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    5 views117 pages

    Oxford Student Atlas 35 Edition PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eraj Nouman

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 117
    LATEST RELIABLE DATA INCLUDES RECENT DEVELOPMENTS = Scanned with CamScanner Maps and Map Makin #e The Universe ° 3 the Earth 4 fealms ofthe Earth 8 oniours and Landforms INDIAN SUBCONTINENT—PHy: 1 ie ng 19 Western India and Pakistan Bangladesh THE INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRI 22 Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Prades! Debian Canaan 23 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Daman & Diu and Dadra 25 Sikkim, West Bengal and the North-Eastern States 26 Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha 27 Maharashia, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh end Goa 28 Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry 29 The lslands ilar THEMATIC india - Geology, Geological Formations, Structure an Faults & Thrusts tue and Mslae 31 India Physiography 432 India ~ Temperature and Pressure 33 India ~ Rainfall and Winds 34 India Relative Humidity, Annual Temperature and Annual Rainfall 35 India ~ Monsoon, Rainfall Tends and Climatic Regions 36 India — Natural Vegetation and Forest Cover 37 india ~Bio-geographic Zones, Wilife and Wetlands 38 India - Drainage Basins and East & West Fowing Rivers 39 India Soll and land Use 40 India ~irigation and Net Irigated Area 41 India - Food grain Production, Livestock Population, Mik Production and Fisheries 42-43 India ~ Food Crops 44-45 India - Cash Crops, ‘46 India — Important Mineral Belts and Number of Reported Mines 47 India - Production of Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals 48 India - Metalic Minerals 49 India — Non-Metallic Minerals 50 India - Mineral Deposits and Mineral F 51 India — Industrial Regions and Levels of 52.53 India ~ Industries 54 India - Power Projects and Power Consumption 55 india - Roads and Inland Waterways 56 india — Railways 57 india Air and Sea Routes, 58-59 India - Population 60-61 india - Human Development {2 India ~ Religions and Languages 63 India — Tourism 64 India - World Heritage Sites 65 India ~ Cultural Heritage {6-67 India — Environmental Concerns 68.69 India ~ Natural Hazards CONTINENTS AND REGIONS Asia 70 Asia — Physical 71 Asia— Political 72 Asia Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population ar ITORIES—POLITICAL h, Punjab, Haryana, els i Industrial Development ind Economy 73 Sanne Counties 34 Chins Kongai ad bison aan, North Korey a South Koes as ‘South-Eastern Asia een Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam 78 West Asia + Combadaand vey 75 aighanston and Pakistan Eurore 3D Europe — Physical a Europa = Political rope — Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and Econom a British Isles. pean ie ae : France and Central Eur 85 Eurasia me Arnica 88: Attica Physical 87 trea ~Polticl 8B Aca Cimste, Naural Vegetation, Population and Econom 89 Southern Africa and Madagascar " ont America 930. North America ~ Physical 31 North America Poa 32 North Ameriea~ Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and Economy 93 Unted States of America and Alaska E Sourn Amenica ‘94 South America ~ Physical 95 South America ~ Political 96 South America — Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and Economy 97 Brazil Oceania ‘98 Oceania ~ Physical 99 Oceania —Poltical 100 Oceania — Climate, Natural Vegetation, Population and Economy Oceans auo ANTARCTICA 101 Pacific Ocean and Cental Pacific lands 102 Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean 103 The Arctic Ocean and Antarctica | WORLD 104-105 World ~ Physical 106-107 World - Political 108-103Worid- Cimate 110 World — Annual Rainfall and Major Ocean Currents, 111 World ~ Climatic Regions and Water Resources 112 World ~ Major Landforms and Forest Cover 113 World — Soil and Natural Vegetation 114 World ~ Agriculture and industrial Regions 115 World Minerals, Mineral Fuels, Trade and Economic Development 116 World Population Density, Ucbanzation, Religions and Languages 117 World ~ Human Development 118 World - Environmental Concerns 119 World ~ Biomes at Risk 120 World - Plate Tectonics and Natural Hazards 121 World ~ Air Routes and Sea Routes WORLD—FACTS AND FIGURES 122-125 Countries of the World - Flag, Area, Population, Capital, Language, Monetary Unit and GDP 126-127 World Statistics - Human Development and