| ! | | j | Sol. { 12 { | Sol. 13 Ans. ‘What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2 x 10-7C and 3 x 10-7 C placed 30 em apart in air? Given, q, = 2 * 10-7C, qy = 3 10-7C, r= 30 em=0.3 m,F 1 aga ancy By formula, F 910° x2«10-7 x3x107 03? = 6 * 10-3 N (repulsive) ‘The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge 0.4 KC due to another small sphere of charge -0.8 iC in air is 0.2 N. (@) What is the distance between the two spheres? ©) Whatis the force on the second sphere due to the first? Given, qy = 0.4 uC, gy Fy) =02N, (r= -0.8 pC, Fy =? (@) We know [F| 3 pe iow 4nco F 910? «0.4 x10" x: 02 = 144 104 1=12% 10? m= 12cm: (©) The force is mutual. The same force of 0.2 N acts on the second sphere due to the first Check that the ratio ke'/G m, m, is dimensionless. Look up a Table of Physical Constants and determine the value of this ratio. What does the ratio signify? An electron and a proton have charges of 1.6 x 10-!9 C each and their masses are 9.1 x 10-3! kg and 16 * 10? kg respectively, Universal Gravitational Constant G= 6.7 10" Nmiskg? cL =9 109 Nm ‘neq and k Electrostatic force between electron and proton, 1_ce 4ne9 ‘where ris the distance between their centres. Gravitational force between electron and proton, Gang, Z Sol. 1s Sol. Phgetey Textbook Exercises e fee na gigs F, | 4ncoGmm, Dividing we get, The ratio is quite huge. This shows that electrosae forces are much stronger than gravitational forces 4 common example is the lifting of a piece ofa paper charged comb against the force of entire earth on thy paper. (Explain the meaning of the statement “electric charge of a body is quantised’. (Why an one ignore quantisation of electric charge when dealing with macroscopic i.e., large scale charge? Quantization of electric charge. It is now a wel, known fact that all charges occurring in nature ae positive or negative integral multiples of basicunit of electric charge which we take as the magnitude of the charge on an electron. We use symbole for the amount of charge on an electron. Hence charge ‘on an electron is ~ ¢ and that on a proton happens to be + ¢, while charge on a neutron is zero. Any charged body will have ne charge, where n isan integer. This fact is called the quantization of electric charge. @ (©) Atthe macroscopic level one deals with charges hat are enormous compared to the magnitude of charge © Since = 1.6 « 10-!9 C, a charge of magnitude, say, 1 HC contains something like 1013 times the electronic charge. At this scale the fact thatcharge can increase or decrease only in units of eis not very different from saying that charge can take Continuous values. Thus, at the macroscopic lee, the quantisation of charge has no practical consequence and can be ignored, When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, charges Appear on both. A similar phenomenon is observed wi ‘many other pairs of bodies. Explain how thisabservatin consistent with the law of conservation of charzé- Charge is neither created nor destroyed. It is mete transferred from one body to another. Electrons 2 transferred from glass to silk, so glass has postive chars? and silk has negative charge. 5 uC oe = 28 quae Four point charges 9, = ion and gp=-S HC are located atthe cornersofa sa ABCD of side 10 em. What is the force on a char8®' 1 HC placed at the centre of the square <3Blectric Charges and Fields Sol. The center O of the square is at equal distance of J2.cm from each comer. Since opposite comers have equal charges, forces along both diagonals will be balanced, Resultant force on 1 jwC charge at the centre of the 1uage ABCD will be zero, sat 7 ye electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. 18 Sol. o) Two point charges q,=3 uC and gy located 20 em apart in vacuum. @ ® That is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks. hy not? Explain why two field lines never cross each other atany point? They start from a positive charge and end at a negative charge. They are continuous, because force is continuous. They do not have sudden breaks, otherwise a moving test charge will have to take Jumps. Two lines of force do not intersect each other. If they intersect at a point, there will be two directions of field at that point. Since it is impossible, hence they don’t intersect 3 nC are Whats the electric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the two charges? ‘Ifa negative test charge of magnitude 1.5 10-° C is placed at this point, what is the force experienced by the test charge? Given, qq =3 uC =3 x 10°C, @ ©), Q3=-3 HC =-3 = 10-6C, 1, = 10 cm =0.1 m, r= 10.cm=0.1 m, Eo? qo = 1.5 * 10°C, Fy =? E at O due to charge at A, 0.2m A@——___0——_*B +3uC ° 3c aa _ 9x10 x3x10°% (Gite = 27 « 105NC“! along OB Also, E at O due to charge at B, Ey = 27 10° NC“! along OB Resultant B at O, Eg = Eq + Ey = 27 * 105 + 27,x 108 = 54 x 105 NC"! along OB For point 0, E = 54x 10° NC, GH 15 x 10°C 19 Sol. Mo Sol. Lil Sol. 12 Sol. By relation, F = dp E F= 1.5 x 109 x $4 x 105=8.1 * 104 = 80 * 10-3 N along OA. A system has two charges qy = 2.5 x 10-7 C and qp =~2.5 107 C located at points A (0, 0,-15 em) and B(0,0,+ 15 cm), respectively. What are the total charge and electric dipole moment of the system? The system is an electric dipole of charge strength gm (2.5 * 10-7 = 2.5 x10-NC = zero Electric dipole moment, p=qa=25* 107 x03 5 x 10° C-m along Z-axis. An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 * 10 C-mis° aligned at 30° with the direction of a uniform electric field of magnitude 5 x 104 NC-1. Calculate the ‘magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole. Given, p= 4 x 10-° C-m, E=5x10'NCT& = 30° ie. sin @=0.5, + =? By formula, + =pE sin O=4 x 10° 5x 10x 05 = 10-43 (or Nm) A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3.2 « 10-7 C. (@ Estimate the number of transferred (from which to which?) Is there a transfer of mass from wool to polythene? Given, electrons © @ 3.2*107C, -1.6 «109 Cn By relation, q = ne -32x107 =1.6x10 These electrons are transferred from woo! to polythene. Since electrons have a