Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00378-w

RESEARCH PAPER

Effect of Fillet Radii on Moment Carrying Capacity of Sinusoidal Web

Opening Castellated Steel Beams in Comparison with Hexagonal Web
Openings
A. J. Mehetre1 · R. S. Talikoti2

Received: 13 December 2018 / Accepted: 16 March 2020

© Shiraz University 2020

Abstract
In recent times, the use of castellated beams with various web openings for structures like high-rise building and industrial
structure has turned out to be extensive. It offers an increase in depth of section without any extra weight, high strength-
to-weight ratio, lower maintenance and painting cost. The most important advantage of the castellated beam is its higher
bending stiffness, simplicity of service facility and beautiful appearance. The aim of this research paper is to offer a new
web opening shape as a sinusoidal opening to avoid failure of the castellated beam due to shear stress concentration at the
corner of the opening and also to study the maximum moment carrying capacity and deflection of castellated beams. In this
research, 15 beams were fabricated. Four models of castellated beams were considered for experimentation. This research
is focussed on hexagonal and sinusoidal openings of a castellated beam subjected to flexural loading. The variables were
considered are fillet radii for sinusoidal openings with one-fourth, one-sixth and one-eighth of hexagonal opening. All the
beams were analysed by the finite element method using ANSYS software, and the results were compared with experimental
outcomes. The experimental results for maximum moment carrying capacity and deflection show good agreement with the
corresponding value observed in ANSYS software. The experimental results show that castellated beam with fillet radius
one-fourth of opening has 20.78% more moment carrying capacity and 11.51% less deflection compared to hexagonal open-
ing. The outcomes consider relevant for practical applications.

Keywords  Fillet radius · Bending moment capacity · Deflection · Castellated steel beam · Hexagonal web opening ·
Sinusoidal web opening

1 Introduction steel beams (CSBs). The process of castellation results in

Castellated steel beams are mostly used as a long span sys-
tem in steel construction. They are generally built from the
hot rolled section with zigzag cutting of the virgin profile.
After cutting from the virgin profile, the two parts are sepa-
rated, rearranged and finally welded so as to get castellated
* A. J. Mehetre
mehetreaj@rediffmail.com
R. S. Talikoti
rstalikoti@gmail.com
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Late G. N. Sapkal College
of Engineering, Nashik, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Pune, Maharashtra, India
2 increase in its production and availability made this tech-
Department of Civil Engineering, R. H. Sapat College
of Engineering, Management Studies and Research, Nashik,
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
an improvement in a moment of inertia and depth of the
resulting section 1.5 times more than the virgin section with
the same weight. CSBs have more moments of resistance
and deflection control in comparison with the virgin section.
According to the theory of beam, the rolled steel I-section
is very effective for carrying bending and shears loads in
the web. Web resists shear, force whereas flange resists the
bending moment, and hence, CSBs are used broadly. Web
opening is utilized for passing service pipes (hydraulic and
ventilation) and electric cables within the structural depth
of the beams as shown in Fig. 1. By using CSBs, one may
come up with a structure that will be built faster and less
expensively than any alternative materials. Previously, such
castellation was considered an expensive technique, but the
nique economical to use.

