Did the Hebrew writers of the New Testament call Jesus

YHWH (Jehovah)? – Chapter 10 – Yes, You Should

Believe in the Trinity
4jehovah.org/did-the-hebrew-writers-of-the-new-testament-call-jesus-yhwh-jehovah/

May 23, 2014

SHOULD GOD’S NAME BE TRANSLATED JEHOVAH, YAHWEH OR LORD?

WAS GOD’S NAME REMOVED FROM THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT?
DOES PAUL’S USE OF THE WORD “LORD” IN HIS QUOTE OF JOEL 2:32 IN ROMANS
10:13 CONFUSE JESUS WITH JEHOVAH?
DO THE HEBREW J MANUSCRIPTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CALL JESUS YHWH?
1 PETER 3:15: “sanctify YHWH, the Messiah”
PHILIPPIANS 2:11: “Yeshua the Messiah is YHWH”

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Throughout the years, Hebrew translations of the Christian
Greek New Testament Scriptures have been made. Some
of the earliest Hebrew translations that we possess today
are DuTillet’s Matthew confiscated from the Jews in Rome
in 1553 A.D. and Shem Tob’s Matthew transcribed in
approximately 1380 A.D. Other Hebrew manuscripts
include The Old Syriac Gospels , The Peshitta New
Testament which may have come into existence at the time
of Josephus, and The Crawford Aramaic version of
Revelation purchased by Earl of Crawford around 1860. 1.
The Watchtower refers to these Hebrew translations as “J”
manuscripts and these documents provide most of the
manuscript support for the Watchtower’s insertion of God’s
name “Jehovah” into the New Testament portion of their New World Translation of the Holy
Scriptures.2.

While there is evidence that at least the book of Matthew was originally written in Hebrew
and later translated into Greek,3. all of the Hebrew manuscripts of the New Testament that
we possess today were copied sometime between the thirteen and eighteenth century,
while the Greek manuscripts of these books were copied as far back as the second
century. So, from the standpoint that our copies of the Greek New Testament manuscripts
predate the Hebrew copies by several centuries and greatly outnumber the Hebrew
manuscripts by several thousand copies, it seems probable that most of the books of the
New Testament were originally written in Greek.

SHOULD GOD’S NAME BE TRANSLATED JEHOVAH, YAHWEH OR LORD?

Jehovah’s Witnesses claim that their New World

Translation of the Holy Scriptures is one of the only Bible
translations that shows proper appreciation for God’s
name by inserting the name “Jehovah” for the Hebrew
Tetragrammaton or “YHWH” name of God. Most
scholars prefer the pronunciation of “Yahweh” over
“Jehovah” because they regard “Jehovah” as an inaccurate rendition for these Hebrew
consonants which do not contain vowels in the original text. Yet, historically, “Jehovah” is
the most common transliteration for the name of God. It was derived by inserting the
vowels from “Adonai,” the Hebrew word for “Lord,” into the Hebrew consonants of
“YHWH.” Thus, the name “Ya-Ho-Wa-H” or “Ja-Ho-Va-H” was created.4.

Why did early scholars choose the vowels from the Hebrew word for “Lord” instead of
using the more common vowels associated with this type of configuration in the Hebrew
consonants? They chose the vowels from “Adonai” because for many years, the Jews
were careful to pronounce “Lord” in place of God’ss name when reading the Old Testament
Scriptures because they wanted to honor the holiness of God’s name by not defaming His
name when pronouncing it. So, in keeping with their custom, Bible scholars have
traditionally translated God’s name as “Lord” or used the vowels from the Hebrew word for
“Lord” to transliterate God’s name as “Jehovah.”

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I find it ironic that Jehovah’s Witnesses will denounce modern Bible translations that render
God’s name as “LORD” when their own translation uses an inaccurate pronunciation of
God’s name derived from the vowels of the Hebrew word for “Lord.” Is there really that
much difference between a translator choosing to use a name for God that is created from
the Hebrew word for “Lord” or choosing the word “LORD” in all capital letters to denote His
name? It seems clear to me that the important key in this issue is whether the translator
does something to distinguish where the divine name appears in the Hebrew text as
modern translators do when they translate YHWH as “LORD” in all capital letters. As long
as the name is distinguished in the text, it should be clear to the reader when the Scripture
reference is referring to LORD (YHWH) and when it is referring to someone who is simply a
ruler or “Adonai” (Lord).

