ‘patrén' Aymara by former landlords. The kind of dialect development seen in the expansion of Protestantism can occur a) because no Aymara would be so rude as to tell someone they are speaking wrongly (unless the situation is so set up by the investigator, and linguistic principles shared, such that allowing an error to escape would be rude - or Worse, be seen by other Aymare as a reflection of one's own Work) b) because the Spanish of many Aymara is weak; Andean Spanish reflects a lot of Aymara influence; the Aymara speaker projects his own categories onto the Spanish (a pan-human behavior - we are all lingocentric), and finally, c) because the missionary linguist was not sensitive enough to catch that the translation didn't mean what it vould translate to be if said on the Iberian peninsula and his prestige encouraged use of the introduced form. 10. ‘Wexler, Paul, ed. 1967. BEGINING AYMARA: A COURSE FOR ENGLISH SPEAKERS. Peace Corps Training Programs, University of Washington, Ll. For example, the first line of the first dialogue had winustiyas, a borrowing from Spanish ‘buenos dias' translated as ‘good afternoon.’ It took two years to see it - and then by a new student curious as to the meaning shift! 13II Structure of ara Loni he type often called "syne tical Yo opin to the uffixation ar 2 on the skilled elaborately defined; in focus the respect and polite- th vit ant cleverness ¥, are highly aypreefated, Conversely, tiened, often souited sith 41]-3ill, caker, "Spouking poorly" using niniral norpholoriesl ne abruptly and shortly and #, Tho reputation of the Aymara 5 in laree part the application of the ave net addressed one properly - that. taste” speakers of the culture ness paren speaking 1d speaking Fe stupidity, or arropunes c is often defined an usine forms, and cinirel cnoriny the post! a5 a stoic silent negative sancticn sanction is tacits: Briefly outiit lates of the Ayn2 1 hole of th istic poste run through volved jasaw (ufijt) sajiax, jan_ufijasax cin say "I Have seen": without "' = which accurately reflects ; cexponent of any congureted entence aut= of the scarce of their data; 2 of Enforration own senses, 0 eat of inflectiv and other comparable s otherwise, because one ¥: kes other yrarsatical forms 14nish in Bolivia that sone Andean Spanish, ‘The adap- wiva' 'securo' ‘siempre’ - berian peninsula, esigned te ene cat: ersonsl, the ir a construction e case, a forn in Spanish ‘empty' fer the Aymara, boun a. sited to pon-rersenel knowledce, leaving 1 Rnowled, Fe ‘a learning Bnelish, a Sapir was the teacher of vot of then an? yoi Sapir teach va spenker will expect: “Bivard Sapir ort." os by particles: multe vhat they do on the stieular inflections will be othe scont Person, The four perso 1) speaker i 2) addres. both exelw L) both incluied + Basical) i in tuo sts in Ayrara a aaurosser oaks two conpononts: speaker and addre: a chart IT.2, cific, They are reflected interact as a Iiicuistic a ceuponcnt in the 4 to the fact at least two porcen. 2 ggneral conversation is virtual] poof thee ie reduvd eoi din, of another “NTG)+ v evtoal ‘te pro. hunand 22 4514 1.5 2 2d verb, one adds the personal causative (in contrast to the object causative - See Chapter VI) - achuyifia 'to cause to produce? ~ "1 cause potatoes to produce’, Culturally, T en if one is addressed with non-human terns, particularly the denonstratives. This ties in also with the previous postulate of salience of thesecond person, ne/ Space Per Tine is seen as spatially locate one, aot yet visibl the future is beain the present /past is ahead of one, before the eye, visible. Thus the prinary tense division is future non-future*; the present and past are not obligatorily split, e.g. churtea "I give/gave.' churfiva '1 will give’, Spatial neta- phors are readily and regularly used for tine, e.g. q"iptirkam ‘until another day (see you later)" g"ipa ‘in back of? and "day? Tuntil, up to’. The most connon interrogative and is kaki ‘where’; time is requested with complex interrogatives (See Chapter VII), Location is normall; very carefully marked and includes place and direction; one suffix specifically un- specifies location. Shape/ifovenent Categorization, As the Aymara are specific about location, they are also explicit concerning movement, in verbs aid nouns. The verbs of novenent are correlated with ethnosenantic categories of nouns by shape; thus soncthing cylindrical is not moved or placed with the sane verb as senething granular (ayaifa # jach'iMa), Movement is present unless stopped by use of suffixes, Relational nove~ nent is regularly marked in verbs as well as nouns; a sinple inflected verb will often leave an Aynara hearer hanging ~ info nation sinply inentplete. Graciatical Levels syntax. The Aymara sentence is defined by the use of sentence suffixes (See Chapters XLand XII), These sentence suffixes are independent of root classes and may oceur cn all classes. They may not be followed by any other suffixes, [very sentence must be marked by ene or nore sentence suffixes, which serve to define the sentence type. Sone sentences are narked by a lack of a particular sentence suffix. A sentence need not contain a verb or a substantive, but it nust have the proper sentence suffixes, Various conbinat ions of sentence suffixes define tie indicative sentence, the yes/ne question sentence, 16