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering
Fig. 1  Castellated steel beam with sinusoidal openings (CSBIC—depth 225 mm)
Various modes of failure associated with castellated
beams because of web opening and welds which are Vier-
endeel mechanism formation, lateral–torsional buckling of
web post, web post rupturing due to welded joints, entire
span torsional buckling, flexural mechanism, buckling of
the web post, etc. are examined by Kerdal and Nethercott
(1984). It was concluded that for plain webbed beams, the
lateral–torsional instability and formation of failure mecha-
nism may be handled by adopting the proper established
method. The unbraced castellated beams for bending behav-
iour was investigated by Showkati (2008) and proposed an
empirical equation to calculate the bending coefficient. The
obtained results were compared with the previous work, and
a modification factor proposed on the relation of I-section
showed good agreement. The normal- and high-strength cel-
lular steel beams by considering combining buckling modes
with nonlinear analysis were studied by Ellobody (2011).
The test was conducted with a different variable like a length,
cross section and loading conditions. Different modes of fail-
ure were verified by developing the nonlinear 3D finite ele-
ment model. The cellular steel beams failed due to combined
web distortional buckling. Web-post buckling modes showed
a considerable decrease in the failure loads. The usage of
high-strength steel agreements leads to a considerable
increase in the failure loads. The opening web shapes such
as hexagonal, circular and elliptical web opening are inves-
tigated by Tsavdaridis and D’Mello (2012). Extensive finite
element studies were carried out on web opening to examine
Vierendeel failure. The shape of the web opening can also
significantly affect the structural behaviour of perforated
13
beams as was shown by this research, and it is opposed to
the comparable rectangular shape predominately used up
to now. After the analysis of different opening shapes with
varying depth and various modes of failure, the investigation
was focused on the deflection properties of castellated steel
beams. Djebli et al. (2013) studied the complete deflection of
composite cellular beams under transverse loading. The ana-
lytical model for calculating deflection due to concentrated,
uniformly applied transverse load was developed. Also, the
additional deflection due to the vertical shearing effect at the
opening is included. The analytical results, existing proposal
and numerical solution showed good agreement. The effect
of the cellular beam on the deflection with the use of finite
element analysis was investigated by Panedpojaman and
Thepchatri (2013). The empirical study was carried out to
convert the theoretical bending deflection into overall deflec-
tion. The predicted deflections were useful to satisfy the
condition of serviceability checked for the design purpose.
Wang et al. (2014) studied the CSBs with the hexagonal fillet
corner web opening to know the shear buckling behaviour
of the web-post using finite element method (FEM). The fil-
let corner hexagonal web opening castellated beams (CBs)
having circular and elongated circular opening were com-
pared for various buckling capacities with various buckling
modes. The proposed opening shape of the web post in CSBs
showed the best structural performance as compared with
circular openings. The load bearing capacity of a proposed
opening shape of CBs for the different capacities like web-
post buckling, shear rupture capacity of the horizontal weld
and the Vierendeel failure capacity has the minimum value.
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering
The maximum load capacity and its deflection were inves-
tigated by Morkhade and Gupta (2015). Consideration for
vertical load for steel beam with the circular and hexagonal
opening was given in this literature. An optimization study
was carried out for spacing to the diameter and different
aspect ratios. The experimental results for ultimate strength
and deformation showed good agreement with the ANSYS
results.
Durif and Bouchair (2016) evaluated the maximum
strength of castellated beams with the sinusoidal opening
through the comparative study with FEM for different beam
profiles and opening shapes. The analytical model proposed
by the authors revealed that the analytical ultimate loads
gave acceptable results compared to FEM results. The opti-
mal design of castellated beams with hexagonal and circular
openings was explored by Kaveh and Shokohi (2016). A new
meta-heuristic algorithm called natural forest regeneration