definite mass (9.1 * 107" kg), the transfer of electrons may result in mass transfer byamount nm =2% 10!2%9.1< 10! = 18.2 10° kg which is negligible. ‘Two insulated charged copper spheres Aand B have their centres separated by a distance of $0 em. ‘Whats the mutual force of electrostatic repulsion if the charge on each is 6.5 x 10-7 C? The radii of Aand B are negligible compared to the distance of separati What is the force of repulsion if each sphere is charged double the above amount, and the distance between them is halved? n=qfe 2x10? % @ ® (@) Given, q, = 6.5 * 1077 C, qz = 6.5 * 10-7 C, r= 50cm By formula, F 9x10" x6,5x 10-7 x6.5x107 05) = 1.521 x 107NSol. (b)_ Doubling charge on each sphere increases the force four times. Making the distance half, further increases the force four times. So new force becomes 16 times Now F = 1.521 » 10-7 » 16 = 24.34 «107 = 0.2434N Suppose the spheres A and B in question 1.12 have identical sizes. A third sphere of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first, then brought in contact with the second, and finally removed from both. What is the new force of repulsion between Aand B? Before contact, sphere A has charge 65 * 10-7 C, while C has no charge. On contact, A and C both have equal charge, i.e. 3.25 * 10-7 C each. ‘Then sphere C (with charge 3.25 » 10-7 C) comes in ‘contact with sphere B having charge 6.5 10-7 C. Both share the total charge equally. 3.25465 Then B has a charge 1077 = 4.875 * 107°C 3.25 * 1077 C; gy = 4.875 * 10-7 Now, qy ancy 9x10? 3.251077 «4.875 x10" sy 0.5625 * 107 N. Figure shows tracks of three charged particles in a uniform electrostatic field. Give the signs of the three charges. Which particle has the highest charge to mass ratio? Particle } and 2 have negative charge, Particle 3 has positive charge. Particle 3 has highest charge to mass ratio, because its path is more curved Consider a uniform electric field =3« 11 NIC, (®) What is the flux of this field through a square of 10 em on a side whose plane Is parallel to the yz- plane? () What is the Mux through the same square if the normal to its plane makes a 60° ungle with the x- axis? Sol. 1.16 Sol. 7 Sol. Sol. x10 INC, }00 em? = 10-22 Given, E A= 10% 10= Since surface lies in ¥-Z plane, normal tothe su along X-axis, (@) 0=0% 2) 0=607,4=9 By relation 6= EA = EA cos 0 Substituting the values, we get, (@) §=3% 108 x 107 « 1 = 30 Nmic (by g= 3 * 108 «107 x 0.5 = 15 NmrIC What is the net flux of the uniform electric fy question 1.15 through a cube of side 20 cm orienta, that its faces are parallel to the coordinate play,” Zero, The number of lines entering the Cube isthe xy as the number of lines leaving the cube. Careful measurement of the electric field at thesuty of ablack box indicates that the net outward fur the surface of the box is 8.0 * 10° Nm*/C. (a) What is the net charge inside the box? ©) Ifthe net outward flux through the surfaceots box were zero, could you conclude that thereme no charges inside the box? Why or why not) Given, Electric flux = = 8.0 x 10°NmC, Eq = 8.854 « 10°!? CON“! taken), By Gauss’s law @ Flux a! & Org = be0 = 8x 103 x 8.854 * 10"? = 7.1 x 108C. Incase, net outward flux through the surfaces The conclusion is if any charges are preseat ts the cube, their algebraic sum is zero. &) A point charge +10 WC is at a distance 5 em dire! above the centre of a square of side 10 cra, as show? * Fig. What is the magnitude of the electric fuxthms the square? (Mint: Think of the square as one fi 4 cube with edge 10 em.) Sem Wen Fig. The situation is shown in figure. a ‘The square’ can be considered as one of the BE cube ofeach side 10.em, enclosing the point che? The cube surface will act as Gaussian sureElectric Charges and Fields 119 Sol. 1.20 1a SEP Given. d= 10UC= 10-10%, £0 = BRS4x10-2CIN“Tp? (taken By Gauss’s tnw for whole closed sunface, 1x10 be q/ty = we Basan =1.13%105Nm? 7c As one face area is one-sixth of total surface area of the cube, _1a3s10° ae = 1.88» 105 Nmzvc A point charge of 2.0 uC is at the centre of a cubic Gaussian surface 9.0 cm on ed electric ux through the surfac Flux through one face Ine. What is the net Given, q= 2yC=2x10%C, = 8854410" C2N Ny (taken), § = 2 By Gauss's law = gic, = (2 > 10) / (8,854 » 10-12) = 2.26» 108 NmeiC-! A point charge causes an el ric flux of = 1.0» 108 Nm¥/C ta pass through a spherical Gaussian surface of 10.0 em radius centred on the charge. (a) If the radius of the Gaussian surface were doubled, how much flux would pass through the surface? (b) What is the value of the point charge? Given, Flux = = -1,0%10° Nm by = 8854x107 PN Im (taken),q (8) By Gauss's law, electric flux @ alto It is independent of dimensions and shape of the Gaussian surface So, §=-1.0x10° Nm (©) We have, A= Gey = 108 8854.10? - 8854» 10°C. A conducting sphere of radius 10 cu has an unkown charge. Ifthe electric Held 20 em from the centee of the spheres 15» 10" N/C und points radially inward, whut 4s the net charge Given, Ee-1.5 «10° NC"! (Eistaken negativebecause 4 points inwardly opposite to 1) cm 02m, q, 1.22 Sol. 1.23 Sol. Sul For euttide point, the charge on the conducting sphere behaves a¢ a point charge situated at the centre of the sphere. By formula, E = oe Qe Exdnegr? 1.510} + (0.2) 9x10 6.67 «108. A aniformly charged conduction sphere of 2.4 m diameter has a surface charge density of 80,0 Cim?. (a) Find the chargeon the sphere. (b) What is the total electric Mux teaving the surface ofthe sphere? Given, r= 1.2m, 6 =80.01Cm~ sox10r°Cm> &q = 8.854107 C7N“ hn @ 4 (a) By elation, 97 GA=a4zr? = 80% 10 4 x 3.14 x (1.2)? = 8% 1256 «14d < 108 = 148.7 10S = 1447 « 10-3C For outside space, the charge on the conducting sphere behaves as a point charge situated at the centre of the sphere. By Gauss's theorem, 9 = q/eg ) Lago 8.85410 An infinite line charge produces a field of 9 « 104 NIC ata distance of 2 em. Calculate the linear charge density Given, E = 1.63 « 108NmeC ~ ION CH 2em=2* 107m, 4 = By formula, E 269x10" Two Large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface charge densities of opposite sigus aud of magnitude 17.0 » 10-7? Cin?, What is E: (a) in the outer region of the first plate, (b) in the outer region of the second plate, aud (e) between the plates? +170x10? Cm? ey =8 854102 C2N (a Ey=? tb) . @The situation is shown in figure. 