f computers - History ° Ata Glance a enerations of Comp: | Early History of Computers a G Early History of Com| 1 the world, changing and improving his begin and how did the compute hows us that there were man The computer has affected people all ovei their lives in many ways. Where did all tl get its present form? The history of computers s| people who have been involved in this process. To understand how the computer became this marvellous multitasking machine, we shall have to go way back ints history when man was creating devices to count. Let us have a quick look at the early counting machines developed by man Do You Know? The numbers 0 to 9 are called digits. But the word digit actually refersto 7" a finger or toe. The first tools used by man to count were his en fi 9 ingers. Early Counting Devices 1. Ancient people used their fingers, stones and sticks for countin; : scratches on 'g or made thane wall to keep count of 2. Sometimes they even tied knots i Tope to record information, ae_ Pascaline (1642) oe 1. Blaise Pascal, a French mathem@ ik ‘ invented a calculating machine In called Pascaline- ‘ t calculating, i the firs 2. The Pascaline was tof toothe d device that used gears, 4 S€ wheels connected to each other. a 3. The Pascaline could only add and subtract numbers. Leibniz Calculator (1671) Gottfried von Leibniz, a German mathematician, which could do addition, subtraction, multiplicatio puilt a mechanical calculato;! n and division. | Punched Cards (1801) 1. Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French weaver, invented a way of automatica controlling the threads on a silk loom. This loom was known as Jo\ loom. 2. Jacquard’s loom could automatically read the designs from punch and weave accordingly. This revolutionised the weaving industry. | ii Jecquard's loom was the orié un Punched cards used as an input d° Jacquard’s loomDifference Engine. It was powered by steam. Charles Babbage — Difference Engine and Analytical Engine In 1822, British mathematician Charles Babbage developed a working model of a mechanical computer called the It stored programs to perform calculations and print the results automatically. In 1837, he proposed a design for the first mechanical r computer known as the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine could do complicated calculations and store the results at each stage. Since this machine laid the basis for modern computers, Charles Babbage is also known as the Father of Computers. Charles Babbage Analytical Engine Tabulating Machine (1880) 1. Herman Hollerith, an American statistician, invented the Tabulating Machine that followed the IPO cycle. 2. In this machine, input was in the form of punched cards. ' ; Lady Ada Lovelace is known as the first {Programmer in computer history. She was the 1 first to introduce the concept of programming ¥ ; in 1842, i.e., how a machine could be made to ; follow a series of instructions. ' Mark 1 (1944) Howard Aiken, an engineer with IBM, developed the first. _ ~ lectromechanical computer known as Mark |. This was a gy Seneral-purpose computer which ran on electricity. It was as big asa hall, 8 feet high and 50 feet long. s itENIAC (1946) 1. In 1946, the first all-electronic computer, the Ele nd (ENI \C), was invented by Jo Integrator And Computer W Mauchly. ars, occupied a whole room and coul 2. The ENIAC cost millions of doll. hundred calculations in a second. ENIAC The present computer took its shape gradually from these early comp P k hi a pute ee Electrical vs Electronic Machines Acomput in electronic machine, whereas heaters, fan: puter is an electronic mac! whereas heaters, rs, fans electri i ical machines. and refrigerators areGenerations of Com; After the early counting machines, the development of the computer took place in five distinct phases known as generations of computers. Each generation witnessed major technological developments resulting in smaller, cheaper and more powerful devices. First-Generation Computers (1940-56) i Characteristics + = The first-generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry. vacuum tubes = Magnetic drums were used for memory. = They were enormous machines taking up entire rooms. = They were very expensive, used a great deal of electricity and generated a lot of heat magnetic drums = Machine language was used to program. = Input was based on punched cards. = Output was in the form of printouts. Examples of First-Generation Computers = Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) = Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) = Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) Punched cards EDSACCharacteristics tors replaced vacuum = Computers became faster, transistors more energy-efficient. : = Theystill generated a lot of heat. = Instructions were stored in the = Magnetic disk storage was developed during thi, period. .- = Input was still in the form of punch ch toner ok = Programming was done in assembly language \),., instructions were given in words. Examples of Second-Generation compu € e IBM 700 and 1401 e ATLAS IBM 700 Third-Generation Computers (1964-1971) wi Characteristics = Use of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the hallmark of the third-generatio' computers. = Transistors were made small in size and put on sil semiconductors. This increased the speed and efficienc . = Users interacted with third-generation com} a monitors. = Operating systems were developed. (onrE The development of ICs gave birth to a ne Microelectronics. It was first developed by T § Kil ( ye puters thro| Computers began to be used widely as they became cheaper and smaller. xample of Third-Generation Computers \ltair, the first personal computer, was developed in 974. ‘ourth-Generation Computers (1972-Present) tharacteristics | The microprocessor brought in the fourth generation of computers. t This generation used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) circuit technology. Computers became much smaller and cheaper. Floppy disks and the mouse began to be used. ® Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed. = Programming languages like Python, Ruby and Perl were developed. Example of Fourth-Generation Computers In 1981, IBM released its first line of desktop PC units which had an Intel chip as the microprocessor. Fifth-Generation Computers (Present and Beyond) The difference between fourth and fifth-generation computers is still not clear, and present-day computers are still called fourth-generation computers. A 'n 1985, Microsoft released a Graphical User Interface (GU!) operating system—Windows. m Bits n Bytes VLSI"robotic toy ultiplication vi culating device ical weavinge Name the device. 1. the first mechanical computer . it revolutionised the weaving industry in 1801 ._ the first mechanical calculating device . acalculating device powered by steam . the first electromechanical general-purpose computer wren a Name the computer generation having these features. 1, used magnetic drums for memory .. floppy disks and the mouse began to be used . integrated chips began to be used : . saw the development of artificial intelligence . input was in the form of punched cards . microprocessors began to be used awrRYWN Ga Write T for true and F for false. 1. Napier’s bones did not have the capability to multiply numbers. 2. Mark I was the first electromechanical computer. 3. Second-generation computers mainly used vacuum tubes for circuits. 4. Personal computers are fifth-generation computers. 5. Magnetic disk storage was developed during the second generation of computers. 6. The present-day computers are called fourth-generation computers. 7. Computer chips are made of silicon. Qa Answer the following. 1. Why is Charles Babbage known as the Father of Computers? F rs? 2. What were the main differences between third and fourth-generation compute’ ; ment 0} 3. What primary change did each generation bring about in the develop computers? F rs? 4. What are the main characteristics of fifth-generation computers