was applied. The design objective function was the mini-
mum cost. The results were compared between the exist-
ing literature and the NFR algorithm, which shows the best
results in most of the cases. Wie-bin et al. (2016) presented
an analytical solution to determine the deflection under con-
centrated or uniformly distributed transverse loads of castel-
lated/cellular beams with various web openings. The authors
have used ANSYS software for 3D finite element analysis.
It evident that the present analytical solution shows good
agreement with the finite element software result. Kawani
and Wijaya (2017) deliberated the lateral torsion buckling of
CBs was the main objective of this research. The value of the
bending moment limit was nothing but a critical moment.
For the CBs, AISC specification does not provide formulas
for calculating the critical moment which will be provided
for prismatic beams. The collapse analysis was carried
out using the FEM. The study showed that displacement
increases progressively. The value of the extreme load was
considered a critical load. The finite element analysis (FEA)
was used to obtain a critical moment of CBs. Recently, con-
tinuously increasing demand for CBs with different load-
ing conditions needs to develop hybrid castellated beams.
Morkhade et al. (2019) studied analytically the effect of web
opening on flexural behaviours of hybrid beams. The analyti-
cal study was carried out to know the effect of web open-
ing on the flexural response of a hybrid beam with circular,
hexagonal, square and rectangular shape opening. ANSYS
software was used to carry out the analytical investigation. It
proves that on average, 40% strength increased as compared
to homogenous beams.
Most of the existing researches were carried out for hex-
agonal, rectangle, circular and sinusoidal shape of the open-
ing of CSBs; however, few studies reported on fillet radius
of sinusoidal opening. In fact, this fillet radius is very useful
for having the moment resistance capacity of the section and
its control on a deflection. So, therefore, in this paper, the
emphasis is given on fillet radius of sinusoidal opening and
its effect over the CSBs in terms of ultimate moment car-
rying capacity, deflection, bending stresses and shear stress
distribution.
2 Design Methodology of Castellated Beam
Considering all these aspects CSBs with a hexagonal and
sinusoidal opening which is one of the recommended pos-
sible solutions for the incorporation of technical utility in
the building structures were tested up to failure. This study
includes a test on five models of steel beams out of which
one was a parent beam model and remaining four castellated
models. All models subjected to two-point vertical loads as
shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The present study is the primary
experimental basis, and experiments have carried out on
models up to failure. The details regarding the specification
of beams like span, fillet radius of opening, etc. are given
in Table 1.
In this experimental work, the distance between the open-
ings is kept constant for all beams. The hexagonal opening
is converted into sinusoidal openings by varying fillet radius
one-fourth, one-sixth and one-eighth, respectively. The
results of these types of fabrication are utilized to develop
castellated steel beam models like C ­ SBIS1 ­CSBIS2 and
­CSBIS3, respectively. The numbers of opening are increased
as the fillet radius of the opening reduces. With the increases
in the opening, areas to pass the services from the opening
increase.
Experimentation on such beams is discussed here, and
the experimental results are compared with those obtained
from ANSYS software. The purpose of this study is dual.
The first experimental results are used to regulate the finite
element modelling of CSBs using finite element analysis
software ANSYS version 16. Second, the test outcomes are
likely to provide an understanding of the performance of
these beams overall.
2.1 Design of Castellated Beam Using
IS Methodology
(A) Maximum size of castellated section = 1.5 × actual
depth of parent section.
(B) Selection of section—section should be selected as per
the requirement of the depth of section from the steel
table.
(C) Classification of the section
  The section at which the depth of perforation is max-
imum is the weakest section and is in the form of 2T
that is at the top and bottom. Normally, the flanges
resist the bending moment, but in the case of the CB,
the T-section is sufficiently away from the neutral axis.
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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

