NOTES OF ERAL KNOWLEDGE OR PST, JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS 4 f PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD OWAIS QARNI (IBA-JEST, HM & WRITER) FOLLOW FOR BS GEOLOGY, MA ENGLISH, M.ED FOR VIDEOS LECTURES You((fif) CHANNEL “FREE LEARNING FOR LEARNERS” FOR SOFT NOTES 2 PAGE — “MOTIVATIONALSPEAKERWRITER” FOR PDF & oes) 03002556660, 03062794501 WM Mugg QMGENERAL KN(¢ FORALL Table of Contents. Page No 1 Galaxy &Solar System 01 2 Asian Continent 04 3 Middle East 06 4 Central Asia 09 5 South Asia & Sub Continent 11 6 North America 14 7 Rotation & Revolution 18 8 Europe 20 9 Straits of the World 2 10 United Nations 26 12 League of Nation & European Union 30 13 ECO, RCD & SCO 30 14 Old & New Names, famous streets 35 15 Different Branches of Science 38 16. Miscellaneous Information 39 17. Major Wars 44NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Te laxy and Solar m Galaxy ‘Is massive aggregate of hundreds of millions of stars, all gravitational interacting and orbiting about a common Centre. + There are 125 galaxies according to Astronomers. Milky way Galaxy ‘+ Disk shaped galaxy that includes our solar system ‘+ In addition to Sun, there are 200-400 billion other stars + The stars we see is in Milky-way galaxy + Nearest galaxy to Milky-way Galaxy is Andromeda + 100,000 light years in diameter + Our solar system is about 30000 light years away from the center of Galaxy Big Bang Theory: +The term was first coined by Sir Fred Hoyle in 1950 + In 1927, George's Lemaitre proposed the big bang theory. He is considered father of Big Bang Theory. + Big Bnag theory: once the singularity was created (however it happened), it began to ‘expand through a process called inflation. The universe went from very small, very dense and very hot to the cool expense that we see today. This theory is now reffeted as Big Bang Theory. Solar System ‘+The solar system is the sun and everything that orbits around it. It includes the planets {and their moons as well as numerous asteroids and comets. These objects are all held in orbit around the sun by the sun’s strong gravity. + Our solar system is elliptical in shape like egg, SUN ‘© The Sun is our dosest sta. + Ibis a member of milkway Galaxy. + Yellow dwarf star, and medium size star. + The sun isthe biggest object and contain more than 99% mass. ‘Structure of Sun + The core: innermost part, 15 million centigrade, Nudear fusion, + The Photosphere: the part human see. 500 km thick, 5500 centigrade + The Chromosphere: reddish layer, temperature range 6000 to 50000 centigrade, this 's visible during solar eclipse when moon block the Photosphere. ©. The Corona: outermost layer of Sun, one million centigrade temperature, extend for rmllions of miles from surface of the sun. ‘Solar System divided into following A. Planets Planet, (from Greek planétes, “wanderers”), broadly, any relatively large natural body that revolves in an orbit around the Sun, Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 1 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS B. Dwarf Planet ‘According to the definition adopted by the IAU in 2006, a dwarf planet is, “a celestial body orbiting a star that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity but has ‘not cleared its neighboring region of planetesimals and is not a satellite. ©. Satellite Satellites move continually round the Earth or around another planet. D. Asteroids A large rocky body in space, in orbit around the Sun, E. Meteoroid: much smaller rocks or partices in orbit around the Sun. F. Comets: Comets are basically dusty snowballs which orbit the Sun. They are made of ices, such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane, mixed with dust. These materials came from the time when the Solar System was formed. ig: Milky-way Galaxy. Fig: Structure of Sun Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS DWARF PLANETS Fig: some Dwarf Planets. Pgs. are) Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 3 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Topic: Asia ‘+ Largest Continent by Land Area: Asia ‘+ Biggest Continent by Population: Asia ‘+ Mount Everest is the highest mountain on the Asian continent and the highest ‘mountain in the world. Its summit is 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) ‘+The Dead Sea sits at an elevation of -1,401 feet below sea level. Its surface and coastline border Israel to its west and Jordan to its east ‘+ The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth’s seabed hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,902 to 10,929 M. POPULATION tsi) AMERICA ANTARCTICA Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 4 Contact no: 03002556860, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Pld AUSTRALIA Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 5 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS TOPIC: Middle East + _Itis@ transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is most in North Aca). + Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest Middle Eastern nation while Bahraini the smallest. + Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group inthe region by 2 dear margin. + Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East, including Judaism, Christianity, and Ista. + Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group native to Western Asia + Kurdistan includes southeastem Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria, + Cyprus is anistand country of Middle East and disputed between Turkey and Greece. + Bosphorus Bridge of Turkey separates Asia and Europe. + The Deed Sea is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Ise! and the West Bank to the west. + ts impossible to drow in the Dead Sea because of its high salt content, which, famously, stops swimmers from sinking and enables them to float on its Surface, raft- ike. +The Red Sea isa seawater inlet ofthe Indian Ocean lying between