STUDIES IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

A SERIES OF PAPERS AND REPORTS PRODUCED

IN CONNECTION WITH RESEARCH AND TEACHING
AT THE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NOVA SCOTIA TECHNICAL COLLEGE
HALIFAX, N. S.

NO. 4

BEHAVIOR OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

BOLTED CONNECTIONS

By

S. F. CRAWFORD

G. L. KULAK
BEHAVIOR OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED

BOLTED CONNECTIONS

by

S. F. Crawford

G. L. Kulak

September, 1968

Department of Civil Engineering

Nova Scotia Technical College
Halifax, Nova Scotia
 ii

T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

Page

Abstract vii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Scope 3

2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH 5

3 ANALYTICAL STUDY
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Load - Deformation Response of 11
Individual Fasteners
3.3 Prediction of Ultimate Connection 13
Strength

4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF TEST SPECIMENS
4.1.1 Single Bolt Shear Specimens 18
4.1.2 Bolted Connection Specimens 18

4.2 METHOD OF TESTING

4.2.1 Single Bolt Shear Tests 21
4.2.2 Bolted Connection Tests 22
4.2.3 Single Bolt Tension Tests 24
 iii

T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S (Continued)
Page

4.3 TEST RESULTS

4.3.1 Single Bolt Shear Tests 25

4.3.2 Bolted Connection Tests 26
4.3.3 Single Bolt Tension Tests 27

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
5.1 SINGLE BOLT SHEAR TESTS 28
5.2 BOLTED CONNECTION TESTS

5.2.1 Load - Rotation Behavior 29

5.2.2 Load - Vertical Displacement 30
Behavior
5.2.3 Prediction of Ultimate Loads 32
5.2.4 Comparison of Ultimate Loads 36
and Current Allowable Loads

5.3 ULTIMATE LOAD TABLES 38

6 CONCLUSIONS 41

TABLES AND FIGURES 42

REFERENCES 60

APPENDICES 63
 iv

L I S T OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Details of Test Specimens 43

2 Test Results 44

3 Tension Test Results 45

4 Details of Test Specimens by Others 46

5 Results and Predictions of Tests by Others 47

 v

L I S T O F F I G U R E S

Figure Page
1 Typical Eccentrically Loaded Connections 48
2 Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Group 48
3 Single Bolt Shear Specimen 49
4 Bolted Connection Specimen 49
5 Single Bolt Shear Specimens Before Testing 50
6 Failed Single Bolt Shear Specimen 50
7 Bolted Specimen with Gages 51
8 Bolted Specimen in Test Machine 51
9 Typical Failed Bolted Specimens 52
10 Load - Deformation Curves for Single Bolt 53
Shear Specimens
11 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B1 54
12 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B8 54
13 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B2 55
14 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B3 55
15 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B4 56
16 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B5 56
17 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B6 57
18 Load - Rotation Curve for Specimen B7 57
19 Moment - Rotation Curves for Specimens 58
B4 and B5
20 Moment - Rotation Curves for Specimens 58
B6 and B7
21 Typical Load - Vertical Displacement 59
Curves for Bolted Specimens
 vi

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

The authors wish to express their thanks to

the following persons and organizations for their
assistance in this investigation:-

Canadian Steel Industries Construction Council

under whose sponsorship this investigation was
carried out.

Canada Iron Foundries Limited, Dartmouth, for

providing the t e s t specimens.

Mr. N. P. Maycock of Steel Company of Canada,

Limited, for supplying the minimum strength
bolts.

Mr. D. Yeadon and other technicians of the

Civil Engineering Laboratories who helped
during the testing program.
 vii

A B S T R A C T

Although the present methods of investigating

eccentrically loaded fastener groups have produced safe
designs, the factor of safety i s , in general, unknown.
These methods commonly assume that the fastener response
is perfectly elastic although some investigators have
used an elastic - perfectly plastic response. It is
clear that very l i t t l e experimental work has been per-
formed on this type of fastener group and the analytical
methods of design currently in use have not been subjected
to any significant amount of testing.
A rational theoretical method of predicting the
ultimate load on eccentrically loaded fastener groups has
been developed, The method is based on a recognition of
the true load - deformation response of the fasteners.

The validity of the theoretical approach has

been verified by an extensive testing program. A series
of single bolt tests on A325, 3/4" diameter bolts were
conducted to obtain the load - deformation relationship
of individual bolts for use in the theoretical prediction
of ultimate load. Eight full-size bolted connection
specimens which were designed to carry eccentric loads
were tested. The test results agreed favorably with the
theoretical predictions of the ultimate loads.
 viii

The factor of safety against ultimate load

provided by the current allowable loads is shown to be
high and inconsistent. By making use of the more
accurate predictions presented herein, the factor of
safety can be brought in line with that of other
structural components and can be established at a con-
stant value for all connections of this type.
 BEHAVIOR OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTIONS

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

1.1 GENERAL

Ideally the line of action of a force acting on a

connection should pass through the centroid of the connecting

elements. This is not always practical, however, and

eccentric forces must often be accomodated. This thesis

reports the results of a study into the behavior of fastener

groups subjected to a combination of direct shear and moment.

The investigation has been limited to the case

where the eccentric load is in the same plane as the fastener
group. This type of connection occurs quite frequently in
practice. Some examples of this type of connection are:

1. Beams or girders which cannot be located on or

near the centre line of the columns, for example,

crane girders. Fig. 1(a).

2. Plate girder web splices. Fig. 1(b).

3. Connections supporting the ends of beams and

girders that constitute part of a wind bracing

system. Fig. 1(c).

In the past, theoretical approaches to this problem

have generally been based on the assumption that the load -

 2

deformation response of the fasteners is elastic and that

1,2,3
the yield point (proportional limit) is not exceeded.
However, it has been shown that the load - deformation
relationship of an individual fastener is not elastic and
that individual fasteners do not have a well-defined shear
4,5
yield stress.

The method commonly used for the design of

6,7
eccentrically loaded fastener groups is based on the
assumption that the fasteners do behave elastically, that
is, the resistance of each fastener is assumed to be
proportional to its distance from the centre of rotation.
An empirical aspect is introduced in that the actual
eccentricity of the fastener group may be replaced with an
8
"effective eccentricity". This reduced value is used
to provide a less conservative and more realistic allowable
load on the connection in the absence of a more rational
approach.

The program outlined in this thesis is an attempt

to determine a rational method of predicting the ultimate
strength of eccentrically loaded fasteners. A recognition
of the true load - deformation response of the individual
4
fasteners is essential to the derivation of a solution.
 3

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this investigation were as follows:

1. To attempt to provide a theoretical basis for

the prediction of the ultimate strength of

eccentrically loaded fastener groups. (The

load is assumed to be applied in the same plane

as the fastener group.)