4x 10722 eee 2«8.854« 107? Sy 1.25 Anoil drop of 12excess electrons is held stationary under 4 constant electric field of 2.55*104 NC~! in Millikan’s oil drop experiment. The density of the oil is 1.26 g em- % 3. Estimate the radius of the drop (g = 1.60 x 10719 C), Sol. Given, n = 12,€=.1.6 * 10°9C, E=2.55 «104 Vr, Ep =E, +E) 81 ms; = o = 1.26g cm = 1.26 « 10? ke m3, 2-981 ms, Radius of drop, r =? Fico Now, downward force of gravity on drop ipward force due to electric field ie mg=neE 043) nog=nek 3neE/* ‘Snog 3x12%1.6x107!? 2.55108 9 8175 x 10-'m=9.8175 « 104mm. 1.26. Whiehamorg te curves shown nig canna reprevntletrsae eld ines Possiblyslectric Charges and Fields 1. Only (c) is right; the rest cannot represent electrosial field lines, because field lines papel + must be normal to a conductor + cannot start from a negative charge, + cannot intersect each other, + must be parallel to a conductor, 127 Inacertain region of space, electric field is along the Z-direction throughout. The magnitude of eleetrie feld {showever, not constant but increases uniformly along the positive Z-direction, at the rate of 108 NC-! per metre. What are the force and torque experienced by a system having a total dipole moment equal to 10-7 em in the negative Z-direetion ? Sol. qx=10-7NC~'/m (given) Let E = Electric field at A E+x x 108 = Blectric field at B [+ Eis increasing @ 105 NC-!m~!) a 4aF pa zo A B —e H (E+xx 10) electric force on (+ q) = QE. ...'(2) electric force on (-a) (E+ xx 108) - B) As these two forces are acting without any perpendicular distance between their direction, hence torque on the dipole will be zero Further, net force on the dipole Fy — F, (along BA) = (E+ 108 x)- gE = 105 qx = 108 x 10-7 [from eg. (1)] 02 N, along (-Z) direction. 1.28 (@) Aconductor A with a cavity as shown in Fig. (a)is given a charge must appear on the outer surface of the conductor. (©) Another conductor B with charge qis inserted into the cavity keeping B insulated from A. Show that the total charge on the outside surface of A is Q+alFig. (0). Q ata @ ) Fig. ©. A sensitive instrument i to be shielded from (he strong electrostatic field in its environment. Suggest a possible way. Sol. 1.29 Sol. () Taking a close Gaussian surface just inside touching the outer surface of the conductor (A). Since electric field inside the Gaussian surface is 2er0. Hence there is nocharge inside the Gaussian surface and whole charge Q lies on the outer surface of conductor A, (©) Charge-+ Q appears on conductor A forming cavity. Induced charge + q appears on outer surface of A. Therefore, total charge (Q + q) appears on outer surface of A. (©. Theinstrument should be enclosed inside a metallic ‘ease to make its environment field free. Ahollow charged conductor has a tiny hole cut int surface. Show that the electric field in the hole is (@/2c9) fi, where fi is the unit vector in the outward normal direction, and is the surface charge density near the hole. E, = Field at A & B (which are 2 points just out-side & within the cavity as shown) due to the entire shell except that material which originally was there at the place of the cavity. E, = field at A & B because of that material which were there originally in place of cavity. , Ade, If there were no cavity, the total field at point A would be = = % ie Bj) +E,=2 (1) % And at point B would be zero (because inside a charged conductor electri field is always zero) ie E)-E)= 2) E,=E, I 6 10. =n ‘Wo point electri ic charges of unknown magnitude and sign are placed ra a re pl Ata distance ‘d’ apart, The electric field intensity is zero at a point, not between the charges but Eine line joining them, Write two essential conditions for this to happen, AN clectric dipote is placed at rest in a uniform electric field, and released. How will it move? ‘The electrostatic field due toa point charge depends on thedistance ras (3): similarly indicate how each of the a following quantities depends on r. (@) Electric fi (b) Electric fi spherical shell Electric charge is distributed uniformly on the surface ofa spherical rubber balloon. Show how the value of electric intensity vary (i) on the surface (ii) inside and (iii) out side? eld due to infinitely long straight wire, ield intensity due to a uniformly charged A metallic solid sphere is placed in a uniform electric field 2s shown in figure. Which path is followed by the lines of force? 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 A cylinder of radius R and length Lis placed in a uniform electric field E, parallel to it's axis, as shown. Calculate the total electric flux through the surface of eylinder. ag —E % A hemispherical surface of radius R is so placed in the uniform electric field E that E is parallel to the axis of circular plane, What will the outeoming electric fhix? A charge +4 is distributed uniformly over thin rod of the Jength 2/, Calculate the electric field ata point P on the axis of rod, ata distance r from it’s centre, Define the electric field atthe point P due tothe system of three point charges, shown +4 r 2 14, Equal and similar charges are placed at they Sou, square. How many neutral points in its oy i Plane can 15, If an electron, moving with a finite ygja ct? I transverse electric field, then which par wi No, be take? ee "Leng Answer Questions (Sarg _ ‘ 38] 1. Derivean expression for electric field dug yg 1 “charged ring ata point on the axial line ofthe ring 2 State Gauss theorem in electrostatics : mathematical form. Usingit derivean expen it field at a point near a thin infinite plane sheet orga charge, How does this let eld change ig thick sheet of charge? tg 3. Derive a formula for the electric field intnsiy uniformly charged spherical shell or holow sat Gauss’s theorem. 