Africa and Asia, The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strat and the Gulf of Aden, + Tropic of Cancer crosses Saudi Arabia, UAE and Oman, + UAE, the sovereign The sovereign absolute monarchy isa federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi which serves 2s the capital, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaim + the Golan Heights isthe area captured from Syria and occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, territory which has been administered as part of Israe! since 1981.. +The Cooperation Councl for the Arab States of the Gulf known asthe Gulf Cooperation Council isa regional intergovernmental politcal and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf ~ Bahrain, Kuwalt, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates ~ except Iraq The Charter ofthe GCC was signed on 25 May 1981, formally establishing the institution + Israelis the only Jewish state of Middle East and unofficial Nuclear Power. + Abraham Accords was singed between UAE and Bahrain and become 3" and 4 country to recognize Israel respectively + Egypt and Jordan aiready recognized Isreal Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 6 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS LEBANON, Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 7 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Country Capital Currency Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar cyprus Nicosia Euro Eaypt Cairo Egyptian pound Iran Tehran Iranian rial Treq Baghdad req dinar Isael ‘Jerusalem | Israel new shekel “ordan ‘Amman Jordanian dinar Kuwait Kuwait cty | Kuwait dinar Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound ‘Oman Muscat ‘Omani ial ‘tate of Palestine | Ramalah, | Israeli new shekel, Jordanian dinar East Jerusalem, Qatar Doha ata riyal ‘Saudi Arabia Riyadh ‘Saudi yal Sytia Damascus _| Syrian pound Turkey Ankara “Turkish a United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | United Arab Emirates dicham Yemen Sanaa Yemeni rial Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For 1e0s of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS TOPIC: Central Asia + The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, ‘Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan Caspian Sea(salt water Lake) in the west. China in the East Afghanistan in the South. Russia in the North, ‘There are five countries in Central Asia Landlocked country: a country that has no access to the open sez. ‘There are 49 Landlocked countries. Double Landlocked countries: Doubly landlocked means a resign is surrounded only by other landlocked regions, meaning you'd have to cross at least two borders to reach a coastline. The only doubly landlocked countries in the world are Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, + All the Central Asian Countries are Landlocked couritries and Uzbekistan is the conly country which is double landlocked. + Caspian Sea has linked with Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Iran and Russia, + Astana) from 1998 to 2019 was the capital city of Kazakhstan + In March 2019, it was renamed to Nur-Sultan after the departing Kazakh president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. + First President of Kazakhstan, in office from 24 April 1990{2] to hs resignation fon 19 March 2019. Aral Sea is also called sea of Islands ‘Aral Sea is a fresh water body Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Lake Balkash 15" largest in the world, (in Kazakhstan) ‘The lake is divided by a stralt into two distinct parts. The westem partis fresh water, while the easteim half is saline + Issyk-Kul is @_ lake in the Northern Tian Shan mountains in Eastern Kyrayzstan. + Its the seventh deepest lake in the world, the tenth largest lake in the world by volume (though not in surface area) and the second largest saline lake after the Caspian See. + _Issyk-Kul means “warm lake" in the Kyrgyz language; although itis surrounded by snow-capped peaks, it never freezes Table of capital and Currency Country {Capital | Currency Kazakhstan _ | Nur e Sultan | Tenge Kyrgyzstan _ | Bishkek Som Tajkistan [Dushanbe | Tajikistani Somoni Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qari US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 9 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Ashgabat | Manat Tashkent | Som RUSSIA % me ree CHINA Figure. MAP OF Central Asia Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 10 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Topic : Diff S Asia & S 7 South A: Prepared Contact no: For ‘South Asia covers about 5.2 milion km2, which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world's land surface area, ‘The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billon or about one fourth of te world's population, Making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the wor. Indian Ocean in the South, East Asia is at East, China at North and Middle East at west. India is the largest country area wise as well as area wise, Maldives is the smallest island on south Asia. Maldives is the Smallest country area wise as well as population wise ‘The flag of Nepalis triangle ‘There is dragon on Nepalese flag and loin on Sr Lankan Flag Overall, it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, over 24% of the world’s population, and is home to a vast array of people. ‘The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia, ‘There are two island countries irvSouth Asia: Sri Lanka and Maldives. “The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organization in the region which was established in 1985 and indudes all eight nations comprising South Asia. ‘One of the fost well-known subcontinent Is the Indian subcontinent, which was ‘once the country of India, but today includes Pakistan and Bangladesh. ‘Sometimes also called Indian Continent. Originally, sub continent is used in the concept of civilization. Such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, ‘In political sense Subcontinent includes 7 countries Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives except Afghanistan. 