Fig. 2  Specimen details of cas-

tellated beams with a dial gauge
and loading positions

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

Fig. 3  Typical view of the 1. Two-point loading assembly.

experimental setup 2. Dial gauge for maximum deflection
at the centre of the span.
3. Loading point.
4. Support at solid part of the beam.
5. A castellated steel beam of fillet
radius one-fourth of hexagonal
opening CSBIS1

Table 1  Identification of castellated steel beams

Sr. no Details of beams Span of Depth of Types of opening Fillet Height of Spacing of Centre- Number
beams beams radius opening opening to-centre of open-
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) distance ings

1 IP 1600.00 150 – – – – – –
2 CSBIH 1600.00 225 Hexagonal – 150 75 300 5
3 CSBIS1 1600.00 225 Sinusoidal 37.5 150 75 300 5
4 CSBIS2 1600.00 225 Sinusoidal 25 150 75 250 6
5 CSBIS3 1600.00 225 Sinusoidal 18.75 150 75 225 7

T-section is subjected to considerable bending stress centre-to-centre distance between flanges; and tf  , thick-
ordinate. Therefore, design is concentrated on the ness of the flange.
design of T-section. Classify the above form T-section (G) Calculation of non-dimensional slenderness ratio, 𝜆LT
according to IS 800 (2007) Dt ; on the basis of Dt ratio, √
f f
fy
the section is classified into plastic, compact or semi- 𝜆LT =
compact form. fcrb
(D) Moment inertia of modified section
where fy yield stress of steel section and fcrb extreme
Bd3 dB3 fibre bending compressive stress corresponding to elas-
Ixx = , Iyy = ,
12 12 tic lateral buckling moment.
(H) Calculation of bending reduction factor to account for
where Ixx, Iyy, a moment of inertia about the axes of
lateral–torsional buckling
the centroid.
(E) Radius of gyration 1
𝜒LT = { √[ }
√ √ 2 2
]
Ixx Iyy ΦLT + ΦLT − 𝜆LT
rxx = , ryy = ,
A A [ ( ) ]
ΦLT = 0.5 × 1 + 𝛼LT 𝜆LT − 0.2 + 𝜆2LT
(F) Calculation of extreme fibre bending compressive stress
(fcrb ). where 𝛼LT , imperfection factor; 𝛼LT = 0.21 , for rolled
  According to IS 800 (2007), steel section; and 𝛼LT = 0.49 , for welded steel section.
� (I) Calculation of design bending strength of laterally
� unsupported beam as governed by lateral–torsional
� L 2
⎛ r lt ⎞
� buckling is given by
1.1𝜋 2E � 1 y
fcrb = � �2 × �1 + ⎜ h ⎟ (1)
Llt 20 ⎜ f ⎟
r
⎝ tf ⎠ Md = 𝛽b Zp fbd (2)
y
Zp
where Llt , effective length for lateral–torsional buckling where 𝛽b = 1 , for plastic and compact section; 𝛽b = Ze
 ,
according to IS 800 (2007); ry , radius of gyration; hf  , for semi-compact sections; Zp , Ze , plastic and elastic

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

section modulus with respect to extreme compression 4. Clear spacing between the openings should not be less
fibre; fbd , design bending compressive stress obtained than beam depth D.
𝜒 f
as below; and fbd = 𝛾LT y , 𝛾mo , resistance governed by 5. The best location for the opening is where the shear
force is the lowest.
mo
yielding.
(J) Shear calculation 6. Point loads should not be applied at less than D from the
side of the adjacent opening.
Maximum shear force =
Wu L 7. If the above rules are followed, the additional deflection
2
(3) due to each opening may be taken as 3% of the mid-span
𝜏=
shear force deflection of the beam without the opening.
cross sectional area
(K) Number of perforations calculations Considering all the above guidelines, the fabrication of
 Figure 4 is used to calculate the number of perfora- castellated steel beams was completed.
tions in a beam.
(L) Check for deflection 3.1 Experimental Arrangement

Parent beams and CBs with four different openings (hexago-

(4) nal in which the standard cutting angle 45° and sinusoidal
with varying fillet radii) were tested to failure. The models
tested in each group are mentioned in Table 1. The details
Deflection due to shear regarding the position of loading point, dial gauge are shown
in Fig. 2. The other parameters like dimensions, position of
Vavg =
wL opening and the depth of the section were kept the same to
2 study the behaviour of the section thoroughly. The top and
ɗ, due to shear =
vavg x(m+n)3
where n, m is as shown in bottom T-section was also kept constant during the experi-
Fig. 4.
24 EI
ment. All the beams were designed as a T-section design
approach based on IS 800 (2007). For all beams, exclud-
L
(M) Permissible deflection = (5) ing parent beams, overall depth was maintained 225 mm
325
with nominal top and bottom width of flange 80 mm and
the corresponding nominal thickness of flange 7.6 mm, and
the thickness of the web is 4.8 mm. All the beams tested
3 Experimental Program during experimental and numerical analysis are laterally
unsupported. All beams were tested on a universal testing
General guidelines for web opening machine of 1000 kN capacity.