2. To check the validity of the theoretical

approach by means of a suitable testing program.

3. To evaluate the present design rules governing

the design of eccentrically loaded fasteners and,

if necessary, to suggest improvements.

1.3 SCOPE

The analytical study of the behavior of eccentrically

loaded fasteners included a study of existing methods of

evaluating the allowable strength of eccentric fasteners.

A new approach which recognizes the true load - deformation

response of the individual fasteners was developed and was

used to predict the ultimate load that an eccentric fastener

group could sustain. The results of the method currently

used in practice and the new approach were compared to the

experimental results.
 4

A series of six tests were conducted on single bolt

specimens acting in double shear to determine the load -
deformation response of the individual fasteners. The
fasteners that were tested were 3/4 inch diameter high
9
strength bolts meeting ASTM A325 specifications . The
results obtained were used in the prediction of the ultimate
strength of the test fastener groups.

A series of eight tests were conducted on multiple

fastener groups under eccentric load conditions. Each test
specimen was designed to provide two identical test groups.
The fastener groups consisted of one or two vertical lines
of 3/4 inch diameter A325 bolts under eccentricities of
load ranging from eight to 15 inches.

Ultimate load tables were compiled for eccentrically

loaded connections of one and of two vertical rows of
fasteners. The tables are based on minimum strength
ASTM A325 bolts. Since the ASTM specifications do not provide
requirements for shear strength of high strength bolts, a
series of five tension tests were conducted on A325 bolts
as an indirect method of determining the minimum shear
strength.
 2 . R E V I E W O F P R E V I O U S R E S E A R C H

Until 1963 very little research had been conducted

on the behavior of eccentrically loaded fasteners where

the load was applied in the plane of the fasteners. It

appears that designers and researchers were more interested

in the effect of loads on the overall structural connection

rather than on the individual fasteners. As a result,

fasteners in sufficient numbers to preclude failure of

the fasteners themselves were provided.

Several researchers have conducted tests on

connections which were comparable to the present series of

10
tests. In 1936, J.C. Rathburn reported on a series of 18

connection specimens, seven of which were comparable to the

present tests. These were designed to evaluate various end

conditions and to evaluate the load - deformation

characteristics of the entire connection. In 1947 Hechtman

11
and Johnston tested 47 connections, which included all

practical fastener connections, for use in their proposed

method of semi-rigid design. Four of the test specimens

compare to the arrangement of the specimens of this program

but the results of those tests were not reported because the

web angle connection was considered not efficient as a semi-

12
rigid connection. In 1959 Munse, Bell, and Chesson

5
 6

studied four rigid beam-to-column angle connections

similar in several aspects to those in this program. Again

the entire connections rather than just the fasteners were

being tested.

As noted, the main difference between the present

program and those described above is that in all of the above
tests the entire connection was being examined whereas the
present test program has been designed specifically to
test the fasteners. Therefore their results, such as load -
deformation curves for the connection, have no direct
application to the action of the web bolts themselves.

6
The American Institute of Steel Construction and
7
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction design loads for
eccentric fastener groups make use of an elastic coefficient
C. This coefficient C is based on the assumption that the
load - deformation response of the fasteners is elastic.
It was recognized, however, that the elastic assumption was
unduly conservative and the AISC sponsored a series of ten
tests on eccentrically loaded riveted connections at Lehigh
13
University's Fritz Engineering Laboratory in 1963 . These
8
tests were also reported by T.R. Higgins .

From the results of these tests formulas for

evaluating an "effective eccentricity" evolved. The
 7

"effective eccentricity" was intended to provide a

smooth transition from the case where there is little or

no effect due to the eccentricity of load (pure shear) to

the case where eccentricity produces a more significant

change in the reaction on the fastener (shear-moment).

It was also intended that the load factor of the

fasteners would be brought more in line with the load

factors of other parts of the connection.

The ten tests included one and two lines of

3/4 inch rivets with eccentricities of load ranging

from 2-1/2 to 6-1/2 inches. All other portions of the

test specimens were made sufficiently strong so that

any failure had to occur in the fasteners themselves.

The rotation of the web angles was measured and load versus

rotation curves were plotted for each specimen. From the

load - rotation curves the empirical formula for reducing

the actual eccentricity to a reasonable effective

eccentricity was selected. Thus, by reducing the

eccentricity, the elastic coefficient C is, in effect,

increased and the load factor (ultimate load/allowable

load) was decreased from approximately 4.5 to 3.25 (on the

average) for the specimens tested.

 8

The prediction of the ultimate load capacity of

each specimen was based on:
1. Rotation of the connection about an instantaneous
centre of rotation computed on the assumption

that the rivets remain elastic.

2. Actual load - deformation response of individual

rivets.

It is noted that the calculation of the location of

the instantaneous centre of rotation assumes perfectly
elastic action in the fastener. This assumption is invalid
as was proven by the actual load - deformation response
of single rivet tests and as discussed below. The load -
deformation curves of the individual rivets were the result
of a series of six tests on single rivets in double shear
conducted as a part of the program. The predicted results
which combined the assumption of elastic fastener behavior
when locating the instantaneous centre of rotation with a
recognition of the true load - deformation response when
calculating the ultimate load of the group compared
favorably with the test results.

The tests conducted by Yarimci and Slutter and

consequently the design method as set forth in the sixth
6
edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual can be
 9

criticized on a number of points:

1. The number of tests upon which the method

is based was limited.

2. The range of eccentricities covered by the

tests was limited.

3. The lack of a rational basis for the method of

determining the effective eccentricity means

that extrapolation beyond the range investigated

is undesirable.

4. Power driven rivets were tested whereas high

strength bolts are used almost exclusively

in present construction methods.

Recently, several attempts have been made to use

an ultimate strength approach to provide a theoretical

basis for the design of eccentrically loaded fastener

14,15
groups . In each case the attempts have been based on

the assumption that under stress each fastener of the

connection will exert its maximum possible resistance,

irrespective of its location in the fastener group. That

this is an erroneous concept has been shown for one limit of

16
the problem, that of direct shear .

As indicated, the number of research and experimental

programs designed to explore the behavior of eccentrically
 10

loaded fasteners is limited. Recent editions of design

7 17 18
codes , textbooks and literature surveys indicate

that no new acceptable theories have been advanced which

provide a more rational approach to this problem than

8
that presented by Higgins . However, the increasing cost
of labour and material make it desirable to achieve a
connection design which will have a reasonable factor of
safety and which is also economical.
 3 .A N A L Y T I C A L S T U D I E S

3.1 INTRODUCTION

A theoretical approach has been developed to

predict the behavior of fasteners subjected to a

combination of direct shear and moment. This approach,

presented in this chapter, uses the true load - deformation

response of fasteners to predict the ultimate strength of

eccentrically loaded fastener groups. The prediction of the

ultimate load rather than a yield load will enable designers

to apply a suitable load factor to the connection as is

done with other connection components of a structure. Since

the method involves an iterative procedure, a digital

computer is used in its development.