4, Derive the electric field intensity due to sheets of charge using Gauss’s theorem 0 thin pay jumerical Questions [3 or § Mark 1. Two point electric charges of values q and 24 arte, distanced apart from each other in air. Athinéchre pag bbe kept along the same line in such a way thatthe nati acting on q and 2q is zero. Calculate the poston ong Qin terms of of q and d, 4 2 Twopoint charges q, = +0.2C and 42> +0.4Careping 0.1 mapart. Calculate the electric field at (@__mid point between the charges, | (2 point on the line joining 4, and gy sous | it is 0.05.m away from q, and 0.15 0 amy fromq,. * 3 Three charges — V2 nC, 22 uC and aye a | arranged along a straight line as shown in the S| Calculate the total electric field intensity due tall | charges at the point P. :P tm A c WB CSB tc im WB ial im | 2681) 4 Anclecttic dipole oflength 10 cm having: ace | °C, placed at 30° with respect to a uniform ee si | a “Speriences a torque of magnitude 6y/3 Nm CH" Magnitude of the electric field a 2008 Twopoint charges 3 Cand -3 # Care leated in vacuum, oat (@) Calculate the electric field at the mid poi joining the charges. eet () Whatis the force experienced bya nega ceL "Very Short Answer Questions [1 Mark Qs.] Figure shows three point charges, +24, -q and +3q. Two charges + 2q and ~q are enclosed within a surface S. What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface S? +3q Two point charges having equal charges separated by | m distance experience a force of 8 N. What will be the force experienced by them, if they are held in water, at the same distance? (Given K yater™ 80) . ‘A proton is placed in a uniform electric field directed along theposition X-axis. In which direction will it tend to move? In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric field isin (a) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium? Distinguish between a dielectric and a conductor? Why most electrostatic field be normal tothe surface al every point ofa charged conductor. ‘What is theamount of work done in moving point charge around a circle of radius r at the centre of which another Point charge is located? cere 8 What is the geometrical shape of equipotential surfaces. due to single isolated charge? 9. Twocharges of magnitudes +4Q and —Q are located at point (a, 0) and (-3a, 0) respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius '2a' with its centre at the origin? ‘Two equal balls with equal positive charge ‘q’ coulombs are suspended by two insulating strings of equal length. ‘What would be the effect on the force when a plastic sheet is inserted between the two? 11. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loops? 12, Why do the electric field lines never eross each other? 13, What is the electric flux through a cube of side Lem which enclosed! an electric dipole? 14, How dloes the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed bya spherical Gaussian surface get affected wher is increased? 10. Short Answer Questions [2 or'3 Marks Qs.] 1. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius Ry and outer radius Ry has a charge Q. A charge q is placed at the centre of the stiel. (@ “What is the surface charge density on the (1) Inner surface, (2) Outer surface of the shell? Gi) Write the expression for the electric field at a point X>R, from the centre of the shell.2 3 1. 9. rae eliarBe Two uniformly large parallel thin plates i oe densities+ cand—c are kept in the X-Zplane ta apart. Sketch an equipotential surface due toclectH” NT between the plates. Ifa particle of mass m and charge remains stationary between the plates. What is the ma" and direction of this field? ‘Two charged conducting spheres of radii and") to each other bya wire. Find the ratioofelectric fel surfaces of the two spheres. Two identical metallic sph +4 Qand= 10 Qare kept a certain distance apa identical uncharged sphere Cis first placed in contact sphere A and then with sphere B, then spheres A and B are brought in contact and then separated. Find the charge o" the spheres A and B. Plot a graph showing the variation of Coulomb's force (F) versus 1/12, where ris the distance between the two charges ofeach pair of charges: (1 j1C, 2 C)and (1}C,— 340). Interpret the graphs obtained. ‘ Using Gauss’s law obtain the expression forthe electric field ue to uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R at @ Point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation Ofelectric field with r, for r> Randr Randr> a, B26 (ane?) (b) Given the electric field in the region E=2xi, find the net electric flux through the cube and the charge enclosed by it » oR @) Explain, using suitable diagrams, the difference in the behaviour ofa () conductor and (i) dielectric in the presence of external electric field, Define the terms polarization ofa dielectric and write its relation with susceptibility (©) A thin metalic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point charge & is placed at its centre C and an other charge +2Q is placed outside the shell at a distance x from the centre as shown in the figure. Find (i) the force on the charge at the centre of shell and at the point A, (fi) the electric flux through the shell A 29 Use Gauss's law to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, What is the direction of field for positive and negative charge densities ?Sera 10. (@ Attempt all questions (i) Question 1 to 5 carry 1 mark each. (ii) Question 6, 7 and 8 carry 3 marks each. (iv) Question 9 and 10 carry § marks each. ‘What is the angle between the directions of electric eld at any (i) axial point and (it) equatorial point due toan dy, dipole? Ina medium the force of attraction between two point electric charges, 2 these be kept in the same medium so that the force between them becomes 3F? Anclectric dipole, when held at 30° with respect toa uniform electric field of 10* NIC, experience a torque of9 » 10-25X, Calculate the dipole moment of the dipole. Define intensity of electric field ata point. At whet points isthe electric dipole field intensity parallel to thelinejoiningty charges? Two point electric charges of value q and 2q are keptat a distance ‘d’ apart from each other in air. A third charge Qistate kept along the same line in such a way that the net force acting on q and 2q is zero, Calculate the position of charge Qin terms of q and d. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to an infinite plane sheet of charge. Derive a relationship for the intensity of electric field on the axial line ofan electric dipole in air. distance ‘d” apart is F. What distance apart sto Calculate the electric field intensity due to.an electric dipole ata point on its equatorial plane. Three point charges of +2yC, ~ 3xC and ~3yC are kept atthe vertices A, B, C respectively of an equilateral triangle ofside 20.cmas shown in figure. What should be the sign and magnitude ofthe charge to be placed at the mid point M of sideBC so that the charge at A remains in equilibrium? é 42 A =3nC B a c-3uc — 20m —_y Define the term ‘lectre flux.’ Stateits unit. A sphere S,ofradius rene i a adius 7, enclo : once! sphere Sof radius f(t >r,)and there beno additonal charges bertece 8; aly ee SEE aaa " ioofe S, and $3.Blectric Charges and Fields Solutions E Very Short Answer Questions 1?" 1. Lines of force due to wo equal postive point charges Neutral point A = 1/80 (the dielectric constant of water is 80) :, Force will reduce 80 times, 3, Inelectrostaties, q, +4, = 0 signify q, _ Kaige ~4 d'= Vd, 5. Ifthe dipole is placed along the direction of the field, its ‘equilibrium is stable (0 = 0°) 13 ng _ 32x10? ©, gao.64x10-'8c & gE=mg> EB 5x10° 1 Te=1.6«10-9C Charge carried by 12.5 x 10!8 electrons = 125% 10!8x 1.610"! =2C 1 & Foran electric dipole, F FLF irooFer aes New foree, F= 5 = 5 Charge= current» time. (Q)= {AT} = [MLA] 1 8854« 10-2 Nm? U Blesti field Ese 4 Y So when distance becomes 3r, E becomes = PRACTICE QUESTIONS 12, Debye is the unit of electric dipole moment. — si Electric field intensity on the surface of the sphere is ‘Short Answer Questions Leta single point charge is situated at the origin O of the coordinate system XYZ. Consider a test charge qy (unit ve charge) at point P (x, ¥.2) Faceeartctongpiyg= F HEE? > F Ifq> 0, then E is directed radially onwards at every point in electric field. 'q-<0, then Eis directed inwards. F esiesjrak and [F-Weate = ka ae Foy ape a zs -4 +4 Bi a” 2 ae Electric field intensity at Pdue to charge, qk a ta, 19 song FA ar ray‘Resumen aitontty a =) [Fame eg =e = Revsitenr setenety af P+ 8 <8, fy tq ‘ tec Weed drae there 1B Nem steme BE “jeep ‘Fore ay aftoes ates Dm ue a a Ha. ~-I 7-7 cco are whave |.» | = dipatemomon= 2ap () Gun the polis Af ie batt tw the aston shuatele foltt E atan anye & Whe ddipaleis shan, Forwwom nq 4 E stone F Ant Honwe ons-g = ~ 4 8 opprmiae so Sit trae on ttuedtipots qf gh <0 Fave cqnal aed gravates toes fone w np vit will eons the Signe ion stem wise div ention ont a So Agro slong the Sutqutiva of Sue fet Fetus = fosee + perpondiveter dstit Sewn Soe Sonsey FEM A Bit nto are mutually perpendicular and hence, the resultant electric field at the point P has the ‘magnitude. EEE ear (acer (a5) fee and dein raking an © ith OP. i, When the equal and similar charges are placed at the four comers ofa square, the electric field at the centre of square is zero, Therefore, the centre of square is the only neutral point in it’s plane: Ifan electron, moving with a finite velocity v in the +x direction, enters a transverse electric field E in the—y direction, as shown, ithas no acceleration in the x direction but an acceleration & in the-+y direction=e The displacement the time tin the x and y directions (se) that the path of electron is parabolic. Long Answer Questions ider a positive charge distributed uniformly over a ting of radius ¢, its : Linear charge density Let P be a point on the axial line where the field has to be calculated. d/isa small length element of ring. Chargeon the element = 2d¢ Electric field at P due to this charge= dE Kade a The axial component (dEcos0) of different length elements will be in same direction and will add up.-The transverse component (dE sin 9) for each diametrically opposite pair of length elements will be equal and oppositely directed and will cancel each other. Total electric field Eat tar on J aécoso field (2) produced by any source over any closed surface clectrie flux over the close Sin vacuum, or the tota in vacuum is + times the total charge (Q) contained e inside. bn 3 Electric field intensity due to ; charge: . ite 1.6. be the surface density of char, if Le Be and D4, distance r from the sheet where E iy a hastobeg, —) E oncither si Imagine a cylinder of cross-sectional area dy and length 2r, piercing through the sheet. tinge? thet El|ii (or dS). At the curved surfaces E Lica, there is no contribution to electric flux from i surfaces of the cylinder. Bs ecg | Electric flux over the edges = 2E dS =2Eas f Total charge enclosed by the cylinder = gas By Gauss’s theorem, 2Ed n Ee | Ifthe infinite plane sheet has uniform thickness heats | density of charge is same on both the surfaces off | sheet. | > si 7 Electric field intensity at any point P due toeach su 129 a + Bysuperposition principle, total electric fli Jplectie Wuinnpe sone st Tet R be the radius of the spherical shell distributed uniformly over the surface ofthesnees eee . the shell. Pisthe point where E hastobe calculated. OP =r $ isa Gaussian surface where E is same directed radially outwards, at every point a is, PEAS = Eds = at q Q 2q thatis, FESS = peas 2 EN geal ony? For the net force on q and 24 to be zero, Q must be placed & nhas~2 5 Edn? 8 between q and 2q and it must be of negative sign ° * koQ_ 4Q2q _, =x)? SB 2 d=x)? x arco? ’ Fs via é Sand d-x= 1+v2 Tee : 2 @ q702C,q,=04C a rR 2 ES , 7 4regR? + 4 If c be the surface'density of charge, ()Atapoint on the surface of the shell, Ak—— 0.1m ——>1B o 910702 ang = 4x03 Epa = (0.05) 4rR7o _o (oon “ane? &0 = 2x10? 04 A . mo 0.05)" (i) Atapoint inside the shell q=0; -. E=0 4 Letusconsider two positively charged thin parallel sheets 9x10? x02 B= Epp Ey = 2D ‘Aand B with uniform surface densities of charge o and (0.0577 => E=72x10"NIC op respectively. @ B=E +E u 0 a ae) x _ 9x10? x0.2 |, 9x10? x0.4 a oe (0.137 (0.05)? & * B 1.52. 