WAS GOD’S NAME REMOVED FROM THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT?

While a case may be made for the insertion of God’s name into the text of the New World
Translation’s version of the Hebrew Old Testament Scriptures, there is not a single Greek
manuscript of the entire New Testament Scripture that renders God’s name in full. With
over 5,000 partial and complete manuscript copies of the Greek text of the New Testament,
if the authors of the New Testament inserted YHWH into their original writings of the
Christian Greek Scriptures, we would expect to find some kind of trace of it existing
originally as is the case with the ancient copies of the Greek translation of the Old
Testament Scriptures called the LXX Septuagint. In their brochure, The Divine Name That
Will Endure Forever, the Watchtower provides the evidence for the divine name being in the
Septuagint translation of the Old Testament Scriptures by stating:

“Well, some very old fragments of the Septuagint Version that actually existed in Jesus’ day
have survived down to our day, and it is noteworthy that the personal name of God appeared
in them. The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Volume 2, page 512)
says: ‘Recent textual discoveries cast doubt on the idea that the compilers of the LXX
[Septuagint] translated the tetragrammaton YHWH by kyrios. The oldest LXX MSS
(fragments) now available to us have the tetragrammaton written in Heb[rew]
characters in the G[ree]k text. This custom was retained by later Jewish translators of the
O[ld] T[estament] in the first centuries A.D.’ Therefore, whether Jesus and his disciples read
the Scriptures in Hebrew or Greek, they would come across the divine name. …God’s name
remained in Greek translations of the ‘Old Testament’ for a while longer. …Even in the fourth
century, Jerome writes in his prologue to the books of Samuel and Kings: ‘and we find the
name of God, the Tetragrammaton [ ‫] וּ‬, in certain Greek volumes even to this day
expressed in ancient letters.’ …Eventually, many readers did not even recognize what it was
and Jerome reports that in his time ‘certain ignorant ones, because of the similarity of the
characters, when they would find [the Tetragrammaton] in Greek books, were
accustomed to read ΠΙΠΙ.’ ” —The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever, pp. 24-25

Thus, we can tell that the divine name was removed in recent copies of the Greek
translation of the Hebrew Old Testament by finding ancient copies that either contained the
name written out in the ancient Hebrew characters or finding copies that contained an
attempt at writing the Hebrew characters by transcribing them into the Greek characters,
pi-iota-pi-iota (ΠΙΠΙ). Yet, this NEVER occurs in any of the 5,000 Greek manuscripts that we
possess of the Greek New Testament. There is not even a trace of the name in the most
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ancient Greek fragments from the second century. Not only is the name missing from the
Greek New Testament, but it is missing in the 86,000 quotations of the New Testament
from the early Church Fathers. Although there are enough quotations of the New
Testament from the Church Fathers to entirely reconstruct the entire New Testament with
all but 11 verses,5. there is not a single incidence when they inserted the divine name into
their quotes of the New Testament Scriptures.6. Why is the lack of evidence of God’s
name being removed from the text of the Greek New Testament Scriptures significant?

At Matthew 24:35, Jesus promised: “Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will
not pass away,” and at 1 Peter 1:25, Scripture reminds us of God’s promise to preserve His
Word. So, if “something” happened “to the text of the Christian Greek Scriptures before the
fourth century that resulted in the omission of God’s name” as the Watchtower Society
claims7. what does this say about Jesus’ ability to preserve His Word from corruption? If
something as important as God’s name was removed from the text of the New Testament
without a trace of evidence, how can we trust the accuracy of God’s Word? No Jehovah’s
Witness that I have confronted with these claims of Christ has been able to stand with the
Watchtower’s assertions that the New Testament text was corrupted by the removal of
God’s name, because they all believe in the miraculous preservation of the New Testament
text.8.

DOES PAUL’S USE OF THE WORD “LORD” IN HIS QUOTE OF JOEL 2:32 IN ROMANS 10:13
CONFUSE JESUS WITH JEHOVAH?