3.2 LOAD - DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF INDIVIDUAL FASTENERS

The relationship for load - deformation of a

4
single fastener in double shear has been expressed as

in which:

R = fastener load at any given deformation.

11
 12

R u l t = ultimate load attainable by fastener.

= shearing, bending and bearing deformation

of fastener and local bearing deformation of

the connecting plates.

= regression coefficients.

e = base of natural logarithms.

In order to use this expression the constants

Rult, and must be evaluated for the material under

consideration. For the purpose of this investigation six

single fasteners were tested in a compression jig, shown

in Fig. 3. (These tests are described more fully in

Section 4.2.1.) The bolt specimens were 3/4 inch diameter

A325 bolts connecting ASTM A36 steel plates. The values

for the ultimate shear strength of the fastener, R u l t , and

the maximum deformation of the fastener and material,

, were obtained directly from the test results, A

trial and error curve fitting procedure was used to

determine values of the coefficients and , which, when

substituted in the load - deformation expression, best

fitted the experimental data. With this information the

ultimate strength of connections can be predicted as des-

cribed in the following section.

 13

3.3 PREDICTION OF ULTIMATE CONNECTION STRENGTH

This theoretical approach is based on three

assumptions:
1. The connection, under an eccentric load, rotates
about an instantaneous centre of rotation.

2. The deformation which occurs at each fastener

varies linearly with its distance from the
centre of rotation and in a direction per-
pendicular to the radius of rotation of the
fastener.

3. The ultimate strength of the group is reached

when the ultimate strength of the fastener
furthest from the centre of rotation is
reached.

It is further assumed that the connected plates

remain rigid during rotation and that constraints on the
members or the connection do not force rotation about
some point other than the theoretical one. Most practical
connections comply with these conditions.

For a given fastener configuration of m fasteners

with given eccentricity of load, e, (see Fig. 2) a trial
location of the instantaneous centre of rotation is chosen.
This will be a point on the straight line drawn through the
 14

centre of gravity of the connection, perpendicular to the

line of action of the applied load and on the opposite side

of the centre of gravity from the applied load. The

distance from the instantaneous centre of rotation of the

connection to the centre of gravity of the fastener group

is called ro.

The distance from the centre of rotation of the

connection to each fastener is calculated. For orientation

purposes the x-axis of the connection is taken as being

perpendicular to the line of action of the externally

applied load with the origin located at the instantaneous

th
centre. The radius of rotation of the n fastener becomes

(1)

The maximum fastener deformation occurs at the

fastener which is farthest removed from the instantaneous

centre. The maximum deformation of this fastener is assumed

to be the equal to the maximum deformation as obtained from

the single bolt shear tests. Therefore, the deformation of

th
the n fastener is

(2)
 15

in which rmax is the radius of rotation of the fastener

which is furthest from the instantaneous centre of rotation,

From the load - deformation relationship of

individual fasteners (Sect. 3.2) the resisting force of
each fastener acting perpendicular to the radius of
rotation of the fastener is calculated as

(3)

The component of the fastener force acting in the

direction opposite to that of the applied external load is
called the vertical force, R v . From the geometry of the
connection, the vertical force of each fastener is

(4)

In order that the connection be in equilibrium

the equations of statics must be satisfied.
(5)
(6)
(7)
The first condition (5) is automatically satisfied
since there are no external forces acting on the connection
 16

in the x-direction. From the third condition, (7),

the externally applied force, P, can be found. Taking

the sum of the moments about the instantaneous centre:

(8)

The second condition of equilibrium (6) must also be

satisfied:

(9)

If this condition (9) is not satisfied a new location of

the instantaneous centre must be chosen and the procedure

repeated. When a value of ro is chosen such that the

connection is in equilibrium, the value of P which satisfies

this condition is the ultimate load which the connection can

sustain.

Since an iterative procedure is used to determine

the ultimate load on a connection, a program for a digital

computer has been written. (See Appendix A for the flow

chart of the program and Appendix B for the program

printout.) The program increments the value of the

instantaneous radius of rotation, ro. The first trial

 17

value of ro is taken as 0.10 inch and is increased in

.02 inch increments until a value of P is calculated such
that Eqn. 9 is satisfied within ± 2 kips. This allowance
is made since in an interative procedure "exact" equality of

Eqn. 9 will not be obtained except by coincidence.

The procedure outlined in this section has been

used to predict the ultimate loads of a series of full
size test connections and, having thus verified its use,
to predict the ultimate loads of a full range of typical
bolted connections. These topics are discussed in Chapters
4 and 5.
 4. E X P E R I M E N T A L S T U D Y

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF TEST SPECIMENS

4.1.1 Single Bolt Shear Specimens

Six single bolt specimens were tested in double

shear in order to establish the load - deformation response
of the individual fasteners in test material. The test bolts
were 3/4 inch diameter A325 bolts, all from the same lot and
specially manufactured to minimum strength properties of
9
ASTM A325 . The bolts were installed in ASTM A36 steel
plates, 4" x 4" in size, which were cut from the same
material as was used to manufacture the bolted connection
specimens described in Section 4.1.2. The two outside
plates (Fig. 3) were cut from the 1/2 inch plate which was
used to make the test web angles while the centre 3/4 inch
plate was cut from the web of the 24I100 which constituted
the centre beam of the test specimen. The holes in all
single bolt specimen plates were 13/16 inch diameter drilled
holes.

4.1.2 Bolted Connection Specimens

The bolted connection specimens were designed so that

18
 19

the test bolts in the web angles were the critical com-
ponents. The end conditions of the specimen preclude

distortion of the web angles at the 90° corners as there

is no moment created at the reaction.

Eight specimens, which included four different

bolt groupings with varying eccentricities, were tested.
The arrangement of each test specimen gave an identical
connection at either end, thus providing two duplicate
tests in one operation. A diagram of a bolted connection
specimen is shown in Fig. 4.

The test specimen consisted of a central beam

connected by two web angles at each end to support arms.
The fasteners being tested were those connecting the web
angles to the beam. The central beam was a two foot long
section cut from a 24I100 steel shape. Web stiffeners were
welded at the centre under the load point. The leg of the
angles containing the test bolts was manufactured from
1/2 inch thick plate and the leg connected to the support
arm from 3/4 inch thick plate. All bolt holes were match-
drilled. The complete specimen, including the support arms,
was manufactured from A36 steel using standard shop practice.
The steel for all web angles was cut from the same plate and
all central beam sections were cut from the same beam. All
 20

dimensions of the test specimens were checked against the

shop drawing dimensions prior to assembly of the specimens.