1. The hole should be centrally placed in the web, and
eccentricity of the opening is avoided as far as possible.
2. Web opening should be away from the support by at least
twice the beam depth, D or 10% of the span, whichever
is greater.
3. The best location for the opening is within the middle
third of the span.
3.2 Fabrication of the Test Samples
ISMB 150 section is selected as the parent section for fabricat-
ing CSBs. Hot rolled steel beam of grade (E250A) that was
confirmed with IS 2062 (2006) “Specification of steel for gen-
eral structural purpose” was used to fabricate all test samples.
Fabrication was carried out in accordance with the types of

Fig. 4  Length of one run to

calculate a number of perfora-
tions in one beam

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

opening. The fillet radius for sinusoidal opening is one-fourth,
one-sixth and one-eighth of the hexagonal opening fixed for
all. The ISMB 150 sections are selected for making the mark-
ing, cutting by gas welding and rejoining with the welding
and extreme care to get vital precision. Welding affects the
properties of steel due to the heating process not being taken
into account. The models were used to identify the yielded and
stress concentration zone properly.
3.3 Test Procedure
This paper includes testing of 15 numbers of beams, 3 par-
ent beams or solid beams, 3 hexagonal web opening beams
and 9 sinusoidal web opening castellated beams. The beams
having simply supported boundary condition were set up
in the loading assembly of UTM with enough care taken to
make sure that the specimens were properly positioned in the
loading assembly and load point is exactly positioned at L/3
distance from both supports. The position of dial gauge is at
the centre of the span. The model of each beam was heavily
gauged as shown in Fig. 2. In an attempt to find the ultimate
moment carrying capacity and deflections, the dial gauge was
standardized. The section was fully loaded up to failure by
application of gradually increasing load, and the same pro-
cedure was repeated for every section. Only one dial gauge
was installed for measurement of vertical deflection placed
at L/2 distance, i.e., at the centre of the span section. After
the ultimate load is reached, there will be no improvement in
load carrying and a continuous increase in the deflection in
the beam. The maximum load, corresponding deflection and
the modes of failure for each of the beams were noted. From
the failure load, the moment carrying capacity of each beam
is calculated. Care should be taken at the time of testing that
the position of applied loads and support provision made are
on the solid part of the web as far as possible.
CSBs having I-shaped cross section using finite element (FE)
packages ANSYS-16. For analytical modelling in ANSYS,
SHELL181 is suitable for analysing thin to moderately thick
shell structures. It is a four-nodded element with six degrees
of freedom at each node: translations in the x, y and z direc-
tions and rotations about the x, y and z-axes. (If the membrane
option is used, the element has translational degrees of freedom
only.) The degenerate triangular option should only be used as
filler elements in mesh generation. SHELL181 is well-suited
for linear, large rotation and/or large strain nonlinear applica-
tions. Change in shell thickness is accounted for in nonlinear
analyses. In the element domain, both full and reduced integra-
tion schemes are supported. SHELL181 accounts for follower
(load stiffness) effects of distributed pressures. The properties
of the material are tabulated in Table 2. Figures 5 and 6 show
the FE model of castellated steel beam C ­ SBIS1 meshing and
position of support and loads. Figure 7 shows an FE model of
castellated steel beams C ­ SBIS1 is built to determine the maxi-
mum value of deflection, location of maximum bending and
shear stress under two-point loading. Maximum deflection in
­CSBIS1 occurs at mid-span which is 8.39 mm. At the loca-
tion of two-point loads, these deflections were 6.53 mm. The
aim of this analysis is to find out maximum moment carrying

3.4 Finite Element Analysis

The aim of this section is to carry out finite element analysis of

CSBs with hexagonal and sinusoidal opening having different Fig. 5  Typical finite element mesh for C
­ SBIS1
fillet radii that were considered in experimental investigation to
determine their maximum bending moment carrying capacity
and deflection, and same load was inputs to ANSYS to find out
the maximum deflection so as to carry out the deflection com-
parisons by experimental and software. A three-dimensional
finite element model is established to simulate the behaviour of