Many years ago, I was sitting in the living room of my friend’s home, talking with a
Jehovah’s Witness elder who had come to their door offering a “free home Bible study.”
The topic of God’s name being removed from our modern translations of the Scriptures
came up in our study, and I brought up the fact that there is no evidence in the Greek
manuscripts of our New Testament that the Biblical writers of the New Testament ever
inserted God’s name, even when they quoted passages from the Hebrew Old Testament
Scriptures that contained the name. I pointed out that if the Apostle Paul used the same
Greek word “Kyrios” (Lord) in reference to Jehovah that he does when referring to Jesus,
this showed a connection between the Persons of the Trinity that would ultimately cause
people to think that Jesus is Jehovah God. To this statement, the Jehovah’s Witness elder
strongly disagreed with me, saying: “No, there is no confusion. People can clearly tell by the
context which verses are talking about Jehovah God and which verses refer to Jesus.”
When he said this, I responded by showing him an example from Scripture where people
would get the impression that Jesus and Jehovah by the use of “Lord”. Our conversations
went something like this:

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 ME: So you think there is no confusion? Well, then let’s look at this Scripture here in
Romans 10:9. Who is the “Lord” that the Apostle Paul is referring to here? [Note: We read
the Scriptures from his New World Translation Bible.]

JW: “For if you publicly declare that ‘word in your own mouth,’ that Jesus is Lord, and
exercise faith in your heart that God raised him up from the dead, you will be saved.” That
Lord is Jesus [he said].

ME: That’s right. Now let’s read verse 10.

JW: “For with the heart one exercises faith for righteousness, but with the mouth one makes
public declaration for salvation.”

ME: According to the context, who are we to “exercise faith” in for salvation?

JW: Jesus.

ME: OK, so these verses are clearly talking about Jesus, right?

JW: Yes.

ME: OK, let’s look at the next verse, verse 11: “For the Scripture says: ‘None that rests his
faith on him will be disappointed.’ ” Who is the “him” that this verse is talking about?

JW: Jesus.

ME: Now, will you read verse 12 for us?

JW: “For there is no distinction between Jew and Greek, for there is the same Lord over all,
who is rich to all those calling upon him.”

ME: Who is this “same Lord over all” that this passage is talking about?

JW: Hum… Jesus. [At this point in the 1984 edition of the New World Translation, the page
breaks between verses 12 and 13. So at first, with slight hesitation, he agreed that Jesus is “the
same Lord over all” referred to at verse 12, but then when he turned the page and saw Jehovah
in his translation at verse 13, he quickly back tracked and said:] No, that’s not Jesus, that
Lord is Jehovah! “For ‘everyone who calls on the name of Jehovah will be saved.’ ”

ME: So, you can see my point. If there is only one Lord (“the same Lord over all”) and the
New Testament writers use the word “Lord” to refer to both Jesus and Jehovah, one can easily
get the impression that they thought Jesus was Jehovah God Himself!”

He saw my point. Incidentally, the Watchtower makes the same claim in their Divine Name
brochure when they say:

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 “…Bible translators and students came to realize that without God’s name, some parts of the
Christian Greek Scriptures are very difficult to understand properly. …For example, consider
the words of Paul to the Romans, as they appear in the Authorized Version: ‘For whosoever
shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.’ (Romans 10:13) Whose name do we
have to call on to be saved? Since Jesus is often spoken of as ‘Lord’ …should we
conclude that Paul was here speaking about Jesus? …No, we should not. A marginal
reference to Romans 10:13 in the Authorized Version points us to Joel 2:32 in the Hebrew
Scriptures. If you check that reference, you will find that Paul was actually quoting the words
of Joel in his letter to the Romans; and what Joel said in the original Hebrew was: ‘Everyone
who calls on the name of Jehovah will get away safe.’ (New World Translation) Yes, Paul
meant there that we should call on the name of Jehovah.Hence, while we have to believe in
Jesus, our salvation is closely linked with a proper appreciation of God’s name. This example
demonstrates how the removal of the name of God from the Greek Scriptures
contributed to confusing Jesus and Jehovah in the minds of many. Undoubtedly, it
contributed greatly to the development of the doctrine of the Trinity!” —The Divine Name
That Will Endure Forever, p. 26