The connections tested in this program consisted of

one or of two vertical lines of bolts. The number of bolts
per line varied from four to six and the load eccentricity
ranged from eight inches to 15 inches. A complete description
of the test connection geometry and eccentricity is provided
in Table 1. The test bolts in the web angles of all
specimens were 3/4 inch diameter A325 bolts manufactured to
9
minimum strength properties of ASTM A325 . The holes for
the test bolts in the web angles and beam were 3/4 inch
diameter and were match-drilled. Because the bolts and
holes were nominally 3/4 inch diameter, the bolts had to
be lightly driven into the holes with a hammer. This
minimum clearance between the bolt and hole caused the
external force on the connection to be taken by direct
bearing on the bolts with minimum initial slippage and each
fastener carried its portion of the load immediately. Thus
the deformation of each fastener immediately varies
linearly with its distance from the centre of rotation
(Sect. 3.3) and the load - deformation relationship of each
fastener follows the same pattern as that of the single bolt
shear tests. This idealized condition probably does not
occur under working loads. It was felt however, that as
 21

the practical connection does approach its ultimate

capacity, this situation would be approximated, that is,
the relatively large shearing deformations which occur in
some bolts would mean that eventually all bolts would be in
bearing. In any event, rather than introduce another
variable (slippage), this experimental procedure was used.
The web angles were connected to the support arms with
7/8 inch diameter A325 bolts in sufficient numbers to
prevent any slip at the support during the tests.

The bases of the support arms had a 10 inch radius

to maintain the eccentricity of load on the specimen during
the loading sequence. Two five inch diameter hardened
steel rollers were used under each support to permit free
lateral movement of the bases.

4.2 METHOD OF TESTING

4.2.1 Single Bolt Shear Tests

Each test specimen was assembled as shown in Fig. 3.

The test bolt was tightened to a snug position and the nut
was given an additional one-half turn as per standard
19
installation procedure .
 22

The assemblies were loaded in compression in a

440,000 lb. electro-mechanical testing machine. A .0001 inch
dial gage was used to measure the movement of the loading
head. This movement was assumed to be the same as the sum
of the shearing deformation of bolt and the bearing
deformations of the bolt and adjacent plates. Readings were
taken at 5 kip increments up to a load of 40 kips and at
approximately 2.5 kip increments from that point to the
ultimate load. The load rate for each test was .025 inches
per minute. All test bolts failed in shear at the thread
run-out portion of the bolt. Fig. 5 shows the six specimens
prior to testing and Fig. 6 shows a specimen after testing.

4.2.2 Bolted Connection Tests

Each test specimen was assembled as shown in Fig.4.

One pair of support arms was used for all tests. The
3/4 inch diameter test bolts and the 7/8 inch diameter
support arm bolts were tightened to a snug position and the
nuts then given an additional one-half turn. The central
beam and web angles of each specimen were whitewashed prior
to the test so that the yielding pattern of the material
could be observed.

The location of the .0001 inch dial gages on the

 23

specimen is shown in Fig. 4. Gages number 1,2,3 and 4 on

one side and corresponding gages 6,7,8 and 9 on the other

side were used to measure the horizontal movement of the

web angles with respect to the centre beam. The vertical

distances between gage pairs 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, and 8-9 were

set at known values and these were used to calculate the

rotation of the web angles. Gages 5 and 10 measured the

vertical movement of the web angle with respect to the top

flange of the beam.

These tests were also conducted in the 440,000 lb.

electro-mechanical testing machine. A loading rate of

.025 inches per minute was used for lower loads and

.05 inches per minute was used when deflections increased.

Deformation readings were taken at load intervals of

approximately 1/15 of the predicted ultimate load while

within the elastic range. The load increment was decreased

as the ultimate load was approached. The gages were removed

after the ultimate load had been reached and before failure

occurred. Failure in all cases occurred by the shearing of

the bolt furthest from the centre of rotation of the angles.

A typical instrumented specimen is shown in Fig. 7

and Fig. 8 shows the same specimen in the testing machine.

Fig. 9 shows two typical specimens after failure has occurred.

 24

4.2.3 Single Bolt Tension Tests

The ASTM specifications do not provide shear

strength requirements of high strength bolts and the minimum

shear strength, in particular, is required in order that any

design load tables for eccentrically loaded connections will

refer to minimum strength bolts. It is commonly assumed

that the ratio of the minimum shear strength to the ultimate

shear strength is equal to the ratio of the minimum

20
tensile strength to the ultimate tensile strength .

Based on this assumption the minimum shear strength of a

single fastener , can be expressed as

in which = Minimum tensile strength as specified in

ASTM A325
= Ultimate tensile strength as determined
from tension tests on full-size specimens
= Double shear strength as determined by shear
tests (Sect. 4.2.2)

To obtain the ultimate tensile strength, five

individual 3/4 inch diameter A325 bolts were tested in

tension in a 100,000 lb. mechanical testing machine. The

tension jig used for the tests consisted of a rigid plate

 25

with a 13/16 inch diameter hole in the centre attached to the

immovable (upper) head of the testing machine and a 3/4 inch
inside diameter nut attached to the movable head. The bolt
passed downward through the hole with the shoulders of the
head resting on the top side of the rigid plate. The bolt
was turned into the nut until six threads remained exposed
between the nut and the thread run-out. The loading rate
used for each test was 0.025 inches per minute.

In all specimens the section of the bolt in the

region of the six exposed threads was noticeably elongated
when failure occurred.

4.3 TEST RESULTS

4.3.1 Single Bolt Shear Tests

The results of the single bolt shear tests are pre-

sented in Fig. 10 in the form of a load versus deformation
graph. The theoretical load - deformation relationship,

, which best fits the experimental data

is shown as the solid line. The ultimate load and
deformation of each specimen are also listed on Fig. 10.
 26

4.3.2 Bolted Connection Tests

The results of these tests are presented in Figs. 11

through 21 and in Table 2. Figs. 11 through 18 show the

load on the specimen versus the rotation of the bolted

connection. The specimens were orientated in a North-

South direction and curves are shown for each of the North

and South connections. The rotation of the connection

was calculated using the deformations recorded by the dial

gages located on the vertical faces of the specimen

(see Fig. 4) and the actual distance between the axes of

each pair of dial gages. The rotation of each connection as

shown is the average of the rotations of both sides

(East and West). For example, the rotation of the South

connection is the average of the rotations calculated from

the readings of Gages 1 and 2 and Gages 6 and 7. Similarly,

for the North end, Gages 3 and 4 and Gages 8 and 9 were

used. The ultimate load for each specimen is also shown on

the figures.