Table 2  Material properties of elements used in the modelling

Material ρ (kg/m3) Ε (N/ Poison’s fy (N/ Element
mm2) ratio mm2) used

Steel 7850 200,000 0.30 250 Shell 181

Fig. 6  Position of supports and loads for ­CSBIS1

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering
Fig. 10  Shear stress redistribution in ­CSBIS1
Fig. 7  Maximum deflection in ­CSBIS1
­( CSBIS 1 ). For the experimental results of equivalent
Fig. 8  Flexural buckling of ­CSBIS1
capacity, stress and displacement in the CSBs and to compare
the experimental and FE analysis results.
4 Results and Discussion
The experiment shows the flexural buckling failure of the
CSBs is one of the basic modes of the failure observed as
shown in Fig. 8. The equivalent bending stress distribution
for ­CSBIS1 using ANSYS modelling is shown in Fig. 9. Max-
imum bending stress occurs at mid-span which is 143.46 N/
mm2 at the top and 148.48 N/mm2 at the bottom. Shear stress
redistribution in tested beams having a fillet radius is shown
Fig. 9  Equivalent bending stress
distribution in ­CBSIS1
13
in Fig. 10. The equivalent shear stress distribution for ­CSBIS1
is represented in Fig. 11. The maximum shear stress is at sup-
port which is 41.72 N/mm2. At 0.275 m from left support, the
shear stress reduces to 0.72 N/mm2. At the mid-span, shear
stress is minimum. This is because the fillet radius avoids
stress concentration. By using the experimental results, the
graphs are plotted for deflected beams for different web open-
ing of CSBs. The average reading of moment carrying capac-
ity and deflection for each CSB are represented graphically.
The validation of the experimental results is done
for the sinusoidal fillet radius of one-fourth opening
bending stress, equivalent deflection and shear stress are
noted over ANSYS. In ANSYS, the equivalent bending
stress is obtained as 148.48 N/mm2; however, according
to IS 800 (2007) the value of design bending stress by
manual computation is obtained as 204.54 N/mm2. As
per the ANSYS results, maximum shear stress is noted
as 41.72  N/mm 2 and as per the IS Code it is 32.71  N/
mm2. As per the ANSYS results, equivalent deflection is
obtained as 8.40 mm; however, as per experimentation, it
is obtained as 9.91 mm. The results of all tested specimens
are tabulated in Table 3. Not only the values of experimen-
tal and software are matched, but also the pattern is also
comfortably matched, so from the overall validation part
it is observed that the experimental results and software
results are in good agreement.
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

Fig. 11  Equivalent shear stress

distribution in ­CSBIS1

Table 3  Comparison between the experimental and software results 35

of deflections of castellated beams

Bending Moment (kNm)

30
Sr. no Specimen Deflection (mm)
25
Experimental Software
20 CSBIH
1 IP 15.60 13.57 Experimental
2 CSBIH 11.20 10.91 15 CSBIH
ANSYS
3 CSBIS1 9.91 8.40 10
4 CSBIS2 10.43 8.75
5
5 CSBIS3 10.81 9.98
0
0 0.01 0.02
Curvature (Rad)
40
Bending Moment (kNm)

35
Fig. 13  Moment curvature relationship for CSBIH
30
25
45
20 IP Experimental
Bending Moment (kNm)

40
15 IP ANSYS 35
10 30
5 25
CSBIS1
0 20 Experimental
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
15 CSBIS1
Curvature (Rad)
10 ANSYS
5
Fig. 12  Moment curvature relationship for IP
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015
Curvature (Rad)
For all five cases, moment verses curvature graphical rep-
resentation of experimental and software readings is plotted
Fig. 14  Moment curvature relationship for ­CSBIS1
in Figs. 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16. From the plot, it is observed
that the experimental behaviour is nonlinear and software
behaviour is linear. In software, materials are given con- the moment carrying capacity of sinusoidal web opening hav-
trolled properties. During experimentation, gas cutters were ing fillet radius one-fourth of opening shows maximum value
used due to which material properties have changed slightly. amongst all tested CSBs. Similarly, the deflections of tested
It may also happen that in ANSYS, nonlinear stress–strain CSBs are shown in Fig. 18. All the values obtained for the
diagram is not incorporated during analysis. deflection criteria satisfied the deflection criterion given in
Graphical representation of Fig. 17 shows the moment car- code; hence, all the sections designed for this experiment are
rying capacity of the tested sample. It is clearly observed that conservative.