So, when we read the context of Romans 10 and see that Paul was applying the Joel 2:32
Scripture directly to Jesus, it is obvious that he considered Jesus to be Jehovah God. Yet,
the Watchtower insists upon inserting God’s name “Jehovah” at Romans 10:13 because it
is quoting Joel 2:32 where God’s name appears, and then they create an artificial
distinction between the person of Jehovah and the person of Christ by claiming that
Romans 10:13 proves that we must call upon the name “Jehovah” for salvation, rather than
call upon the name “Jesus.” Yet, the testimony of Scripture proclaims at Philippians 2:9
that Jesus possess “the name which is above every name ”9. and states at Acts 4:12:

“Furthermore, there is no salvation in anyone else, for there is not another name under
heaven that has been given among men by which we must get saved.” —New World
Translation of the Holy Scriptures

It is significant to point out that Philippians 2:9 has been changed in the New Word
Translation. Instead of saying that the name of Jesus is “ above every name ” as all other
translations state, the translators of the 1984 edition inserted the word “other” into this
phrase so that it reads, “above every [other] name ,” even though the word “other” is not in
the Greek text. This again demonstrates their absolute bias against Jesus possessing a
name greater than Jehovah God. The deception of the translators of the New World
Translation continued in the 2013 edition in which all brackets have been removed, leaving
the reader clueless as to which words are in the original Greek text and which ones were
added by the translators.

DO THE HEBREW J MANUSCRIPTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CALL JESUS YHWH?

We have seen how the translators of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures have
chosen to insert God’s name “Jehovah” into their translation of the New Testament even
through there is no evidence for it in the Greek manuscripts. Yet, they claim that it is proper
to insert God’s name where the New Testament writers are quoting passages from the
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Hebrew Old Testament where the divine name appears.10. They also claim to insert God’s
name wherever the Hebrew translations of the New Testament Greek manuscripts insert
the name. Concerning these translations, the forward to the Kingdom Interlinear
Translation of the Greek Scriptures, published by the Watchtower Society states:

“Throughout the centuries many translations of parts or of all the Christian Greek Scriptures
have been made into Hebrew. Such translations, designated in this work by ‘J’ with a
superior number, have restored the divine name to the Christian Greek Scriptures in
various places. …To avoid overstepping the bounds of a translator into the field of exegesis,
we have tried to be most cautious about rendering the diving name, always carefully
considering the Hebrew Scriptures as a background. We have looked for some agreement
with us by the Hebrew versions we consulted to confirm our rendering.” —The Kingdom
Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, pp. 11-12

So, the authors of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures claim that they carefully
considered the quotations of the Hebrew Scriptures and consulted the Hebrew translations
of the New Testament to “confirm” their insertion of the divine name into the text of their
New Testament 237 times. Yet, there are two strikingly clear incidences where the
translators of the New World Translation chose not to insert the divine name “Jehovah” into
their text even through the passages being quoted from the Hebrew Old Testament
contained the name.

Why did they chose not include the divine name even through both of these passages had
support for God’s name in the Hebrew J manuscripts? I believe the reason is because in
both cases, the Hebrew writer of the New Testament passage was calling Jesus Jehovah!
Thus, in his book, Hebraic-Roots Version “New Testament,” James Scott Trimm translates
both 1 Peter 3:15 and Philippians 2:11 from the Hebrew versions with YHWH in reference
to Jesus Christ and correctly footnotes the Hebrew Old Testament passage where the
divine name quotation occurs. See these charts below:

1 PETER 3:15: “sanctify YHWH, the Messiah”

1st KEFA (Peter) 3:14-15 “…And do not be afraid of those who frighten you and do not be troubled. But
sanctify YHWH,* the Messiah, in your hearts….” —Hebraic-Roots Version “New Testament,” James Scot
t Trimm, pp. 339-340 (Footnote: *Isaiah 8:12-13)

OLD TESTAMENT – 1984 NWT NEW TESTAMENT – 1984 NWT

ISAIAH 8:12-13: “…the object of their fear Y
OU men must not fear, nor must YOU trem
ble at it.* Jehovah of armies—he is the One
whom YOU should treat as holy….” (Footn
ote: * 1 Peter 3:14)
1 PETER 3:14-15: “…the object of their fear do not YOU f
ear,* neither become agitated. But sanctify the Christ as
Lord** in YOUR hearts…” (Footnotes: *Isaiah 8:12, **The
Christ as Lord,” ‫א‬ABC; TR, “the Lord God”; J7,8,11-
14,16,17,24, “Jehovah God.”)

