George Yule O)Giel ack Practice Grammar | with Practice-Plus CD-ROM OXFORD— Oxford Practice Grammar With answers George Yule OXFORD [UNIVERSITY PRESSContents Introduction 1 Sentences Simple sentences and verbs Subjects and verbs Verbs and objects Verbs with indirect objects and clauses Linking verbs ‘Compound and complex sentences ‘Tests 2 Tenses ‘Verbs, auxiliary verbs and tenses Present and present perfect ast and past perfect Present perfect or past simple? Past perfect or past simple? Future ‘Tests 3 Modals Modals and phrasal modals Complex modals Prediction: will, would, be going to, shall Willingness, habits and preferences: willand would Ability: can, could, be able 10 Permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to Possibility: may, might, can, could Necessity: must, have t, have got 1 need 10, needn't Deduction: must, have to, have got t0, can't and couldn't Obligation and advice: should, ought to, be supposed to, had better Tests 4 Negatives and questions Word order in negatives and questions Negative questions and question tags Negative words Question words Other question types Tests 16 18 20 2 2B 24 26 29 30 32 33 4 36 38 40 al 45 46 48 52 54 5 The passive Active and passive Passives with modals,infinitives ‘and gerunds Passive verbs ‘The uses of the passive Passives with by-phrases and ergatives Passives with get Tests 6 Articles and nouns ‘Types of articles and nouns Articles: aan or the ‘Alan or one, alan or no article, theor no article Nouns: countable and uncountable Nouns: generic, pair, group, plural and singular (+ -s) Possessive and compound nouns Articles and nouns in discourse Tests 7 Determiners and quantifiers Determiners Quantifiers| Some and any, noand none Alland both, halfand whole Each and every, either and neither Many, much and a lot (of) moreand most (A) fewand (a) littl, fewer fewest and lesd/least Multipliers, fractions and percentages "Tests EE 8 Pronouns, substitution and ellipsis Personal, generic and possessive pronouns Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns Empty subject it Empty subject there Substitution: one and ones Substitution: so and do so Bilip Tests 56 58 60 @2 65 n m4 a 76 78 82 83 a4 86 88 89 90 92 93 ” 100 102 103 104 105 106 108‘CONTENTS 9 Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives: emphasizing, describing, classifying, Adjectives: position and punctuation Participle adjectives, compound adjectives and adjectives as nouns Position of adverbs; adverbs of place, time, frequency, expectation, focus Adverbs: degree, manner, viewpoint, comment Equatives, comparatives and superlatives Tests 40 Prepositions Prepositions and prepositional phrases Prepositions of time: at, in, on, ete. Prepositions of time: during, for, since, etc. Prepositions of place: af, in, on Prepositions of place: above, below, between, etc Prepositions of movement and place: ‘rom, across, along, et: Prepositions used for connections: of, with, by Prepositions used for exceptions: except (for), besides, without, et. Phrasal verbs Tests 4141 Infinitives and gerunds Simple infinitives and gerunds Complex infinitives and gerunds Verbs with infinitives and gerunds Adjectives with infinitives and gerunds Nouns and pronouns with inf and gerunds Tests 412 Reporting Direct speech Indirect speech Reporting verbs Reporting statements and questions Reporting orders, requests, advice and opinions Tests vw no m1 112 4 116 118 120 122 124 125 126 127 128 9 130 132 133 Ba 136 138 139 40 2 44 145 146 148, 149 150 152 154 156 158 413 Noun clauses That-clauses and wh-clauses Noun clauses as subjects and objects Nouns with noun clauses Adjectives with noun clauses ‘The subjunctive or should in noun clauses Uses of noun clauses Tests 414 Relative clauses Relative clauses and relative pronouns Defining and non-defining relative clauses Reduced relative clauses Possessives and pronouns with relative clauses Prepositions in relative clauses Relative clauses with where, what whatever, etc. Tests 45 Conditionals Real conditionals Unreal conditionals Mixed conditionals Order and punctuation in conditionals ‘The uses of conditionals Only if, even if unless, whether, ifs, etc. Tests 46 Adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses and conjunctions Time clauses with wher, while, as ‘Time clauses with after, before, until, since etc Manner clauses with as, as if as though, et. Reason clauses with because, as, since, et. Purpose clauses with so that, in ‘order that, in order to, et. Result clauses with so, so... that, such .. that Contrast clauses with although, though, even though, etc, Reduced adverbial clauses Tests 160 161 162 164 166, 167 168 170 172 173 174 176 178 179 180 182 184 185 186 188 189 190 192 194 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 20617 Connectors and focus structures ‘Types of connectors and focus structures Connectors, prepositions and conjunctions Adding and contrasting connectors Result and time connectors Listing connectors Focus structures: fronting and inversion Focus structures: cleft sentences Tests Answer key Exit test Key to the exit test Appendix Regular and irregular verbs Glossary Index 208 209 210 212 214 215 216 217 218 220 252 262 263 273 CONTENTSWe can form simple sentences with a subject and a verb in a single clause (Jenny laughed). We can include auxiliary verbs (be, do, have and modals) as part of the verb phrase and an adverbial after the verb (She was silting at the table). WWe can use verbs with an object (She was drawing a picture), without an abject (She giggled) or with two objects (She showed me the picture). We can also use linking verbs with complements (It looked very silly), We form compound sentences with clauses joined by the coordinating conjunctions and, but and or (| made some coffee, but Jenny wanted orange juice). We form complex sentences with clauses joined by subordinating conjunctions such as after, because, if and while (We chatted in the kitchen while | cooked breakfast). Read through this newspaper report and find: 1 another simple sentence 2 a complex sentence with two conjunctions YOUNG ENGLISH TEACHER A saved the lives of 30 students when he took control of a bus after its driver suffered a fatal heart attack. Guy Harvold, 24, had collected the students and three course leaders from Gatwick airport and they were travelling to Bournemouth to meet their host families. They were going to start a course at the International Language » Academy in Bournemouth where Harvold works as a teacher. Harvold, who has not passed his driving test, said, T realized the bus was out of control when I was speaking to the students on the 's microphone.’ The bus collided with trees at the side of the road and he noticed the driver was slumped over the wheel. The driver didn’t move. He was unconscious. “We hit a barrier and swerved to the other w side of the road and I grabbed the wheel,’ Harvold explained. “The driver's legs were over the pedals and T had difficulty reaching the brake. We hit a lamp post and it shattered the glass on the front door before I managed +» to bring the bus to a halt.’ Police praised the young teacher’s quick thinking. If he hadn’t reacted quickly, there could have been a terrible accident, The bus driver never regained » consciousness. He was later pronounced dead at East Surrey hospital, He had worked regularly with the school and was very well regarded by staff. Harvold said, I was so relieved that no one else was hurt, but I hoped ® the driver would survive. It was only later 1 heard he had died. That's a terrible tragedy. ‘The Language Academy's principal told the Gazette that the school is going to send Harvold on a weekend trip to Dublin with a ws friend, as a gesture of thanks for his bravery. A local driving school has also offered him six free driving lessons. = Using verbs and conjunctions from the newspaper report above, complete this summary. saved English teacher Guy Harvold, 24, to Bournemouth (1) out of control. It (3) , et Harvold could stop it. The driver (3)... ® police 9), ee WAS (10) the driver (2), trees, a barrier and a lamp post (4) the lives of 30 students on a bus from Gatwick a heart attack. The bus went Occ No-one else hurt, Harvold, who hasn't passed his driving test, was (8)........... by free driving lessons by a local driving school.