4 southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Indian Ocean is at South, China at North, Myanmar at East and Afghanistan at West of Indian Continent. Pakistanis located at the westem side of Sub continent. ‘Muhammad Owais Qari, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST n 13002556660, 03062794501 le0s of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS MAP OF SUB-CONTINENT Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Table of Currency and Capital Country [Capital Currency ‘Afghanistan | Kabut Afghani rupee sri tanka |i jayamar denepura | sri Lankan Rupee Maidves [alee fia Pakistan | Islamabad Rupee toda | New Deni Indian Rupee | ‘Bangladesh | Dhaka Taka ‘Bhutan | Thimphu Ngultrum Nepal | Bhutan Nepalese rupee Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 3 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS TOPIC: North America + North America discovered by Columbus 1582. + Its bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, tothe east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Paci Coean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, + Its the third-largest continent in area following Asia and Arica ‘Its fourth-largest continent in population, following Asia, Africa and Europe. +The United Nations formally recognizes "North America" as comprising three areas: Northern ‘America, Central America, and The Caribbean, This has been formally defined by the Ul Statistes Division Peroent of Earths Land: 16.5% Highest Point: Mt McKinley in Alaska, 20,322 (6,194) + Lowest Point: Death Valley in California, =282 ft (‘86m) below sea level + Continent Sze: 24,474,000 sq km, 9,449,460 sq miles ‘+ North American Countries :23 sovereign states Water Bodies + Bering Straits is between Russia and America + Panama canal separate Pacific Ocean from Atantc + Caribbean Seas the 2nd largest sea ofthe world following be South China Sea. ‘Superior Lake in USA-Canada and its Fresh Water lake ‘+ North America's only land connection to South Arnerica is atthe Isthmus of Daran/ Isthmus of Panama. +The Caribbean islands, or West Indies, are considered a part of North America + The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body oF water , + Transform fault the San Andreas fault Major Countries. ‘There are tree main counties North America Usa(Washington D.C. dolar) 50 states and I feera tet. “Two sates are seperate from the mainland Hawai(sland) and Alaska New York oy the largest cy of USA Rocky mountain range of North America isthe 2nd largest mountain anges foowing by Andes of south Areca CANADA(Ctiowe, Canadian dla largest cy is Tron, 10 provinces and 3 Tete. Mosiy freshwater bodies ae found in Conade “The border between Canada and USA is 49th Parallel Line Longest border of the wold (8881km) Five great lkes ore atthe borer of Canada and USA 1 Lake supetorlarges fresh water lke) 2: Lake Michigan 3 ke Huron 4 Lake Ere Soke Ontario St Lawrence Rivers between USA and Canada, Niagara Fal is between Lake Exe and Lake Ontario Hudson Bay the largest bay in the worla(Canada) ‘MEXICO(Mexico city) Isthmus of Panama Separate North America to South America and is come in Cental Americ 2 Gulfof Mexico i the largest Gulf af the Word Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 4 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘Cuba i the largest Carbbean country “Tropic of cancer pass through Mexico ané Bahamas “Time square (USA) i the famous square of the world (One Weorid Trade Center isin New York USA, ‘Boston is located on the Bank of Charles River. Chicago is located onthe Bank of Mississippi River. "New York is located on the Bank of Hudson River. Philadelphia is located on the Bank of Delaware River. San Francisco is located on the Bank of San Francisco River. Washington is located on the Bank of Potomac River. “Toronto is located on the Bank of Humber, Rouge river. ‘American Revolution (1765-1783) Cuban Revolution (26 July 1953 to Ist Jan 1959) Rocky Mountains of North America the 3d longest mountain ranges. Important countries ‘Bermuda (Hamiton, dll) Costa Rica (San Jose, colon) CubacHavana, peso) (Guatemela( Guatemala City, Quetzal) Jamaica( Kingston) Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 1s Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS PN So chet \ Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 16 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS —_— ©Grapitapscon 1s0"-w s fe aN Set United A plates ereh America Sergeie i ~ km . 4 aN % ‘ 12w ow ‘TROPIC OF CANCER \ aaca Mahaney NORTH | i an CARA, \ -, Jamaica) >-Dominican AMERICA HBetie Daye ISN Guatemala, Honduras 5 1 Salvador” \.~Wica 1 @ worldatlas “°" ceernat amenica “ Costa Riek rasw rare ssw grand Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST wv Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Rotation ‘© Earth spins on its ans from West to East (counterclockwise) ‘+ Earth takes 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds ‘© Days and nights are produced by the rotation of Earth Effects ‘© Formation of days and rights ‘© Apparent movements of sun and stars, © Knowledge of direction © Sense of time ‘© Deflation(a sudden change in direction) of winds and oceanic currents ‘© Rotation of earth causes a bulge at Equator ‘© Regular intervals of tides Revolution : ‘+ Earth spins or revolve around the sun ‘Earth takes one full year to complete one full revolution around the sun this path is known as Earths orbit ‘© Earth revolves and covers a distance 595 milion mils ih 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.5 seconds. Effects ‘Due to earth i ited with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit. ‘© Earth tiled half years to the North Pole Ad half year tothe south