Notice that the 1984 edition of the New World Translation correctly cross references 1
Peter 3:14 to Isaiah 8:12, but when the divine name appears in the quote of Isaiah 8:13 in 1
Peter 3:15, they deceptively leave off the cross-reference which gives support to the

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Hebrew version’s translation of “YHWH, the Messiah.” Likewise, in the newer 2013 edition
of the New World Translation, the Watchtower continued their deception by completely
removing all cross-references to Isaiah 8 in this passage of 1 Peter 3:14-15.

It is important to note that there is a textual variant in the manuscripts of 1 Peter 3:15 with
some of the texts saying “sanctify the Lord God” instead of “sanctify Christ as Lord.” The
Textus Receptus Greek manuscript used for the King James Bible is one of the manuscripts
that reads “sanctify the Lord God” as it follows the more recent majority texts from the
Middle Ages, rather than the most ancient Greek manuscripts of this passage, such as the
Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus from the fourth century and the Codex Alexandrinus
and the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus from the fifth century, which read “sanctify Christ as
Lord.”

Since the most ancient manuscripts that we possess of this passage all agree with the
“sanctify Christ as Lord” rendering over the “sanctify the Lord God” rendering of the King
James Bible, it is clear that the Apostle Peter quoted Isaiah 8:12-13 and applied it directly to
Jesus by saying that just as we are to set Jehovah apart as holy, we are to set the Messiah
(Christ) apart as holy by sanctifying Him in our hearts. Thus, when the translators of the
Hebrew version’s rendering of 1 Peter 3:15 encountered this quote of Isaiah 8:12-13, they
translated 1 Peter 3:15 as “sanctify YHWH, the Messiah, in your hearts.”

PHILIPPIANS 2:11: “Yeshua the Messiah is YHWH”

PHILIPPIANS 2:11 “That at the name of Yeshua every knee will bow that is in heaven and on earth and
that is under the earth, And every tongue will confess* that Yeshua the Messiah is YHWH, to the glory
of Eloah his Father.” —Hebraic-Roots Version “New Testament,” James Scott Trimm, pp. 339-340 (Foot
note: *Isaiah 45:23-24)

OLD TESTAMENT – 1984 NWT NEW TESTAMENT – 1984 NWT

ISAIAH 45:23-24: “…to me every knee will PHILIPPIANS 2:10-11: “so that in the name of Jesus e
bend down, every tongue will swear, saying, very knee should bend … and every tongue should ope
‘Surely in Jehovah there are full righteousne nly acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory
ss and strength….” of God the Father.”

When Dr. Bruce Metzger, a well-respected Greek and Hebrew scholar and a professor at
Princeton University, wrote publicly against the Watchtower’s New World Translation, noting
its failure to insert “Jehovah” for kyrios at Philippians 2:11 even though it is quoting Isaiah
45:23, the Watchtower responded with the following Questions from Readers article
published in the May 15, 1960 edition of The Watchtower:

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 “Dr. Bruce M. Metzger… writes: ‘In the New World Translation it is stated (page 9 of the
New Testament volume), “To each major word we have assigned one meaning and have held
to that meaning as far as the context permitted.” My question arises from the failure to
abide by this self-imposed rule at Philippians 2:11, where the word kyrios, elsewhere
rendered “Jehovah” 237 times, is not rendered “Jehovah” despite the clear allusion to
Isaiah 45:23 and following where the word Jehovah appears. Could it be that the Arian
theology of the translators overrode their expressed rule of translating?’