Economy 128-129 World ~ Geographic Comparisons 130 World ~ Time Zones 131-140 Index aoe a Scanned with CamScanner sy at cartography a9 5000 year. The eas ps sey the iynians on mle hing etn ee O hat constitutes a map is hard to say, espec ite Or tne ru 200 0 cata Hy nee gw rade ecg the poston of ese Indra 3 er sounding features sich asthe monet rym asd pag ious beliefs ofthe rely world maps also rece the religious b pater of debate ary mpt * arlest ancient Greek who is said to Mecsas map ofthe Anaximander, ho was born in 610 e¢ innfilets (now in Turkey) and die in 546 x. Sadly, no details of his map have survived. Notable Greek philosophers and mathematicians such as Pythagoras, ‘stole, Eratosthenes and Hipparchus made ‘notable contributions tothe study of ancient cartography. The final ance Grek contibuton 0 cartography, considered the most important, svar writen ya noted mahemsticon. ‘ Inaba 40 Plemy rat i major Fe radutiesonne work, Guide to Geography, in eight books, Teidipatia”* hich anenpted rap the Koown word ® svng coordinates of the major places in terms of what are essentially Taitue and longitude (Fg, 2). Given the way that he gathered the data 5 net surprising that the maps wer inaceurate but they did represent siderable chance on all previous aps andi would be many The Age of Modern Cartography: Remote Sensing and GIS tothe 2th century, the invention ofthe airplane followed by satellite remote sensing technology added a new dimension to mapping and widened its scope through the method of remote sensing, This provided a bird's-eye view Ole eath nd saved tine and money requed or convensonal saaying a ‘ground realities. me {nthe broadest sense, remote sensing isthe measurement or acquisition of infomation of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is notin hysical or imate contact withthe object. tis the utilization ata distance ifom ail spacera, satelite, or ship) of any device fr gathering inloration bout the environment. The technique can make use of devices fechas a camera laser, ada, sonar, seismograph or a gravimeter Modem {ape sensing normally includes digital processes but an be done, wither gee mal eludes dgtal process but can be dane as well Aerial photography isthe original form of remote sensing, An aerial photograph can be defined asa photograph taken from an aircraft with a camera specially designed {or aircraft use Fig). The occurrence ofthe "wo world wars led toa demand for aerial centuries before more accurate world maps would bre craw. In 1569, Gerardus Mercator of Flanders eth Teading cartographer ofthe Toth century developed a map projection and cea word ‘map (Fig.3), Mercator made ‘many new maps and globes, but his greatest contribution to cartography was what is snow known as the Mercator projection. Since then, several leading cartographers {kom Europe and Asia developed cartographic techniques, giving a boost to map production and the invention of ciferent scientific surveying technique, instruments and projections. n addition to these developments, the broadening of knowledge with the introduction of new Felis 28 astronomy, geology, meteorology, biology ad the so al rise to thematie cartography. Fes Thefnmapet tects As the world advances, asthe unknown fs revealed sr sane, alter the face of the earth with their new settlements, new sata an anal and reclamation and culation, these change vei maps ofthe times. With the development of satelite technology between 1970 and 1980, remote sensing through sateltes received more attention from researchers, cartographers and general tasers. An image taken from space using a spacecraft a the platform and scanners or specially designed cameras as sensors to detect the given area of the eart’s surface is termed sate imagery (Fig. 5) The remote sensor system makes use of the emited or reflected electromagnetic radiation ofthe exams ‘measures a larger area of the earth, Satelite imagery canbe wit) and is extensively used by scientists, researchers, and plannesin > urban and regional planning, agriculture, forest, ecology and ens soil survey, natural esource mapping, oll and mineal explo tn wahtional cariography, the map represented bath he dads display of geographic information whereas in GIS (Geographics! ge Systems), the database, analysis, and splay are physically Lait fi. s:Asante mages nis snd Bag — Bhotogapy for military purposes. In india, SSPBaE aspects. Geographic information systems ince evel fy cine tnnt Ser hcogaphs have been in se snce’ Sh a5 compute hardware sewers gl daa people oles elds such g 1820 for aerial surveys and fr interpretation Collecting, storing, retrieving, analysing, and displaying georeee™™ cs, emvironmental studies, 9 ew hale ‘mapping, geology, engineering, information about the Earth. Modern map-making relies much loration of ol and miners, ‘which provides flexible computer-aided database and maps Scale ; Ascale is essent Et. Reprsenathe Fraction (RF) 2, Written statemen api eid accra deg 228 8 map Thesnisof mee haeganea nso SeRnson tigen Gio Dween | Sei acheseet nage | fel penmmes Adare ri bah the isch ated ence eb 1 eeeendig distanceang yee, Spend tie ima Tene im rion Aetreat 2p). A scale can ve \cmentwemapgrecae,|1h= Tm ee | 103000 inch 10,000 el Scanned with CamScanner fo show he hing they appr Inthe lactone rte Ide and ongod, ether intelaion orn slo 0 some ater festa One ser and a fhbe represen the vc saace Inthe for ofa sphere on whic $isconers tn enact shown athe same scale anh their correct shapes and areas, " Map Projections ‘Armap projection isa systematic ad erdely drawing oi of parallels flat al meridians of lang sel reese spheres surface ofthe earth, ora pat of fon a edaced sale on» Mt pece of Pape. isnot poste maka map tothe werd oro ony pat of tha accurate in area, shape cance and deton Every ap Asotin at east one oi these aspects ‘On the bass of cale Large scale maps Sal sae mapa ‘Types of Maps ‘On the bas of dts inthe map Physical Relief: Representation of the Earth’s Surface (ne of the challenges of map-making isto adequately represent the physial rele of any regione. the delineation of hil and plains, the distinguishing of high ground and low ground. The two methods {generally used to represent physical relief are hillshading and Contour fines, each of which may be weated ina variety of ways and are sometimes —_———— ‘combined. Figure A shows ‘mountainous island wih te ill slopes indica bya method of hill-shading called “hachures'tlines indicating the direction of the slope. Figure B shows the same island with the hills indicated by contour ines. The principle of || showing elevation | by contour lines | 19 A Mitel i ey ag can be seen by ‘comparing Figure Cwith the profile section in Figure B. | eee ‘Symbols and Shades Maps cannot show everything nor can the features of the ihe landscape be contained ina limited area. Therefore, symbols, often term ied as conventional symbols, have been developed to represent the features on a map. Some symbols are like pictures while others are intial leters such as “PO for post office. Colours are also used as symbols such as green for forests of woodlands and blue for water. Shades ranging from deepest ta lightest can represent the range of occurrences of any phenomenon, such as altitude. ‘Conventional symbols can be found on a topographical sheet, a weather chart, or on physical or thematic maps. Its always important to refer tothe key or legend of a map to find out ‘what the symbols mean, Symbols are designed to be easy to remember Inert Boundery (sstpan orice =o $$. Grid Quadra | masa sma Nonsoum acerven condor) ats Peakneatt — Jp canara rie oe ee a 4 Domestic airport SD Lake f Reservoir 2 tee oe Scanned with CamScanner ‘The Solar System vd Woy gly sound tw the ny takes the 7 ets can be divided ‘are made up mostly of hydrogen, helium, frozen waler, ammonia, Wy eatbon monoxide, Pluto does not belong to any group but isa tiny rocky body at the and neta tem. Some people think it is a giant comet rather than a planet. Iis composition is ce doc iat is oni diferent rom he oer comets and planes Between Simorto a comet ice a Fe tvo planetary systems i 9 belt of asteroids containing pieces of rack of varying size. No.of own 479 = ies ASAT 0 fm in seas ase oma) | — nos | The Suns a giant ball of hot gas, 150 million kilometers from the Earth. The slr stem was formed about 4500 co et ulge, about 27000 lighgeas rom te cnet Dwarf Planets and Plutoids Pluto, which was considered tobe a planet since its scenery in 1930, ‘dar plane’ on 24 August 2006 by the International Astronomical ‘According tothe IAU, a dvarf planet ull the following crite * Is in onbit around the Sun, *Ithas sufficient mas forts self gravity o overcome rg hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape. « Ithas not cleared the neighbourhood’ around its orbit + Itisnot a satellite ofa planet, or other non-sellat bod. Two years after coining the term “dwar planets

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