pole. + The Hemisphere that i tied towards the sun has a longer day ‘+ When itis summer in Norther Hemisphere, It tited towards the sun, And winter in Southem Hemisphere + If Earth’ axis was not tited each night and day everywhere on the earth would always be 12 hours long and there would be no seasons. ‘+ Earth is closest tothe sun in January and farthest away in July ‘+Summer fs longer than winter inthe northern Hemisphere + In Southern Hemisphere the winter is longer than summer. Equinox + Means equal day and nights + 21 March ané 23% Sentember Solstice + Means unequal day length + 21,22 December and 21,22 June Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Fry Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS World Flat Polar Quartic Projection Map Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 19 Contact no: 03002556860, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘+ Europe Isa continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere + tis bordered by the Arctic Ocean tothe north, the Atlantic Ocean tothe west, Asia tothe east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south + Europe covers about 10,180,000 square klometers (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% ofthe Earth's, sutface (6.8% of land area). + Scandinavia is a region in Norther Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ies. The term Scandinavia in local usage covers the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. ‘+ Or to the broader Scandinavian region induding Finland and Toeland. *+ The terms Baltic region, Baltic Rim countries (or simply Baltic Rim), and the Bale Sea countries refer to sightly different combinations of counties inthe general area surrounding the Baltic Sea ln Northern Europe and on the easter coast ofthe Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, + UNITED KINGDOM: consists of four component countries—England, Scotland, Wales, and Northem Ireland. England isthe largest ofthe UKs four states + Great Britain: s the name ofthe largest island in the British Isles and is ado a poltical entity Consisting of three countries: England, Scotiand, and Wales. + English Channel - isthe body of water that separates southern England from continental Europe, and links the North Sea to the Aantic Ocean. It is aso the busiest shipping area in the world. + Mediterranean Sea - isa sea of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely encosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia + Norwegian Sea ~ is a sea in the Arctic Ocean that is northwest of Norway. ‘Sea of Marmara - also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, isthe inland sea that Connects the Black Sea tothe Aegean Sea, thus Soparating Turkey's Aslan and European parts + Volga River is considered asthe longest European River, It travels the length of Russia ina southerly direction and empties ito the Caspian Sea. ‘+The Danube; known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga, The Danube River has its source in Germany and flows through rine ather counties. Paris is located in northern central France, river Seine. [3% Positon population wise and 6% by area. Highest Point Mount Elusi08ifeet Lowest Point Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, tran and Turkmenistan) ~ 91.9 feet Ural mountain Range, Lake Baal fresh water lake hieghest lake in Russia (deepest lake) Belo ye-More isthe largest shipping canal of Russia located in Baltic Sea Volga-Moscow| Russia) shipping canal Volga river i the longest river of Russia source: valdai Plateau and outflow in Caspian Sea, Don the fiver of Russia + Gota canal isthe shiping canal situated in Sweden + Houston and Delaware canals ae presented in France + Grand canal i oldest man made canal for shiping in China «The smallest sea of the world is Batic Sea + Netherlands is below the sea level ‘+ France has the longest summer day and Capital of Iceland Reykjavik has the longest day. Cities on Bank rivers ‘+ Budapest on River Danube + Paris on River Seine + London on River Thames + Rome on River Rhine + Greenwich Mean Time was established in 1884 ‘+ Black forest isthe name of mountain in Germany Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 20 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘Wars and Revolution or Europe French Revolution 1789 War of roses (1455-1485) Gil War of England Hundred year war fought between France and England (1338-1453) “The seven years war (1756- 1763) was fought between England and Prussia Battle of Waterloo fought between French and British World War 1 (1914 1918) won by Belgium Britain and defeated Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany ottoman empire. ‘+ World War 2 1939 to 1945 won by Austria, Canada China, France U. $ Famous airline + Altai (Italy) + Baits airways (UK) KLM Netherlands) ‘+ Lufthansa (Germary) Bond street isstuated in England famous for Jewelery and clothing 10 downing Street (Enoland) News Agencies AAFP (France) + AGI, ANSA(Italy), Anatoia(Turkey), interfax( Russia), Itar-Tass(Russia), Reuters (Britain) FOR EUROPE a Euro [EUR] LekfALL] Albanian la Euro [EURO] Catalan Euro [EURO] German Slovane Hungarian Minsk Belarusian Belgarusian ruble [BYR] Russan Brussis Euro [EUR] Dutch French Sarajevo Convertible Bonsanian mark [BAM] Serbian Sofia Lev [BGN] Bulgarian Zagreb Kuna [HRK] Croatian Prague Czech Cazech koruna [c2k] imme Danish Danish krone [DKK] Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST a Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Tall Euro [EUR] Estonian forshavn Faroese Danish krona [DKK] — Euro [EUR] Finnsh ‘Swedish Euro [EUR] French CEP franc [FPX] Berlin Euro [EUR] _ German ae oe pound [GIP] Athenes Euro (EUR] Greek Boe fst] sterlingc [GBP] Budapest Forint [HUF] Hungarian Reykjavik Icelandic. Icelandic krona [ISK] ma Dublin Euro [EUR] Irish English Douglas Manx pound Pound sterling [GBP] Euro [EUR] _Ttalian Semthaier oud sterlingd [GBP] [Kosovo Pristina