“…A number of Watchtower readers, evidently unacquainted with the New Testament Greek,
have written us a similar question, apparently inspired by the publicity that Dr. Metzger has
given to a discussion of this matter. The doctor quotes from …the Forward…

“…This Foreword shows that in the course of time nineteen translations of the Christian
Greek Scriptures, or of parts of them, have been made from the Greek into the ancient
Biblical Hebrew, and that these Hebrew translators …used the name Jehovah or the Hebrew
tetragrammaton… in translating the writings of Christ’s apostles and disciples, generally
known as the New Testament. Thus, before the New World Translation of the Christian
Greek Scriptures came along, these Hebrew translators put the divine name in the
Christian writings officially called the New Testament.

“…The theologian says that Philippians 2:11 clearly alludes to Isaiah 45:23 and following
material. …This is not the same as the Isaiah quotation. Philippians 2:11 does not say that
every tongue should swear to Jesus. It says that every tongue should confess something
concerning Jesus to the glory of God the Father. So this is not an allusion to Isaiah 45:23 such
as would require Jesus to be identified with Jehovah.

“…All the English versions of Christendom, even those in Hebrew, show that in Philippians
2:11 the ky’rios without article is used as a title, not as a personal name. …No Christian has to
confess that Jesus Christ is Jehovah, because that is not the truth.

“…The word ky’rios without the definite article is thus used also in 1 Corinthians 12:3.
There in the Greek text the same expression occurs as in Philippians 2:11, namely, KYRIOS
YESOUS. In both texts the Greek word ky’rios is a title by which a person of a certain name is
to be addressed. hence it would be wrong, in fact ridiculous, to render that expression,
‘Jehovah Jesus,’ None of the Hebrew translations render it ‘Jehovah Jesus,’ but recognize
the Greek word ky’rios there as a title and hence use the Hebrew word Adón, meaning Lord,
instead of the name Jehovah.” —The Watchtower, May 15, 1960pp. 318-320

Not only does the Watchtower Society deny the obvious connection of Philippians 2:10-11
with Isaiah 45:23-24, but they boldly state that: “None of the Hebrew translations
render”KYRIOS YESUS (Lord Jesus) as “ ‘Jehovah Jesus.” This is completely untrue as we
have already seen an example of where the Hebrew versions say, “Yeshua the Messiah is
YHWH” at Philippians 2:11. Likewise, the Watchtower’s claim concerning the Hebrew
versions is false when it comes to the second passage they reference in their article, 1
Corinthians 12:3 which reads in the Hebrew manuscripts: “YHWH is Yeshua”! See the chart
below:

1 CORINTHIANS 12:3 – HEBREW Versions 1 CORINTHIANS 12:3 – 1984 NWT

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 “And neither is a man able to say that YHWH is Yeshua excep “…nobody can say: ‘Jesus is Lord!’ exc
t by the Ruach HaKodesh.” ept by holy spirit.”

NEXT CHAPTER

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1. See James Scott Trimm, Hebraic-Roots Version “New Testament” (Hurst, TX: Society for
the Advancement of Nazarene Judaism, 2001), XXVIII – XXXI

2. See the “Forward” of The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures,
(Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1985), 11-12 and The
Watchtower, May 15, 1960, 319.

3. See The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever, Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society of New York, Inc., 1984), 24

4. See The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever, (Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract
Society of New York, Inc., 1984), 8

5. See Dan Story, Defending Your Faith —How to Answer the Tough Questions (Nashville, TN:
Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), 38-39

6. For photocopied documentation on this subject including statements from the early
Church Fathers who quoted the New Testament passages without the name Jehovah, see
the “Should Christians Use the Divine Name ‘Jehovah’ In Prayer? ” dialogue and
documentation in Christian Conversations with Jehovah’s Witnesses (Colorado Springs, CO:
Witnesses for Jesus Inc, 2012)

7. The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever, (Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible And Tract
Society of New York, Inc., 1984), 24

8. See The Bible —God’s Word or Man’s (Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower Bible And Tract Society
of New York, Inc., 1989), 59-60

9. Quoted from the New American Standard Bible.

10. The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, (Brooklyn, NY: Watchtower
Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1985), 11-12

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