Moment - rotation curves are plotted in Figs. 19 and

20. These curves show the moments carried by identical

fastener groups which have different eccentricities.

Fig. 21 illustrates load versus vertical deformation

curves for three representative test specimens. The data for

 27

these curves were obtained from Gages 5 and 10, located on

the top flange of the centre beam over the centre line
of the bolt group.

Table 2 lists predicted and actual ultimate loads,

6
the current allowable load and the factor of safety
against ultimate based on this current allowable value.
Also listed in Table 2 are the theoretical and experimental
radii of rotation of each test connection.

4.3.3 Single Bolt Tension Tests

The results of the five single bolt tension tests

are tabulated in Table 3. Also shown is the minimum
specified tensile strength of A325 bolts and the percentage
by which the actual strength is greater than the specified
strength. The strength of the bolts is (on the average)
less than 1% above the minimum strength.
 5. D I S C U S S I O N OF R E S U L T S

5.1 SINGLE BOLT SHEAR TESTS

The load - deformation behavior of the fasteners

used in these tests (Fig. 10) is very similar to that
presented by Fisher 4 . For small values of deformation
the relationship between load and deformation is approx-
imately linear and as the deformation approaches ultimate
the bolt force increases at a decreasing rate. The
mathematical expression for the load - deformation
relationship, , (see Sect. 3.2) best
fits the data when values = 10.0 and = 0.55 are used
as the two empirical coefficients.

No appreciable slippage between the connecting

plates occurred and as can be seen from the load -
deformation curve none of the test bolts have a well-defined
yield point.

The mean maximum bolt force was 74.0 kips with a

standard deviation of 2.4 kips and the mean maximum
deformation was 0.34 inches with a standard deviation of
0.03 inches. The mean values were used to predict the
ultimate loads of the test connections.

28
 29

5.2 BOLTED CONNECTION TESTS

5.2.1 Load - Rotation Behavior

The load - rotation response of the connections of

the eight test specimens is shown in Figs. 11 through 18.
The curves show that a linear (elastic) relationship
between the applied load and the connection rotation exists
at low loads. For higher loads the relationship becomes non-
linear (plastic), as expected. Failure of each specimen
occurred at the connection which had the larger rotation at
ultimate load in all cases except one. Specimen B8 failed
at the connection with the smaller rotation but there was
only 3.5% difference in the angles of rotation of the North
and South connections.

At low loads the bolts behave elastically and the

elastic rotation of identical bolt groups should be the same
for equal applied moments regardless of the direct shear
force. The moment - rotation curves in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20
show that this is true. Also, within the plastic range of
two identical fastener groups with different eccentricities,
the connection with the smaller eccentricity carries the
smaller moment and larger shear force. The curves of
Specimens B4 and B5 (Fig. 19) confirm this while the curves
of Specimens B6 and B7 (Fig. 20) appear to be reversed.
 30

At higher strains the curves of B6 and B7 resume their

proper order. The yield marks as observed on the test angles
of B7 are more prominent than those on B6 leading to the con-
clusion that these elements of B7 were less rigid than those
of B6. This can account for the greater rotation of B7.

The tests performed in this investigation reflect

the conditions of loading on the bolts which exist in a
"statically determinate" connection such as cantilever
brackets and members with negligible resistance to moment.
Since these restraint (end) conditions do not represent
many practical cases, the moment - rotation relationships
have little direct use.

5.2.2 Load - Vertical Displacement Behavior

The load versus vertical displacement curves,

Fig. 21, show the same trends as seen in the load -
rotation curves. The curves indicate a linear relation-
ship at low loads and a curvilinear relationship as the
load approaches its ultimate value. They show no specific
yield point for the fasteners.

As discussed in Chapter 3, the ultimate load pre-

dictions are made by determining the instantaneous radius
 31

of rotation by an iteration method. An experimental

radius of rotation can be calculated from the test data
making use of the angle of rotation of the connection and
the vertical displacement of the bolt group. The
theoretical and experimental radii of rotation are listed
in Table 2 and the experimental values do not agree closely
with the theoretical ones. However, the radius of the
connection which failed on each specimen was, in all except
two cases, the smaller of the experimental radii for that
specimen. This confirms the observation made with regard
to the load - rotation curves, that failure occurred at
the connection with the greatest angle of rotation and
therefore the smallest radius of rotation since the maximum
bolt deformation of each is considered to be the same.

The radius of rotation is calculated by dividing

the vertical displacement of the bolt group by the tangent
of the angle of rotation. The vertical displacement and
the angle of rotation are both small so that a small error
in the measurement of either would significantly affect
the calculation of the experimental radius of rotation.
However, since the angle of rotation of the connection is
the result of readings taken from four gages while the
vertical displacement was measured with one gage, the most
probable source of error is in the measurement of the
 32

vertical displacement.

In several instances one connection of a specimen

tended to have an upward or negative movement during the
first few load increments. It is presumed that the negative
movement occurred as a result of redistribution of the
forces on the test fasteners and support arms. When the
internal equilibrium of the connections was reached, both
ends resumed positive movements. As a result of this
negative movement, the net vertical displacement at
ultimate load of one connection may be greater than the
other. This is reflected in the radius of rotation cal-
culation. For example, the South end of Specimen B1
and the North end of Specimen B7 had upward movement
at the initial loads and the radius of rotation of the
failed connection appears to be greater than the unfailed
one. Because of these discrepancies in the calculation
of the experimental radius of rotation, the theoretical
value has been used in any calculation of predicted loads.

5.2.3 Prediction of Ultimate Loads

The predicted ultimate loads for the test specimens

ranged between 5% and 14% higher than the ultimate test
loads (Table 2 ) . Several factors which influence this trend
 33

towards lower test loads can be cited.

First, the analytical solution presented in this

report determines the ultimate strength of a single
connection. Since the test specimens consist of two
identical connections each, the ultimate load prediction
for the specimen is obtained by doubling the prediction for
a single connection. In the ideal situation, both
connections would fail simultaneously. However, due to
material discrepancies, manufacturing tolerances, etc., the
ultimate load of the specimen was reached when one only
connection had failed. It is probable that the ultimate
load on the specimen is not 2.0 P but rather some lesser
value, say 1.9 P, where P is the predicted ultimate load
per connection.