10"2NIC. Let o> 02 >0 s Inregion I, E,=-E, —E, = >—~ a v eee Oe, * Sty) a kay _ 9x10? x2 x10°% on = a Oe : > 1 a (3) > <—(o1 +52) 2&9 = 6.36 * 10° NIC Inregion Il, Ey=E, —E OLS 2eg 260 280 In region II, Eq= E, + EyEec= Boy 1 ° Epp = 2210? x2V2x10°% a =25.45 « 10°N/IC r Resultant of Ep, and Epcalong PB =2Ep, costs =2%636x 10x z =9 «10 NIC +, Netelectricficld at PisE=25.45 x 10°—9 « 10°= 16.45 * 10° NiCalong BP. Given: dipole length, 2a= 10m Torque t= 6/3 Nm 76x 107C. = pe 2aqsind [ 6G a 10107 6x10 xsin30° . = 23 x10'N/C. @) +3uc ~3nC a 6 3 <—20 em—_> Electric field at ‘O" due to +3uC at 10? x3x1076 Anse Qn _ 9x10" x3 ie 4m &% AO? (10x 107)? =27x10° N/C along AO, Electric field at ‘O” dueto ~3uC at B, . Gn _ 9x10? x3x10°% 9 . 4m & BO? (10x 1072)? =27%10° N/C along OB, Total field at © = 54 « 105 N/C towards right, (b) Force on test charge 10. Fe qE=1,5 10x54x 10°=8.1x103N ‘The force is attractive acting along OA. > > 4q Fe a B&Q A x2 C x2 B uM. = aie 2 =2x1077C =1x107% Electric field dueto q, atthe siteorq, =E, 9 21077 = Kay = 2410" x2x1077 2x10 = 18x10'N/C ? aon*)* Electric field duc to q, at the site of y= Ep = EM2 94102 10-7 n= Ey =a r 07?) =9x10°N/C. €=-1.6« 10-9, Q: =-3.2%107C; Q=ne n= Sar, tol e 182 2371199 LAP tnd (Sx107)? = 2410? x100:410-6 0.1 = SE e100 10°F x01 2) =1.125«107NIC. «Rs Bie, |je Charges and Fields lect The nt electric field ata point Con the line joining th Tuesofthetwospheres willbe zero ifthe electric elds fan two spheres are equal but opposite, Therefore, B 0.2m= 20cm ‘The electric dipole moment of dipole has the magnitude poql=2* 10x 10?=2 x 10% C-m ‘The electric field at the point P on the axis of dipole has the magnitude 2p ox{ 2x2x10% -{ L}/22} =@x10%)| ~— | = E (£\3) x10) =F 360.NIC ‘The electric field at the point P on the equator of dipole has the magnitude -f{ LYP) -cox108 2220 e-( 2. [8) ol 2 } 180 NIC yma ke esd coerce sa nan Cacao ED 1. ByGauss’s theorem Electric flux through the closed surface Sis 2g _ +29 ee ce &. % & 2 Force acting between two point charges = So, fe = Katte Eater — Kote eel 2a -foin = Fame “30-10 3. Proton will move in the direction of uniform electric field 10. n. 2. 1B. 14, (For table equilibrium angle berween pand Eis (id) For unstable cqulibrium, angle between p and E is 180° Dielectries are non~ electrons at all. While conductor has makes it able to pass the electricity through it The electric lines of forces exerts lateral pressure on each other leads o repulsion between like charges. Thus in order tostable spacing, the lines are normal to the surface. Zero. Spherical. Its clear thatthe sphere of radius 2a encloses the charge +4Qonly y Sphere -Q B A conductor and does not have free free electrons which (3a, 0) ‘Therefore, electric flux ag o=§2.G-—.4 § © « Electric field lines due to any of the charge will not beable to pass through plastic because it is an insulation of electricity and in the absence of an external electric field both the charges will not experience any force due to each other. Electric field lines form a closed loop, then work done by electric force should be zero in closed loop but we do not find any zero value. Hence, electric field lines do not form any closed loop. Electric field lines do not cross each other because the tangent to a line of electric field at any point gives the R) EOP Frome 6) 9+) an, cee along CP and away from spherical shell] oe long CP and away from spherical shel eS ee 4. When C and A are placed in contact, charge of‘ 2 +o divides in two spheres. Therefore charge on each™* aE +29 coward 4 Now, C is placed in contact with B, then charge - and C becomes aoe 20+(-109) Negative q charge experiences force in a direction opposite tothe direction of electri field When A and Bare placed in contact then charee “___ Negative q charge balances when and B becomes gE=mg 20+ (40) 7 o i. 5 According to Coulomb's law, magnitude Of between two stationary point charge’ ' ‘The direction of electri field isalong vertically dovmward pul 4% 4ney direction. a ee TS SNEuectrie Charges and Fields Higher the magnitude of product of char i wus Bes qy4y, higher For(1 uC, 3 Taicot charges ; For(1 uC,2 4 Pair ofcharged (3)> Magnitude of force F —e Let us consider charge +9 is uniformly distributed over a spherical shell ofradius Ret clctic eld isto be obs {Plies ouside of spherical shell ae Concentric ~~ spherical 4s. Gaussian ‘surface Charged spherical shell Eat anypoint is radially outward and has same magnitude at all points which lies at the same distance (r) from centre of spherical shell. Therefore, consider a Gaussian surface of radius such thatr>R. Gaussian surface enclosed charge q inside it. ByGauss's theorem, 4 feast Geasenr= 2 EanddSarealong thesame dtcction] Variation of E with r for a charged spherical shell. Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux through a closed 1 surface is equal to [times the charge enclosed by it Now, the electric field & = Ci isin X-drecton only: So fos \with surface vector perpendicular to this field would give zeroclectric Mux ie, $= E dscos90° = 0, So, flux would be due to only two surfaces, y if A x are Zz Magnitude of E at lef face E,=Cx=Ca [x=aatleft face] Magnitude of E atright face E,=Cr=C2a=2aC [x=2aatright face) Thus, Eds a-aCxa?=-a’C, (As@-=180°) 3p dS = 2aC dS cos = 2aCa? =20°C @ Net fux through cube is =A tbe aC+20C 2@CNom'C* i) Net charge inside the cube By Gauss's law q= aCe, ‘The plot showing the variation of (i electric field and (ii) electric potential with distance r due to a point charge q is showin below. CoM R aT Seats 8 Potential will bemaximum wherer will be minimum (not zero) also the electric field will be maximum when squared distance will be minimum (not zero) d@) E @) Electric Mux is defined as the number of electric field SI Tossing unit area perpendicular to the area Its SlunitisN m?c-t ©) Given: Bes e103inc, © Am Tem?