22 Soraya the naar amb otha for ech eR there is #anigue ye Z namely y=[F) sock that ‘Ry. Hence Ris. 4 mapping fom Rw Z: Ie customary practise to denote mappings by loner cae letters and weshull do so henceforth, There is abo universally weep noution for mappings: in deseribing a mapping f from a set Eto-a set F we ree f#E-=F ce F-oF. The unique bc F which eortesponds toa given X= E [ee abe] i called theloage of + under and will be denoted ty fa). With the notatiog, the graph of is then given by Joo} Fora mapping / Fhe a Fi caled the demain offand Fic called the cedomain of f We shall sometines call the departure st and the aval tt of. When no cenuson can ae over E and F Ne shall ‘often write 4 sven mapping /:E-F inthe form x¥-/tx) For example the identity mapping on F can be written as E+E where lx)» for alle E. This mapping sof especial importance; we {Stall denote by dp. Likewise Mt Exampe 4, we have 4 mapping RooL given by fr)= for every re R In summary therelore, the graph of = mapping f°E-=F may be opiced by a ciara ofthe following tpscal frm, which i constant ‘its similar dingrams wed in calcu Gm tins) eBxFi imr fren —— (ef) er re tn what follows we shall make use of the symbol ¥ (allel the nines quunifr) hich we shall tke asa abbreviation for “Tor devenbed by (YF ER) file) or every", For example, the above mapping fR-°Z. can be Relation: farting reais: mnpings 2 Since mappings are in particular rations we have that given map- pings B= Pand «2B are equvalest Now itis elar that in this ease #2) holds then (2) holds and, for ‘every element ofthe common domain, fiy)=gix} Comerely, i (1), holds ard f(x) =2(«) for every element af the common domain then equally clear that 3) holds, We ean therefore epiace the shove conditions by the equialent set of corditiens (@ Baa: 0 (O¢¥e eB) fed) ‘We shall henceforth therefore agre to say that the mappings F1E-=F and §:->B are equa if (0), (bc) hol a conneicn sith mapping, he reader should note carefully the following remarks, ‘Remark |. “The ¥ord fincion is ofen wed instead of mapping Fespecially in analyss, where image sets are usally subsets of Rorof € and f(g) often called the val of fat the pots) lowever cate should be talent avoid auch inaccuracies ashe function fe)": Tact, Cf E-oF then fa) CF for eer) xe 0 that ftx) a funetion ony if Im fs. 2 et of fuetions Thus Tor example, we shuld not talk about “the fanetion os «it taier "ie function cow” or even “the fimction xr con x" ‘hough i this ist case we should aly aSospeiy the departore Set and the arial se ‘Remark 2. Many authors Keni a mapping with 8 graph Le they define a mapping ("EF wo be a subst of Fx F such that For every we there Ka unique j= F ach tht (x9) 2. We shall not ado his practic sine, a we shal se later, can head ocentusion, Remark 3. Many authors wsite ei mappings onthe Fight ie where we write fx) they write - We cana say that ve shall definitely not do this, fr we often do so without thinking! For fximple, consider the mapping ePCE)=P(E) given by d= Bald) here we have veiten the mepping on the let. But Wvhen these & with respect which We ate URIng cOmpenents https: //archive.org/details/settheoryabstraceveeblyt/page/22/mode/2up