Secondly, the theoretical load - deformation

relationship for individual fasteners does not exactly
follow the mean curve for the experimental data. As can
be seen in Fig. 10, the load - deformation relationship
that has been selected as the curve which most closely
fits the data is above the mean value of the test points
for deformations of approximately 0.06 inches to 0.22 inches
and below the mean value for deformations which are greater
than 0.22 inches. In the connections investigated, the
 34

most significant vertical forces were attributed to the

bolts whose deformations came within the 0.06 inches to

0.22 inches range. This would tend to make the predictions

on the high side and unconservative.

Thirdly, it is recognized that the deformation of

the connection bolts do not reach the maximum value

indicated by the single bolt shear tests. In the single bolt

tests the load and deformation direction remains constant

whereas, in the bolted connection tests, the load and

deformation of each bolt changes direction continually as

the instantaneous centre of rotation changes with increase

in applied load. At low loads the force on the connection

bolts acts, in effect, parallel to the direction of the

applied load, but as the load is increased to the ultimate

load, the line of action of the force on each bolt rotates

to a position which is perpendicular to the radius of

rotation of that bolt. It was observed from the test

specimens after testing that the bolt holes were deformed

and scored by the circular movement of the bolts. Because

of this "effective rotation" of the bolts and the deformation

of the connecting plates, it is unlikely that the bolt

which is furthest from the final centre of rotation will be

deformed as much as an individual fastener loaded with a

unidirectional force. Thus, the deformation and consequently

 35

the forces on the remaining bolts in the connection will

be reduced. Calculations show that a 10-15% decrease in

maximum deformation results in a 2% decrease in the

theoretical ultimate load of the specimens that were

tested.

On the basis of these three points the ultimate

load predictions appear to be reasonable and should, in

fact, be slightly higher than the test loads. Since the

amount by which the predictions are on the conservative

side is small, this can be taken into consideration when

selecting a factor of safety for the fasteners.

The validity of the theoretical approach presented

in this thesis has also been substantiated by using the

results of the test series on riveted connections con-

13
ducted by Yarimci and Slutter . The details of the test

specimens are shown on Table 4 and the results of those

tests and the prediction for the ultimate load using the

method described herein are listed in Table 5. The

actual test load and the predicted load closely agree.

The predictions were calculated using the actual maximum

rivet force and maximum rivet deformation as set forth by

the single rivet curves of that report. A maximum bolt

force (Rult) of 55.0 kips and a maximum deformation ( )

of 0.30 inches were used.

 36

The test program reported in this thesis and the test

program reported by Yarimci and Slutter cover a reasonably
representative sample of eccentrically loaded connections.
The tested connections include fastener groups with one
and two vertical lines of fasteners. The number of
fasteners per line range from two to six, and the load
eccentricities range from 2-1/2 inches to 15 inches. The
test results agree satisfactorily with the predictions made
using the analytical approach presented in this report.
It is felt that on the basis of these studies this method
of predicting the ultimate load capacity of connections is
acceptable and accurate predictions of ultimate loads can be
made.

5.2.4 Comparison of Ultimate Loads and Current Allowable Loads

The allowable loads for the tested specimens as

6,7
permitted by the AISC and CISC Manuals are tabulated in
Table 2. These values are based on the assumption that
each fastener of the group carries an equal share of the
direct load and that each carries an additional load due
to moment which is proportional to its distance from the
centre of gravity of the group and which acts at right angles
to the line connecting the fastener to the centre of gravity
 37
of the group. The actual eccentricity of the connection
8
is replaced by a reduced "effective eccentricity" for use
in calculating the moment on the connection. The factor of
safety for the test specimens, calculated on the basis of
these allowable loads, is obtained by dividing the ultimate
test load by the allowable load. This factor of safety is
tabulated for each specimen in Table 2. It ranges in value
from 2.68 to 3.42.

Although it is not the purpose of this thesis to

recommend allowable loads, it is felt that the present
factor of safety is unnecessarily high. Studies on bearing-
21
type bolted connections in tension members have
indicated that a factor of safety against fastener shear
failure as low as 2.1 is adequate. This value is higher
than the factor of safety of the connected material and
other structural components. It was recommended that a
desirable design criterion for bearing-type fasteners be
that the factor of safety of the fasteners be somewhat
21
higher than that of the connecting plate. The suggested
value is 2.0 to 2.2 which is the same order of magnitude
as for fasteners in tension. It would be desirable to have
a single factor of safety common to all types of connections
for the sake of consistency and uniformity.
 38

5.3 ULTIMATE LOAD TABLES

Ultimate load tables have been prepared for

eccentrically loaded fastener groups which use A325 bolts

and structural carbon steel elements. These are enclosed

in Appendix C. The fastener groups which are included

are composed of one or of two vertical lines of up to 12

fasteners per line. The maximum eccentricity considered

is 24 inches. The analytical method presented in Chapter 3

of this report has been used as the basis of the load

tables. The tables apply to ASTM A325 bolts only. The

load tables are presented in a different form as charts in

Appendix D. The charts show the ultimate loads of the

fastener groups with respect to the load eccentricity of

the connection.

It would be desirable to have a simple formula for

computing ultimate loads. However, it has not been found
possible to formulate a rational equation which takes
into account the independent variables such as load
eccentricity, number of lines and rows of fasteners, and
fastener group geometry. It is felt that the load tables
provide an adequate presentation of the ultimate loads of
common fastener configurations.

Load tables which are to be useful to designers and

 39

engineers must be applicable to any type of connecting plates

and to all bolt diameters. It has been shown20 that, although

the type of connecting material affects the amount of total

deformation, it has no effect on the shear strength of the
bolts. For example, the shear strength of the A325 bolt
will be the same in A36 steel plates as it will be in
G40.12 steel. The total deformation capacity will be less
in G40.12 steel. However, this difference is offset some-
what by the more favorable distribution of the joint load
in the higher strength steels. Also, as mentioned previously
(Sect. 5.2.3) a considerable decrease in deformation

produces only a small change in the ultimate load of the

20
bolt group. It has also been shown that, within the range
of common structural sizes, bolt diameter is an independent
variable. It is considered justifiable then to use the
results of shear tests on 3/4 inch diameter A325 bolts
in ASTM A36 steel connecting plates to predict ultimate
loads which can be applied to A325 bolts of all diameters
in various types of steel plates.

The ultimate load tables are to be used by select-

ing from the table the tabulated value for the fastener
group and eccentricity which applies to the connection
being investigated. This value is to be multiplied by the
double shear area of the bolts being used to obtain the
 40

ultimate load which the connection can carry.

It should be noted that the tables should be pre-

pared on the basis of minimum strength properties as des-
cribed in Sect. 4.2.3. However, since the theoretical
minimum strength of the test bolts were less than 1%
below their actual strength, the actual strength of the
bolts was used.