=12 x 10-4? The plane of surface area being parallel to YZ plane, Electric flux ofthe field $° B.A =(5 103), 12« 10-4])=6NC Hm? (When normal to the plane of surface area makes an angle of 60° with the X-axis, then flux. “A.cos O=5 x 10? 12x 10-4 «0.5 =0.25NCIm? Given: B= 20x A=20cm?=20% 104m? 10. Since the electric field E = 20x i is directed along the x- axis, there is no any flux across curved surfie. Flux through the face A of the eylinder 10 * 0.5 x (-1)* 20% 104 200 x 104 =—2 x 10-2 NC! m? Flux through the face B ofthe cylinder of, Q=2% 107 8.854% 10-12 = 1.7708 x 103.C Hence the charge enclosed by the eylinder is 1.7708 10-3 C Il, (@) -Itis because electric field inside the conducting hollow + cars zero, Itis electrostatic shielding, (b) (i) Concern about the safety ofthe child, (ii) Knowledgeable, open mindedness and humanity (©) Intellectual, obliged (@ One day I saw a blind man was trying to cross the road. I stopped my bike took him on thy bike and dropped him to his house, “When the plane is parallel tothe yz pane, or EA Hee: B =2x107 NIC = qoemPindx 107% a 1 G2 @xI07 (410%) | p= 80Weber ‘When the plane makes a 30° angle withthe ang vector makes a 60° angle with thex-axis, 2 or BA = O=EAcos0 => = (2x10) (4 10) c0s60" = o= 802 = = 40 Weber | 13, Terqucon dipole whichis placed nan uitomea, | field (E) is given by, Ore ind DE sind | Here, lis the length of the dipole, Qis the chargeangr, theelectric field. Potential energy, | U=-PE cos0 =-(q)E cos @ @lEsind Dividing 2) by (0. | = —are cose ~~ 10 pam, | SU" tnd | LT | Electric flux ~ Electric flux over an closed sue Fepresents the total number of electric lines of fre Crossing the area in a direction normal tothe pled! thearea. SI unit ofelectric flux is Wan? /C (i) Using Gauss’s theorem field at point P,. LO Exénr} “ne, Field at P, = 0, because the electric field inside ‘conductor is zero, Gil) The electric field line density-pattern aElect 2 rie Charges and Fields {@) Electric dipole moment is defined as the product of either charge of the dipole and the distance between them. ie B= 4x21, where 2i is the vector distance from the -ve to +ve charge Itisa vector quantity Expression for the electric field ofa dipole ata poiit on the equatorial plane “ofthe dipole : Let there be a point P (on the equatorial plane of the dipole) a adistance from the centre ofa dipole formed by two charges-qand +q and having dipole moments j=2ql. Wehave tofind the electric feld intensity at point P E,cos 0+Ey “aN “4 AL TSOSTS B yp ‘The electric field intensity at point P due to +9 (at B) ied kes: along BP A an (P+? one. and clectrc field intensity at Pdue to—q charge (at A) S_— along PA into two rectangular components. ‘Components of E ( E, cos O along PX i) Eqsin Oatong PY Components of Ep @ Ej cos 0 along PX i) Ey sin Oalong YP ‘Vertical components being equal and opposite cancel ‘each oiher, Therefore, net electric field intensity along PX E=ExcosO+E,cosO —(- E,=Ey) =2E, cos 0 along PX. Ifl<R) ane@gr where q is the total charge on the shell. (i) When the point Plies inside the shell : In this case, the spherical Gaussian surface lies inside the cell. Since the charge lies outside the surfaces the Gaussian surface enclose no charge.3 jaussian Surface charge “guriace density ¢ XN ps=B xan? = * (from Gauss's law) oy Exdm=0 (4-0) “ 0 (forr produces ions near it, due to action of 4 ath positive ions, 0 produced get spray gi repulsion between postive fons and ggg th are then carried upward by the moving pa collects positive charge from the bt and int it to the outer surface of sphere $, Duetoge tion ofthe belt, postive charges are coming on $ and the potential rise 1. very high ya Use : Van de Graaff generator generates ye differences that are used to accelerate chy ‘such as electrons, protons, ions, ete, wal disintegration. fe Limitations (1) It series combination th ‘one route for the movement ofcharge, (2) Iean accelerate only the charged pac uncharged particles. OR (a) Dipolein a Uniform External Field Consider an electric dipole consisting ofchags ++q and of length 2a placed in a uniform lect making an angleO with electric field. Foree on charge -4 at A= gE (oppositeto E) Force on charge +g at B= gi (along £) ‘When electric dipole is placed under the actions andunlike parallel forces, it gives risea torque on t= Force x Perpendicular distance bew*™ forces gE (AN) =gE Qa (2a) Esin0 = pE sind in) 2 Ue BE (©) G@)Charge enclosed by sphere S, =70 « By Gauss law, electric flux through sphet®S: = 2Q%e, 7 Charge enclosed by sphere S,=20 +4072 £0 6Qle, The ratio of the electric flux is 91/0,= 2Qle g/6Q/e y= 2/6= 13 ) For sphere S,, the electric fluxis 2%, EPO ee, = = O.008, Het A 2056, ere Therefore, the electric ux through te Si. with the introduction ofthe dieleet=> 1 4 gpa, te 8 arty (xD? Aghe 1[_4 4 eee Ep= He ? alte | Treg (7-7) 1 dpe Gre (PY yf << x, then Hence, E, If dipole is short, 2 2px. gre? “The electric field has only x cOm normal to x direction, the angle bet ponent, for faces ween E and ds is separately zero for each £5, Therefore, the fe is twvo shaded ones. face of the cube except the ‘The magnitude ofthe electric field at the left face is E, = 0 (As x =O at the left face) ‘The magnitude of the electric field at the right face is Ey = 2a (As x = a at the right face) ‘Their corresponding fluxes are o.= Ex.aS =0 bg = Ex-AS,= E_AS cos 0 = EqAS (70 = 0°) 3 by> Ex Net Hh (through the ube = 4, + = 0+ ER 4a 9 = 2a From, Gauss's law ae a $0 q = 2a°ey OR When a conductor is placed in an external electric field, the free charges present inside the conductor redistribute themselves in such a manner that the clectric field due to induced charges opposes the external field within the conductor, This happens until a static situation is achieved i.e. when the two field cancel with each other and net electrostatic field in the conductor becomes zero.