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering

40 18
Experimental Result ANSYS Result
15.6
Bending Moment (kNm)

35 16

Deflection at mid span (mm)

30 13.57
14
25 12 11.2 10.81
10.3 10.43
9.91 9.98
20 10
CSBIS2 8.4 8.75
15 Experimental
8
10 CSBIS2
ANSYS 6
5
4
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 2

Curvature (Rad) 0
IP CSBIH CSBIS1 CSBIS2 CSBIS3
Fig. 15  Moment curvature relationship for ­CSBIS2
Fig. 18  Comparison between the experimental and software results
for deflections of castellated steel beams
40

35 4.1 The Main Outcomes of this Study Can be

Bending Moment (kNm)

30 Summarized As
25
CSBIS3 As far as the test results are concerned, the C
­ SBIS1 shows the
20 Experimental conservative results compared to other types of opening, con-
CSBIS3 ANSYS sidering the bending moment and deflection criteria. ­CSBIS1
15
has a 37.5-mm fillet radius which improves the shear carrying
10 capacity than C ­ SBIS2 and C ­ SBIS3. With the decrease in fil-
5 let radius, bending moment carrying capacity decreases and
deflection increases. This is because less value of fillet radius
0 increases the number of opening, and the solid part of the
0 0.005 0.01 0.015
web area decreases. Such type of sinusoidal opening with fillet
Curvature (Rad)
corners is tested experimentally and validated with ANSYS.
The fillet corner opening of CSBs has shown good structural
Fig. 16  Moment curvature relationship for ­CSBIS3
performances in comparison with hexagonal openings in the
form of the shear capacity, failure mode and the stresses dis-
45
tribution. The C­ SBS with the hexagonal opening have a lower
39.57 shear capacity than that with fillet corner web opening. Fillet
40 36.33 radius opening gives a transition to the stress concentration in
35.04 35.04
35 32.76 case of a hexagonal web opening.
Ultimate Bending Moment

The same work can be extended for real-life specimens

30 where the span is considerable and lateral–torsional buckling
25 governs the strength for various web opening shapes such as
(kNm)

diamond, rectangle, hexagonal and octagonal opening.

20

15
5 Conclusions
10

5 1. Bending moment carrying capacity of the castellated

beam with sinusoidal web opening is more as com-
0
IP CSBIH CSBIS1 CSBIS2 CSBIS3
pared to the castellated beam with the hexagonal open-
ing.
Fig. 17  Comparison of bending moment carrying capacity of tested 2. Compared to CSBIH, ­CBSIS1 gives a 20.78% more
beam specimens bending moment, ­CSBIS2 gives a 10.89% more bend-

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering
ing moment and ­CSBIS3 gives a 6.94% more bending
moment.
3. The castellated beam with sinusoidal web opening has
structural performances as good as those of hexagonal
openings in the form of the stresses distribution, shear
capacity and failure mode.
4. Experimental analysis shows that shear stress gets eas-
ily redistributed at the fillet corner of sinusoidal web
opening castellated beams.
5. Hexagonal web opening castellated beam has lower
shear capacity due to shear stress concentration at the
corner of the opening.
6. Sinusoidal web opening castellated beams show less
deflection as compared to hexagonal web opening.
7. As far as deflections are concerned, C ­ SBIS1 gives
11.51% less deflection and ­CSBIS2 gives 6.87% less
deflection, whereas C ­ SBIS3 gives 3.57% less deflection
compared to CSBIH as per experimental program.
8. Comparing the results of all sinusoidal web openings,
it is found that a castellated beam with sinusoidal web
opening with fillet radius equal to one-fourth of open-
ing shows better performances compared to castellated
beam with sinusoidal web opening with fillet radius
equal to one-sixth and one-eighth of opening in both
bending moments carrying capacity and deflection.
9. The nature of curves for experimental is nonlinear, and
the ANSYS results are linear as per the graphical rep-
resentation.
10. All the sections designed for this experiment satisfies
the serviceability criteria; hence, all the sections are
conservative.
Acknowledgements  The work presented in this paper is the work done
by the author Mr. Amol J. Mehetre under the guidance of Dr. Rajashek-
har S. Talikoti at Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner
(MS).
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