It would seem unadvisable to use these tables for

bolts in single shear since variables such as the prying
action of the plates and eccentric action of the forces on
the bolt itself have not been considered in these tests.

It is felt that the tables could not be applied to

ASTM A490 bolts. Although the bolt strength and ultimate
deformations of single bolt tests increase proportionally,
the empirical parameters for the load - deformation curve
(Sect. 3.2) are significantly different than those for
4
A325 bolts . The analytical method could be used to produce
tables for A490 bolts by using the load - deformation

relationship of A490 single bolt tests.

 41

6. C O N C L U S I O N S

The following conclusions have been reached as a

result of this investigation:

1. A theoretical method for predicting the ultimate

load - bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded

bolted connections has been developed. The

method uses the actual load - deformation response

of individual fasteners as its basis.

2. The results of an extensive testing program have

verified the ultimate load predictions made for
the test specimens using the new theoretical
approach.

3. The factor of safety which the current allowable

loads provide for eccentrically loaded connections

is both high and inconsistent. By making use of

the more accurate predictions of ultimate loads as

its basis, the factor of safety can be brought more

in line with that of other structural components and

can be established at a constant value for all

connections of this type.

 42

TABLES AND FIGURES

 43

Table 1 - DETAILS OF TEST SPECIMENS

Specimen Bolt Group Eccentricity P s

Number e (ins.) (ins.) (ins.)

B1 8 2-1/2 -

B2 10 3 -

B3 12 3

B4 13 3 -

B5 15 3 -

B6 12 3 2-1/2

B7 15 3 2-1/2

B8 15 2-1/2 2-1/2

NOTES: - All central beams-24 I 100, A36 steel

All angle test legs-1/2 inch thick, A36 steel
All test bolts-ASTM A325, 3/4 inch diameter
All test bolt holes-3/4 inch diameter, match-drilled
 Table 2 - TEST RESULTS

Specimen Pred. Test Test Theor. Exp. Radius Current Current

Number Pult Pult Pred. Radius of of Rotation (in.) Allowable Factor
(kips)
Rotation Failed Unfailed Load (kip) of
(kips) (ins.) End Safety
End (AISC,CISC)

B1 252 225 0.894 0.98 1.13(N) 0.44 84 2.68

B2 244 230 0.945 1.12 1.01(S) 1.25 75 3.09

B3 206 190 0.924 0.88 0.47(S) 0.64 60 3.17

B4 274 251 0.916 1.32 0.66(N) 0.80 79 3.18

B5 239 221 0.925 1.12 0.66(S) - 67 3.28

B6 293 264 0.901 0.98 0.39(N) 0.72 82 3.10

B7 239 212 0.885 0.80 0.67(S) 0.52 63 3.36

B8 309 266 0.860 0.92 0.62(S) 0.82 76 3.42

44
 45

Table 3 - TENSION TEST RESULTS

Bolt No. Actual Tensile Specified Tensile % Above

99
Strength (lb.) Strength ( l b . ) Min. Strength

1 40,200 40,100 0.25

2 40,240 40,100 0.35

3 40,320 40,100 0.55

4 40,600 40,100 1.25

5 40,240 40,100 0.35

 46

Table 4 - DETAILS OF TEST SPECIMENS BY OTHERS

Specimen Rivet Eccentricity P s

Number Group e (in.) (in.) (in.)

TP-1 2-1/2 3 -

TP-2 3-1/2 3 -

TP-3 6-1/2 3 -

TP-4 2-1/2 3 -

TP-5 4-1/2 3 -

TP-6 6-1/2 3 -

TP-7 3-1/2 3 2-1/2

TP-8 6-1/2 3 2-1/2

TP-9 3-1/2 3 2-1/2

TP-10 6-1/2 3 2-1/2

NOTES: - Central beams-15 I 50 or 24 I 120, A7 steel

Test angles-7/16" or 1/2" thick, A7 steel
Test rivets-ASTM A141, 3/4" diameter
Test rivet holes-13/16" diameter, punched
 47

Table 5 - RESULTS AND PREDICTIONS OF TESTS BY OTHERS

Specimen Predicted Predicted Test Test Test

Number Load Load Load Pred. Pred.
(Others) (new) (kips) (Others) (new)
(kips) (kips)

TP-1 208 210 216.5 1.04 1.03

TP-2 165.6 166 160.75 0.97 0.97

TP-3 98 96 100 1.02 1.04

TP-4 561 566 550 0.98 0.97

TP-5 428 454 440 1.03 0.97

TP-6 335 358 362 1.08 1.03

TP-7 195 190 221.75 1.14 1.17

TP-8 122.5 115 120 0.98 1.04

TP-9 534 561 568 1.06 1.01

TP-10 358 367 354 0.99 0.96

 48

Fig. 1 TYPICAL ECCENTRICALLY

LOADED CONNECTIONS

Fig. 2 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLT GROUP

 49

Fig. 3 SINGLE BOLT SHEAR SPECIMEN

Fig. 4 BOLTED CONNECTION SPECIMEN

 50

Fig. 5 SINGLE BOLT SPECIMENS

Fig. 6 FAILED SINGLE BOLT SPECIMEN

 51

Fig. 7 BOLTED SPECIMEN WITH GAGES

Fig. 8 BOLTED SPECIMEN IN TEST MACHINE

 52

Fig. 9 TYPICAL FAILED BOLTED SPECIMENS

 53

Fig. 10 LOAD - DEFORMATION CURVES FOR SINGLE BOLT TESTS

 54

Fig. 11 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B1

Fig. 12 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B8

 55

Fig. 13 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B2

Fig. 14 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B3

 56

Fig. 15 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B4

Fig. 16 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B5

 57

Fig. 17 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B6

Fig. 18 LOAD - ROTATION CURVE FOR SPECIMEN B7

 58

Fig. 19 MOMENT - ROTATION CURVES FOR SPECIMENS B4 AND B5

Fig. 20 MOMENT - ROTATION CURVES FOR SPECIMENS B6 AND B7

 59
Fig. 21 TYPICAL LOAD - VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT CURVES FOR BOLTED SPECIMENS
 60

R E F E R E N C E S

1. Grinter, L.E.
DESIGN OF MODERN STEEL STRUCTURES, The MacMillan
Company, New York, 2nd edition, 1960, pp. 32-48

2. Bresler, B., and Lin, T.Y.

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York, 1960, pp. 86-100

3. Gaylord, E.H., and Gaylord, C.N.

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1957, pp. 246-254

4. Fisher, J.W.
BEHAVIOR OF FASTENERS AND PLATES WITH HOLES, Journal
of the Structural Division, Proceedings of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, Proc. Paper
4587, Vol. 91, ST 6, December, 1965