©) (i) The metallic spherical shell of radius R carries @ charge Q on its surface, So electric field inside a Spherical shell is zero thus, the force experienced by the charge at the centre of the shell C will also be 210. Feagk * Fe=0 At point A, IF, baof 1 20/2 re) 30? Frege? * 99 from shell @ Electric Aux through the shell 1 ie Gp * Magnitude of the charge enclosed by the Lee beaad "2 hell x2- 2 ~ aoe 6 Refer answer 2 long answer practice questo BS see esr eens! 1 istrue, 9 Sy 29h aa og a BO OF, OO 3. No, Gauss law will not be true because Gauss's aw is based on the inverse square dependence on distance contained inthe coulomb’s la, 4. When the body of the car is given a sudden. ‘electric charge, ‘an equal but opposite charge is polarized on the surface of the paint around it. Therefore, the mist of paint i attracted tothe body ofthe car andit is uniformly painted. po Helping, social responsibility, respect for elderly people. i) For a body to get positively charged, a negatively charged body has to brought close tothe neutral body which after earthing gets charged uniformly. Similar steps are involved in charging a metal sphere negatively by induction by bringing a positively charged rod near it. (ii) Conduction 2. @ Presence of mind, Helpful knowledge ofthe topic @_When balloons were rubbed with cloth, it becomes charged. When taken nearer the wall, charges of ‘opposite nature are induced by electrostatic induction con that part ofthe wall, so gets attracted. Yes, when both bodies are similar charged then they repel each other. ; i) A body can be charged positively by removing electrons and charged negatively by adding electrons. ‘The charge of electron is 1.6% 10-C, 4. R, @__ Understanding, concetn for his son ha Sh, § knowledge. aN Yi, (i) Amuncharged or neutral body eich, 4 Here charges may be produced diy Totti | |! between air and the body of the truck, nt produced are passed on the care ng condting path rode bythe hag A avoid the possible explosion ag iy tiy inflammable material ol @ Observing nature, curiosity. The teacher Whenever a comb passes through hai ¢ tively charged. When comb is broughy ns Pieces of paper, paper gets attracted toned due to electrostatic force of attraction _ charges on the surface of pieces of papers uted in proper way ie. byinduction "88 | (D Here,q=-8* 10 | ‘Charge on electron= 1.6 10-"C | Required number of electrons, 4 8x10" gate ig one ~1.6x10" ea (a) Charges A and C are positive since ln ‘emanate from them (©) Charge C has the largest magnitude since maxing ‘number of field linesare associated with it (©) (ipnear A. Thereis no neutral point between pig and a negative charge. A neutral point may eit between two like charges. From the figure weeks 41 neutral point exists between charges And Alp between two like charges the neutral pointisclaat 8 of the charge with smaller magnitude. Thus,eleciefil | iszeronear charge A, ai sp | BG / la af [oes ae as i F 90(6) ~o5)a . W=$0(6)-02)a V2eq | | sate, emenaemeeanatie © When the charge is distributed along aline 0 | Or curved, its called linear chargedistibuiot: | @ +; The potential at any point Ais given by 1p ad ve ‘trey iH] oi Where 1 is the location of the electrostati¢ and F isthe postion vector ofthe element a.lectric Charges and Fields SiLong Anawer ouster’ (@ Let the Universe have a radius R, Assume that the hydrogen atoms are uniformly distributed. The charge oneach dogo isey=-(I+y)e+e=-ye=| ye ‘The mass of each hydrogen atom is ~ m, (mass of proton). Expansion starts ifthe Coulomb repulsion on ahydrogen atom, at R, is larger than the gravitational attraction. Let the electric field at R be E. THen 4 4nR°E= — xR? N| ye | (Gauss’s law) 36 Let the gravitational field at R be Gy. Then -4nR?Gy=4nGm, 4 RN Gyn ~ 46m, NR G,R)= ~EnGn,NRE Thus the Coulombic force oa a hydrogen atom at R is aa The gravitational force on this atom is 4n 2 m,G_(R)= PONE ‘The net force on the atom is (1 nye 4x 4} F=|2 © p_“"Gnm2R i? 3 e aoe Thecritical value is when 3. lo x1, 8? x 105 81 x 10°? 9x10? x 1.6? x 107% ~63 x10 2. Y_~ Bx 10-19 ~ 10-8 ©) Because of the net force, the hydrogen atom experiences an acceleration such that a m FR 1 ge = : PR avineed dt This has a solution R= Ae™'+ Bev ‘Aswe are seeking an expansion, B=0. R= Ae ‘ = Rease%=aR ‘Thus, the velocity is proportional to the distance from the centre. Net force F on g towards the centre O 7 % % ‘Thus, the force on the third charge qis proportional to the displacement and is towards the centre of the two other charges. Therefore, the motion of the third charge is, harmonic with frequency o- |2f_ EE 4negd’m Ym and hence T= | @ (2). Slight push on g along the axis of the ring gives rise to thesituation shown in Fig. (b). A and B are two points on the ring at the end ofa diameter. Force on q due to line elements 2 tvand Bis 2nR f aginst ‘neo 22g. cos ney 20g dy te RARE, (274 RY (27+ RY?vee Total force dueto ring on g= (Fy) (R) Let the force bet a the charge Q a, Since the forees are in equilibrium z 29 ebb ge = OF for sec aoe e are) (+R) Sey eae Thus, the force is proportional to negati op fi displacement under such forces is harmonic. are ap (From (a) a Og or >a E tochargeatA=E, along PA, -a fi ASO tan,ey Electric field at P dueto charge at B= Ep, kq ™ ae Ep cain be splited into components. The sine components E, sing and Ey sing are cqual and opposite and will cancel each other. But the cosine components are both directed along PR and will be added to give total electric field, E,.c0s@ +E, cos =2E, cosg =2x = Kil Gaayt where |p] =2a%q Force acting on +2uC at A due to~3pC charge at Bis one = — =1.35 N along AB, 4m (20x10) Force acting on + 2j1C at A due to~3:C charge at Cis, Fy =k 2x10 x3x10°% 2 ane) 20x10)? 35 N along AC, Resultant force 2 = YFP +F3 +25F cos60° =2.34 N along AM For equilibrium of charge at A, the charge placed at M should be positive. Let the charge be ‘q’. 10. So, the fre between charges at 9x10 x2x10% xq (10x p= = x20em 30°F ) or q=3.9*10°C=3.9yC, Electric flux over an area in an eleg sumber of electri lin of force crosingg, It is measured by the product of sues corresponding component of elect fei area vector. Sluinit Nm?/C There is no additional charge Sands, Flux through S, remains same, Ratio of flux => 1:1 Mie ye =234, Ginge Ay te ld a er ty fe Ne iy te