Euro [EUR] latvia yg Euro [EUR] Latvian Vaduz Swiss franc German (CHF) ‘Ditheania Vilnius Euro [EUR] Lithuanian Luxembourg Euro [EUR] French German Luxembourgish Skopje Macedonian Macedonian denar [MKD] Albanian Valtta Euro [EUR] Maltese Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Maldovan __Moldavan leu [MDL] Euro {EUR] French Euro [EUR] Serbo croatian Euro [EUR] Dutch Norwegian Norwegian krone [NOK] Zloty [PLN] Polish Euro [EUR] Portuguese Romanian Romanian leu [RON] ino Euro [EUR] Italian Belgrade Serbian Serbian dinar [RSD] Bratislava Euro [EUR] Slovak Ljubljana——_—Euro [EUR] _Slovanian Madrid Euro [EUR] Spanish Longyearbyen Norwegian krone [NOK] Stickholm Swedish ‘Swedish krona [SEK] Bein Swiss franc German French Italian Tiraspol Transnistrian rubled [PRB] Kiew Ukrainian Ukrainian hhryvina [UAH] London Pound English sterling [68°] Vantican city Euro [EUR] Latin Italian Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 23 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Map of Europe. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Ti f the Worl Strait: is naturally formed or a channel which lies between two water bodies Prepared Palk Strait connects Bay of Bangal and guff of Manner Malacca strait connects Indian Ocean and Pacific ocean and it separates Malaysia and Norther island of Indonesia Sumatra (busiest strait of the world) Makassar Strait connects Celebes sea to Java sea and separates Borneo atthe west and Sulawesi (Istand of Indonesia) at the east. ‘Sunda strait connects Java sea to Indian Ocean and and separates Sumatra and Java Island of Indonesia ‘Tsugaru Strait connects sea of Japan and Paci Coean and separates two Japanese. (sland Hokkaido and Honshu Strait of Tartary connects sea of Japan to sea of Okhotsk and separates south east, Russia and island of Sakhalin, ‘Strait of Formosa connects East China Sea to South China Sea afd Separates China and Taiwan, Hurmoz strait connects Persian Gul to Guif of Oman(Main oi trading route of Gulf countries) Bab AL mandeeb connects Red sea and Gulf of Aden, It sp@iates Asia from Africa, Mozambique strait i n Indian Ocean and separates Madagascar and Mozambique Bosphorus Strait connects Black sea to Sea Marmara ‘Ornato Strait connects Adriatic Sea to ionioan See and separates Italy from Albania, Messina Strait connects ionian sea to Terranan Sea and separates Sialy and Calabria, ‘Strait of Bonifacio connects Terrarian Sea to West Mediterranean Sea and Separates Corsica and Sardinia Dardanelle Strait connects Augean Sea and Sea of Marmara it sperates European Turkey to Asian Turkey ‘Strait of Gibraltar connects Mediterranean Sea to Adantic Ocean and separates Morocco to Spain Torres Strait in Pacific Ocear! And separates Australa(cape York) and New Guinea( Papua New Guinea) Bass Strait in South Pacific Ocean And separates Victoria mainland of Australia to Tasmania (southern istand of Australia) Cook strait separates North New Zealand to South New Zesland And connects Tasman ‘ea to South pacific ocean, Fovesie Strait ‘Yucatan Strat connects Gulf of Mexico to Caribbean Sea and separates Mexico and Cuba, Florida Strait connects Gulf of Mexico to Atlantic Ocean and separates US and Cuba Hudson Strait connects Hudson Bay to Labrador sea and separates Quebec and Baffin Island of Canada Davis Strait connects Baffin Bay to Atlantic Ocean and separates Greenland and Canada Denmark strait connects Greenlan and Iceland Magellan strait in Tierra del fueogo, South America connects Atlantic Ocean to Pacic Ocean English Channel connects North sea to2??, and separates France and England North strait separates Scotiand and Ireland. It connected trish sea with Atlantic Bearing strait connects Artic Ocean to pacific ooean and separates Russia and China ‘Muhammad Owais Qari, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2s Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For le0s of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS LUN name was suggested by Roosevelt. Founded on 24% Oct, 1945 in Francisco, California Motto of UN: its your world United Nations Organization (UNO): The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the ‘Second Worid War (1939 to 1945) by 54 countries + Purpose of UN to maintaining international peace and security, developing frieridly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards-and human rights. Japan is the largest budget contributor to UN after US. First secretary General of UN Trygve lie. Current Secretary General is Antonio Guterres. Pakistan officially joined the United Nations (UN) on'30 September 1947 “The headquarters of the United Nations isin Manhattan, New York City. Since its inception the membership of the Organization has grown to)193 States. UN is Democratic Organization UN day: 24 Oct 193 members and 2 observer states: Palestine’anld The Vatican City. UN charter consists of 111 articles. There are 6 organs of UN GERNAL Assembly, Security Council, Ecohomic and Social Council, The international Court of Justice, The Trusteeship Counciband the Secretariat ‘+ But there are only 5 organs whiclrare working except Trusteeship Council after the independence of ‘Palau. + There are six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian Arabic was added in 1973s UN official language. ‘There are two working languages of UN English and French GERNAL Assembly: (Parliament of World) Decision pass by 2/3 majority 5 representative are allowed state and one vote. LUN suspend the membership on the recommendation of SC. GA approve the Budget. Emergency session of the GA may require 9 votes of SC and majority of GA votes. ‘© UNGA replace the UN commission on Human Right into UN Human Rights Council (on 15 March 2006, Security Council. ‘+ In New York conference, it was decided to establish SC. 15 members ‘= 10 non-permanent (for two Years) ‘+ 5-permanent Members( China, Britain, America, Russia, and France) ‘+ Come into existence on 12 Jan, 1946 and there was 6 members of SC. + 17" December 1963 it members extend 15 members ‘© PRESIDENCY rotates alphabetically for one month. ‘+ GA appoints non permanent members. ‘+ Any one ofthe five permanent members have the power of veto. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 26 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘SECRETARIAT ‘+The Secretariat is the United Nations’ executive arm. +The Secretary-General, is the head of the secretariat ‘© who is appointed by the General Assembly + Day to day working of UN is at Secretariat. ‘© Secretariat building is at New York. ‘© Pakistan has been elected seven times (tied with Colombia and India) into the UN Security Council, with the most recent term in 2013 ‘+ Muhammad Zafarullah Khan served as the President of the UN General Assembly. ‘and was the first Asian and the only Pakistani to preside over the International Court of Justice ‘© Ban ki moon(South Korea) became the first East Asian to be selected @s the ‘Secretary-General and the second Asian overall after U Thant (belong to Burma) * Seer neral Inited Nation: ‘+ Head ofthe United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal dans ofthe United Nations ‘+ Anténio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres European Portuguese born 30 April 1949) is 2 Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving a§ the ninth Secretary-General of the United Nations. ‘+ Anténio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres bom 20 April 1949) is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth Secretary-General of the United Nations. ‘+ 9th Secretary-General ofthe United Nations Guterres was the Prime Minister of Poytugal from 1995 to 2002 Member of Secretariat General Assembly Nominator Security Counc Appointed General Assembly UN Secretary-General - Over the years Antonio Guterres Feria Togve tie 1 Thant of Annan rey) (Myanma) (Guay {aaeets2 wpenigr {Beaver 1937-2006 6 8 & @ 8.02880 ‘Dag Hammarskjold Kurt Waldheim Boutros ‘an Ki Moon reser (hase) Boutror-chati_ (South Karea) {955-1961 {ares oven So0r2016 {982 + Term length Five years, renewable (traditionally imted to two terms) + Trygve lie he resigned in 19526 Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 27 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Dag Died ina plane crash in Norther Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on @ peacekeeping mission to the Congo. Hammarskj6ld was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize for Peace posthumously. U thant was the fist Asian Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the United Nations were the recipients of the 2001 Nobel Prize for Peace. Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General and the second Asia overall after U Thant + Trusteeship Council Defunct organ of UN Only one vote has each member 1 terres were placed under the wusteship system Members of Trusteeship Counc US, China, Russa, UK and France. “The last was Pala, formerly par of the Test Terry ofthe Pads Ilan, which became @ member state ofthe United Nations in December 1954, + Inactive (As of 1854) +The Trusteeship Counal suspended its operation on 1 Neverthe 1994, and although under the United Nations Charter it continues to ext on papers future role and even existence remains uncertain, + Theint nal ae ‘sometimes caled the Worl Cour, is the princal judical organ of the United Nations (UN). Established. 1945 (PCL dissolved in 1946) Location The Hague, Netherlands ‘Authorized by UN Charter IC) Statute “Judge term length 9 years ‘Number of postions 15 President Currenty Abdu Qaw Yusuf is @ Somali lawyer and judge “The IC) comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms. ‘+The court is seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, making it the only pringpal NK. organ not Jocated in New York Cty ‘+ Its offidal working languages are English and French, + ECOHOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL «reponse for Cordinating the economic and socal fields ofthe organization, specially in regards tothe 15 specialzed agencies, the eight functional commissions ard the fv regional commissions under ts jurisdiction Atbreaon ECOSOC Formation 1945; 74 years 90 “Tipe Priipal vn ofthe Utd Nations Headquarters: New York, United States President Mone uu UNG eet 52 member of UNESOC Before 1965 tere mere 18 members $ regorel commissions ae existed by UNESOC “he presdent ofthe coun = elatea fora cne-year tem and chosen from he smal omic Szed powers representa on the Cour the besinnng ofeach new session Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 28 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘The presidency rotates among the United Nations Regional Groups to ensure equal representation ‘+The Economic and Social Council Chamber inthe United Nations Conference Building was a gift from Sweden, ‘+ Ambassador Inga Rhonda King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was elected asthe seventy- fourth President of the Economic and Social Council on 26 July 2018, Five Regional commissions United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Ecanomic Commision for Africa United Nations Ecanomic Cammisson for Latin America and the Caribbean United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Ecanomic and Social Commission for Western Asia special; a 7 il Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Civil Avation Organization (ICAO) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Intemational Lobour Orgaization (ILO) Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF) Intemational Maritime Organization (IMO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Universal Postal Union (UPU) World Bank Group (WEG) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Intemational Development Association (IDA) Intemational Finance Corporation (IFC) Muttiateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) International