5. Fisher, J.W., Kulak, G.L., and Beedle, L.S.

BEHAVIOR OF LARGE BOLTED JOINTS, Highway Research
Record, Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C.,
NO. 147, 1966

6. MANUAL OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 6th edition, American

Institute of Steel Construction, New York, 1963

7. HANDBOOK OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 1st edition, Canadian

Institute of Steel Construction, Toronto, Ontario,
1967

8. Higgins, T.R.
NEW FORMULA FOR FASTENERS LOADED OFF CENTRE,
Engineering-News Record, May 21, 1964, pp. 102

9. SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL BOLTS A325-66a,

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1967
 61

10. Rathburn, J.C.

ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF RIVETED CONNECTIONS, ASCE
Proceedings, Vol. 101, p. 524, 1936

11. Hechtman, R.A., and Johnston, B.G.

RIVETED SEMI-RIGID BEAM-TO-COLUMN BUILDING
CONNECTIONS, Progress Report No, 1, Committee on
Steel Structures Research, AISC, November, 1947

12. Munse, W.H., Bell, W.G., and Chesson, E., Jr.

BEHAVIOR OF RIVETED AND BOLTED BEAM-TO-COLUMN
CONNECTIONS, ASCE Proceedings, Vol. 85, p.29,
March, 1959

13. Yarimci, E., and Slutter, R.G.

RESULTS OF TESTS ON RIVETED CONNECTIONS, Fritz
Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Report No. 200.63.403.1,
April, 1963

14. Shermer, C.L.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED OR RIVETED FASTENERS,
Preprint for ASCE Structural Engineering Conference,
October, 1964

15. Abolitz, A.L.

PLASTIC DESIGN OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FASTENERS
Engineering Journal, AISC, Vol. 3, No. 3, July, 1966

16. Kulak, G.L., and Fisher, J.W.

Discussion of PLASTIC DESIGN OF ECCENTRICALLY
LOADED FASTENERS by Abolitz, A.L., Engineering
Journal, American Institute of Steel Construction,
July, 1967

17. McGuire, William

STEEL STRUCTURES, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, N.J., 1968, pp. 812-820
 62

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BOLTED AND RIVETED JOINTS, ASCE Manuals

and Reports on Engineering Practice, No. 48, New
York, 1967

19. SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS USING ASTM A325 or

A490 BOLTS, Research Council on Riveted and Bolted
Structural Joints, March, 1964

20. Fisher, J.W., and Wallaert, J.J.

SHEAR STRENGTH OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS, Journal of
the Structural Division, Proceedings of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, Proc. Paper
4368, Vol. 91, ST 3, June, 1965

21. Fisher, J.W., and Beedle, L.S.

CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING BEARING-TYPE BOLTED JOINTS,
Journal of the Structural Division, Proceeding of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, Proc.
Paper 4511, Vol. 91, ST 5, October, 1965
 63

L I S T OF A P P E N D I C E S

Appendix Page

A Flow Chart of Computer Program for 64

Calculating Ultimate Loads

B Computer Program for Calculating 65

Ultimate Loads

C Ultimate Load Tables 67

D Ultimate Load Charts 69

 64

APPENDIX A

FLOW CHART OF COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING ULTIMATE LOADS

 65

APPENDIX B

COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING ULTIMATE LOADS

This program, to calculate the ultimate load of

eccentrically loaded fastener groups is written in

Fortran IV for the IBM 1130 computer.

66
 67

APPENDIX C. ULTIMATE LOAD TABLES

ULTIMATE ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS - ONE LINE

e = Actual eccentricity of
applied load
n = Total number of fasteners
per vertical line
K = Value tabulated below
Pult = Ultimate load on the
connection in kips
Pult = K x Double shear area of bolt
(This table is valid for ASTM A325 bolts only)

e n
in.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3 72 143 230 320 410 499 587 670 765 858 959

4 55 114 194 278 367 457 546 636 724 816 909

5 46 94 164 242 326 414 504 594 683 772 863

6 38 78 141 211 290 374 461 550 640 730 820

7 32 67 124 187 260 338 420 509 597 687 777

8 28 60 109 166 234 308 386 470 556 644 734

9 26 54 99 150 212 281 355 435 518 604 692

10 24 49 89 135 193 257 328 403 482 566 652

11 22 44 82 125 177 237 302 375 450 531 614

12 19 41 75 114 163 219 282 349 422 498 579

14 15 35 64 99 141 190 246 307 372 443 517

16 13 28 55 87 125 169 217 272 333 396 466

18 12 25 51 76 112 150 196 244 299 358 422

20 11 22 46 70 102 135 177 221 273 327 384

22 10 18 41 63 91 122 161 203 248 299 352

24 9 15 36 58 84 113 149 186 230 276 326

 68
APPENDIX C. ULTIMATE LOAD TABLES
ULTIMATE ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS - TWO LINES

e = Actual eccentricity of
applied load
n = Total number of fasteners
per vertical line
K = Value tabulated below
P u l t = Ultimate load on the
connection in kips
P u l t = K x Double shear area of bolt
(This table is valid for ASTM A325 bolts only)
e n
in.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 166 302 465 639 815 992 1168 1360 1530 1719 1924
4 137 252 399 562 734 911 1088 1266 1443 1635 1838
5 116 212 345 493 657 829 1005 1183 1361 1551 1742
6 99 184 304 438 589 753 925 1100 1277 1467 1656
7 88 163 268 390 530 683 849 1019 1194 1381 1571
8 78 145 242 351 482 623 780 944 1113 1297 1484
9 70 131 218 316 438 573 718 875 1038 1217 1401
10 64 120 199 290 403 526 665 814 970 1143 1321
11 58 110 184 266 372 488 616 758 907 1073 1245
12 54 100 168 247 343 451 574 708 852 1009 1176
14 45 89 147 213 299 396 507 624 756 899 1050
16 40 77 128 189 267 351 448 557 676 807 946
18 36 68 116 169 238 317 403 503 610 729 859
20 32 62 104 156 216 286 366 456 555 666 783
22 29 57 95 139 198 263 336 417 510 612 722
24 27 53 86 130 180 238 309 383 470 565 667
 APPENDIX D. ULTIMATE LOAD CHARTS

ULTIMATE ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS - ONE LINE

(Valid for A325 Bolts only)

n = number of fasteners per line

Ultimate Load (kips) = K x Double Shear Area of bolt

69
 APPENDIX D. ULTIMATE LOAD CHARTS

ULTIMATE ECCENTRIC LOADS ON FASTENER GROUPS - TWO LINES

(Valid for A325 Bolts only)

n = number of fasteners per line

Ultimate Load (kips) = K x Double Shear Area of bolt

70