| o. ey un’ 7 : ing on a positive charge placeq | he tangent drawn at any point on line of force gives the direction of force acting on a p Atthat Poin \. {BY Two lines of force never intr I be two directions of electric fetg 1 rc sect. If they are assumed to intersect, there will atthe Pring intersection, which is impossible, heer Pins atraction These lines have a t posite charges, a i length. This ‘These lines have a tendency to Separate from each other in the direction perpendicular to their length. This explaing ig between like. char, oO — Attraction¢— fendency to contract in tension like a siretched elastic string. This actually ex; +— Repulsion —> or nitude of charge. In rationalised wg arge total lines of force associated, The number of Hines originating of ferminating on a charge is proportional to the ma, 're associated with unit charge. So ifa body encloses a ch : 4 it (called flux) will be it (called flux) will be ay ELECTRIC DIPOLE AND DIPOLE MOMENT Electric dipole is a pair of equal and o posite point charges separated by a small di istance. Dipole moment is the productoFth he magnitude of ether charge and the disnce between them, = Magnitude of ether charg Dipole moment [3] =qx2a rye ———= direction d olretron q Mi is directed from negative to positive charge : ‘The S.1. unit of dipaTe moment is coul fomb - metre (Cm) Dipole in a uniform external field: There is a force qE on ganda force force on the dipole is zero, since Eis uniform, However the charg forces act at different points, resulting ina torque (couple) is independent of the origi multiplied by the arm of the couple ( Magnitude of torque = qE = 2a sin the paper, coming out ofit. =, we BBE Thus, =p xE "A ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE ‘ Electric Field at an Axial Point of a Dipole —— f A m1 Electric field at P due tonegative charge Ey = —!_. Reel Electric field at P due to positive charge E2 = 9,5) cm ny 2~ es and Fields a plectric Chae Steet field nial point Dis E, fia) ae (eos a "Tae \@asay (e+ d72y iM 8 ant when? Ey ic Fleld at an Equatorial Point of Dipole electri atP duc tonegative charge, Ey = 7 — lect Field lectricfield at Pduc to postive charge, E: rields E, and are equal in magnitude ;nto two components onc along OP and other perpendicular to OP evolving E, and E, Wefind, E,sind = E, sind Total field E, = E,cos0 + 2E ,c0s0 = 2E,c0s0 —_ eS | ad Eye? ag Tee Giada Uneghtt ed aye Aney(e +E? weo>d EF were) ic: field at equatorial point isantparalleltodipole moment. i cee BEATZ educa diplevaress(V/#)andcan never bezero wes 42 B= mr: (G)_Ewill bemaximum when cos?0 = max =1,i.¢,0=0.for ‘endan, axialor tan A position E is maximum tee Ena" vast anty ja 1ie. 0=90"i.e,forbroad on, equatorial or tan B pasion is minimum (ii) E will be minimum when eos*0 = min Anty allel to dipole (x) The clectrie field st usial point is paralle! 1 dipole m _ moment vector (The ratio of field at axial point 10 ment vector and electric field at equatorial point is antipar fietd at equatorial point is, Ey = ‘acum. What is the electric field atthe mld point of j whats the force experienced by that 2-3 xC are located 20 cm apart "Cs placed at the mid pol Twopoint charges q, = 3 #C.and ay Weta fa charge of 1.5% 10" the line joining the two eharges’ emo Ao? or <— 0 kay _ 9x10? 3x10) op? oy 2.7 10°N/C along OB Fieldat Oduetoq, = 4*10°NC Sigg = 1S = 10754 * 10? = 8.1 10 Nalong OX «. Total field t= E, Foreeon thecharge(- 1.8 * 10°C) tO=FPsa TE iszero. Sol. AtO, Electric field isE,=E, ition of the point where the, ‘Two charges of+ 10 iC and+ 40 uC respectively are placed 12 em apart. Find the positio Pi lect 6 7 = Kai _ kar _, 10x107§ _ 40x10 x rox? Electric field intensity will be zer6 at a distance of 0.04 m from 10 uC charge Aspherical conductor of radius 12 emhas a charge of 1.6 10-7 C. sitriuted uniformly on its surface. What is the electr field (a) inside the sphere (b) just outside the sphere? (a) Inside the sphere (hollow) E=0 Sol. 9 10? «1.610 ©) Just outside the sphere E = E4. = 2410 x1.6x107" ONC R? (0.127 ELECTRIC FLUX Electric flux over an area in an electric field is the total number of electric lines of force crossing this area. Itis measured by the luct of surface area and the corresponding component of electric field normal to the area. Its g scalar quantit). Its Stunit volt metre (Vm) or Nm2/C. Dimensions : [MLT-3A-!] ‘AUSS'S THEOREM ‘The surface integral of electrostatic field E_ produced by any source over any closed surface § in vacuum or the total electric flux ovr the closed surface in vacuum is “times the total charge contained inside the surface 0 Mathematically, be =f E.a3=& Proof of Gauss’s Theorem for Spherically Symmetric Surface Blectric lux though a surface element dS is 4s Here, . Total electric flux through the spherical surface is 1G Ld gg? oe =Gde= Shas = An? = eet a Eo Gey Pn : This wis valid or symmetrical cae dsb and fall etx cds dying inverse square Application of Gauss’s Theorem square law, Gauss’s la isused tocalculate electric ux, elect Ae intensity ete,Electric Charges and Fields : a Electric Field Due toa line Charge or Infinitely Long Straight Wire Consider an infinite line which has a linear charge density, Using Gauss’ law, letus find the electric feldat a distance ‘r'from the Hine hate : d ‘The eylindrcal symmetry tells us thatthe field str ngth will be the same at all points ata fixed distance fom te line. Thus the field lines are directed radially outwards, perpendicular tothe line charge. . ‘The appropriate choice of Gaussian surface is a cylinder of radius r and length L. On the flat end i S faces, S, and S,, & isperpendicular dS , which means flux is zero.on them. é Onthe curved surface S,, E is parallel dS, sothat £.d: ‘The charge enclosed by the cylinder is Q= AL. Applying Gauss's law to the curved surface, we have . ; a [ ce BfdS=E2nL)= = of, E= & 2negr Fite Electric Field Due to Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet To find electric field due to the plane sheet of charge at any point P distant r from it, choose a eylinder of area of cross-section A through the point P as the Gaussian surface. The flux duc to the electric field of the plane sheet of charge passes only through the two circular caps of the eylinder. Letsurface charge density = 6 According to Gauss’s law Sousson J Bascoso+ J Edscoso+ J Edscoso=2* ea | Iau 1 ctr oyna! fe, 2 Piano sheot nee Site of charge | Electric Field Intensity Due to Uniformly Charged thin Spherical Shell ‘Weconsider a thin shell of radius R carrying a charge Q on its surface () Ata point Py outside the shell (r> R) According to Gauss's law, ft.ds= 2 or Ey (4nr)= 2 3 & fo Q & Be = * Ax egr , total charge _ Where the surface charge density 6= TF Sareg ~ GaR? The electric field at any point outside the shell is same as ifthe entire charge is concentrated at centre of shell Gi) Ata point P, on surface of shell (r=R) B=—2 2 _ S dnt : (i) Ata point P, inside the shell (r % & enclosed chargegig=0, $0. Eig 0 O reR ER OR The electric field inside the spherical shell is always ero. «Pisin rom cet (0, Ee a& : Penn, | 'S, and S, are two parallel concentric spheres enclosing charges Q and. 2Q res (@)_ Whatis the ratio of the electric flux through S, andS,? ©) _ How will the electric flux through the sphere S, change, inside S, in place of air? spectively itamedium of dielectric constant Sis introduced inthe, e | i S L\ 1 } One Kkep Se The flux of electric field through the closed spherical surface S is found to be 4 times that through the closed spherical surface $'.Find Q ifq, = 1 1C,q, =-2#Candq, =+9.854 nC. Sol. According to question, b5= 405 : s Qta+ag+ax _ 4%(q +92 +43) % % Q=4(q, +42 +43)—(4 +92 +43) =3(q,+4y+ 43) =3(1-2+9.854) «10° 3 x 8.854 x 10° = 26,562 nC. ‘The electric field ina regionis given by = Fj! - Find the charge contained inside a cubical volume bounded by the y=0,y=62=0and: surfaces x = 0, x Sol Atx=0,£=Oand x=t, B= Fgh “The direction ofthe field is along the x-axis soit will erossthe y= fae ofthe cube, The ux of this eld £5 Gin tae * Srigt ce = OF Fol? = Fol ¥ By Gauss's law, f= 5 9 04-80 Foewa-=n BHO ros W S80 UIA poIeIDossy oyyOUe oF Apo suo ‘wioyy passysunn 9q avo a1quaapstiosL, 1950 SSO, ‘aBaoyp dus9}9 Jo soniodoid sisea) . faemeany woRanpues Ka plecsie Charges and, Fields \ Pokansop 10m [rdooy pasoi> [ULIOg 1900N buy b pe Fg samy wa Sabie 8 pet Sit Nee ‘uo &a poouatiadys 9g 29 99304 ona0[9 1 Suypunosms aoedg plows aroqo sod euorenbe ry. = Biodip o1 aap Ploy sun091a. sa1a1a-GNV SdDUVHD ORLA 22049 40 wonnguisip| S1Nosap 01 ang fuonso[9 so ss208a] Biya oaniedan| t SuOIONT JO “Ou = poywai9 Jot 1N WoHwAr9sti0.) ‘uriieys jo sporieyy |—>f_wonaus Aa aime yo soda (eonsnpar aa Says 7 SUSHP sfioyo auumjon ‘SBhegs ~ UP ‘funy aougins dV LdaDNOD,