Centre for Setternent of Investment Disputes (ICSID) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteotological Organization (WMO) Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS League of Nation & European Union e League of Nation Was the frst worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace Twas founded on 10 January 1920 Neodquarters : Geneve Founder: Woodrow Wikon Under the Treaty of Versailles league of Nation formed League of Nation isthe Chie of War Of the League's 42 founding members, 23 (24 counting Free France) remained Members unt it was dlsolved in 1946 Common languages French and English eeooes ° European Union French Minister Aristide Brian's suggest the idea of European féation with League of Nation “The European Union (EU) is political and economic union 27 member states that are located primarly in Europe. “The UK left the EU at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020. Administratve Centre Brussels Official languages 24 Motto: united in avery President of the Counc: Donald Tusk formed When the Maastrcht Treaty came into force in 1993 Formed on 1 November 1993, Euro currency Established 1 January 1999 Euro curency:19 “The Eurozone, officially taliéd the euro area is.@ monetary union of 19 ofthe 29 European Union (EU) member states which have adopted the euro (€) asthe common currency and soe legal tender “The monetary authority ofthe Eurozone isthe Euro system. “The Eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, inland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lt hueria, Luxembourg, Malt, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovekia, Sovena, and Spain ECO, RCD & SCO POO eeeeee oeee ee A. ECO “Old name of ECO is the regional Cooperation for development (RCD) Pakistan, Iran and Turkey established RCD for promoting cultural, technical and economic cooperation. ‘+ RCD was established on 21* July 1964 and was annulled in 1979. ‘+ 11992 Seven new members were added: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Usbekistan, Tajkistan, Turkmenistan. ‘+ 28 November, is referred to as "ECO Day”. ‘+ ECOis political and economic intergovernmental organization founded in 1985 in Tehran by the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 30 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘Motto; "Sustainable socioeconomic development for the people of the region” ‘+ Offical languages English ‘+ Important objectives of ECO is to establish a single mark ‘+The ECO's secretariat and cultural department are located in Tran, + its economic bureau is in Turkey and ‘+ Its scentic bureau is situated in Pakistan, Member states :10 members ‘Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan ‘Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Lobserver Northern Cyprus “Total member of ECO 10 ECO replaced RCD in 1985 “The Secretary-General of ECO is selected for 3 years Principal objectives of ECO: sustainable economic development, remove the barriers of trade and promote intra region trade and promoting stability inthe region, Headquarters of ECO Tehran ‘+ How many founding members of ECO :3 “The General Secretariat (GS) consists of six crectorates under the supervision ofthe Secretary- General and his deputies ECO Directorate of Trade & Investment CO Directorate of Energy, Mineral & Environment ECO Directorate of Transport & Communications ECO Directorate of Econamic Research & Statistics CO Directorate of Project Research & Development Last summit 1% March 2017 Islamabad Pakistan Current Secretary-General is Hadi Soleimsnpour of Tran Pakistani secretary Generals Smashed Ahmed August 1992 = July 1996 ‘+ Khurshid Anwar August 2006 = July 2009 sco ‘+ China founded Shanghal five April 1996 ‘+ Members of Shanghai Five at the time of establishing: Russa, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajkistan. ‘+ In June 2001 after the joining of Uzbekistan the name of Shanghai five changed into SCO ‘+ The Shanalai Cooperation Organization (SCO), or Shanghai Pact, s @ Eurasian potical, economic, ‘and secunty alliance, ++// the ceation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghal, China by the leaders of Chine, Kezaknstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajkistan, and Uzbekistan; the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, formally establishing the organization, was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003, ‘+ The orignal five ations, with the exclusion of Uzbekistan, were previously members ofthe Shanghai Fie group, founded on 26 April 1996. ‘+ Since then, the organization has expanded its membership to eight countries when India and Pakistan jolned SCO as ful members on 9 June 2017 at a summit in Astana, Kazakhstan Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST En Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Formation 2001 ‘Type Mutua security, political, economic organization Headquarters: Bejing, China Membership : 8 member states China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Urbekistan observer states ‘+ Afghanistan, Belars, Irn, Mongols 6 dialogue partners ‘+ Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Si Lanka Turkey 4 quest attendances ‘Assocation of Southeast Asian Nations Commonwealth of independent States “Turkmenistan, United Nations Official language, Chinese and Russian Secretary Genera: Vadimie Norov is a former Minister of Foreign Affals of Usbekstan and the ‘current Secretary General of the Shanghai Cooperation Orgarization. He was appointed to this pesition on July 12, 2006 and served unt December 2010. ‘+ He was appointed to his current positon on June 10, 2018 atthe 2018 SCO summit and took office ‘on New Years Day in 2019 ‘+ summit 14-15 June 2019 Bishkek, Kyrayzstan ‘+ Last Summit July 2020 Saint Petersburg, Russia Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS International Organizations (Headquarters & President/General Secretary) international | Headquarters] President/General | Purpose Organizations Secretary Sekine — are er a aa Ba ten fo a) ‘ae pen ee ae scndenakacien oad (icp at pos moreno a a oe ‘i pee a ee eae Ea aro Sons enn ets coo age Eas eee eee ee acer ema oa ca a ara ier taste os ca facto Tada tae | Cae nd — Seca a ae cdr oecopmen cn ca Sa eho Gaea Batnd [Teer Rnon | Dan nr al Seton niga oe or cae Taina pa ‘Scoognaon 1) Sa oe ea a ime dito ara — ea ET eT ehorednmmatoar ToT RSH ap ST — ite od poe aa Dyna pomaga rome sate ee a Fe eee oe Somices Proectan sean Sane cas | PE a RT ‘ron po Tac oT Serara cones Wiceazorcaemeerectomest Srnec) pee tC] Fi Fe ari on ee Industrial | Vienra, Austria Wore seseanoeeaee ocoeyor tia tyeomgane (woo) Sitemark coho amano sere Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qari, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS International toms Energy Vienna, Austin Comal Fanta Totelp and matvatein research, gency evelopment and pactal aplication of storie energy fr peaceful uses. ‘Gegaisaion of Pevoleum —| Vienna, Atma Tworammd Bands Regulate oltrade and price Exporting Counties (OPEC) : “amnesty international | London, UE EEO oman ighis watchdog International Maritime | London, UK ‘tack im "To regulate safety of shipping vole’ Organisation In eternationl wide ‘Commonweal of Nations —| London, Uk Pavia Satine South ian Association for | Kathmandu, Nepal ‘jad Hussain 83a] To promote eeonatik, socal and Regional Cooperation cultural gronah among member states (saane) ‘esoaation of SoutREast [Jalan iadonewa Tim oek War Torenhnee economic growth aaa Nations (ASEAN) progress and cultura! development in the region tough joint efforts ‘ia Pat Economic Sieapare "TSbatak Rebecca Fatima [To promote econome growth and Cooperation (APEC) rosprty forthe region. ‘North tiantie Treaty ras, igor Tene Sonenbere Tei purpose was to protect sates ‘Organisation (NATO) (secretary Genet ftom communist counties Intemational Cricket Coun | Oubal UAE ‘Mara Sahwney To regulate Intemational Cicket. tice Food & Agricultural Tome, ay ‘Ga beraye Traine to Fight hunger, povery and Organisation (20) sanation inthe word International Court The Vague, The etherand | Abdalgawi oust ithar2 manfunctone sustce ‘to settle legal putes in accordance ‘th international aw ‘Tortve advice on matters brought to Taternational OWRBIE Tausanne,Switerand [TH oneh Promote olympics throughout the world Committee ‘and make the world better place ‘hrovgh spor The Faawraion Zach Swed Gian eating ‘espe fr managing and oreaniing Internationale de Football international toureament ‘Associaton (FFA) “The Organization forthe | The Hogue, The Wethelands| Fernando Aas "To make ea ee Worn Chemical Prohibition af Chemical weapon fee ‘weapons (OPCW) World Wide FundforWature | Avetve duWont@ine, | Pavan Suihder (wwe) ‘lari, Vaud Switerand ‘Shanghai Cooperation eying. china Viadini norev ramote wade, poll relations, ‘Organization (SCO), economy, tence and technology among member tates Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 4 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For ideos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS ‘Topic: OLD & NEW NAMES OF CITIES AND COUNTRIES, FAMOUS STREETS. ARMIES, PARLIAMENT, BOUNDARIES AND DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF SCIENCE, STOCK EXCHANGE AND BIOGRAPHIES World cities with Old Names: Old and New Names of Countries: ‘OldName of New Name of Old New Old New City/State/Country_| City/State/Country_| ‘Aoystiia | Ethiopia | Kampuchea | Camboda | [Argon nha ‘British | ‘Guyana ‘Malaya Malaysia sengsore ene Suave Bechuanaland Botswana: Burma Tayanmar | Mesopotami | Weq faaar souwan a Calta ‘alkata Ceylon Sritanka | Nippon Japan (Cape Canaveral (Cape Kennedy Congo Tare Northern | Zambia Central Province Madhya Pradesh odes Ceyon Srilanka Dahomey | Benin sia a titsia os fat | Indonesia | Siam Thailand bak Be | ee Uyapur Fasalatad Formasa | Taiwan | South West | Namibia Contatinople Istanbul Aiea Dacca Dhaka Gold Coast | Ghana en ‘Zimbabwe Dahomey Benin Holland The The New | Vanuatu Mackas Chennai Netheriands_| Hebrides Pera tran anaibar_—__| Tanzania Paling om Famous Paintings: fete ore na ne Painting Painter fargo Yangon Mona Usa Leonardo Da Vine! “The Scream. Edvard Munch Saigon Ho Chi Minh City “Creation of Adam Michelangelo Salsbury Ware Sunflowers Vineent Van Gogh Get Nest parune ip | Rene Magite Ssacch ad Hawaian Wands Poppies in a Field ‘Claude Monet Simla Shima The Last Supper Leonardo Oa Viel Dove of Peace Picasso ‘Le Moulin del Galette | Auguste Renoir Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Lear 35 ing For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS DISTINCTIVE NAMES OF COUNTRIES / CITIES rer 4 sen Yor Bra of Souh Enna none iy of Bazare Cate Eon, FaBaaen Cihy Lnassa (Crna), ~ Cat Cages Lire Catenin an That chy? City of Ghosts and Temples Banaras nia) ~~ Garden of South india toe fore), Guava of Patton SO aoe ay en oo Nenveysusn ae deen Sen oonter ‘in ene Dar Conte fra ooo) Gretrtametine Pace Japan ‘Equator of the Earth ‘The Himalayas (Asia) Cand of Thousand Islands Einianss ‘foun Goes! Arata Mana otwinte Copnants Thala Jie ot Coves Zancbar (Tarzan) “Landa Whe Elephants Than yee of Pearls Bat (Persi ‘Pearl of Antilles Cube’ eyo ine Westoraean Gbratay acotteries > Sat of rater “Kagetinaonowes Tea CPoypoind of europe) \ Swizetand lancer catee Seatans recta the Sea The Gu Seam Go ot besets Ria lore of nia pas Seer rivers ar Troutertne ote Fhe Pars Mand of Golden Fiber Bangladesh ¢Siicon Vale Calfomia \ardotcaien Pesce Austala ‘iver oy oer sland of ape Canaca “Boron otchna “Tha vang Ho owt ‘and tte ingh Sun Noway ettemans Grace Guinea Cunt oat ‘Wd ofthe Morning Calm Korea (AS) “Windy Cty Chicago Wand ofthe Rising Sun Japan OLD AND NEW NAMES CHANGED NAMES OF PLACES Clsname ——NewName _\\Farmose Tawan noe ta Viena Ebina ForLamy —N'Djmena——_Peerg cn) ap eres) Ako Frunae Seenee rs in Anger key) Anard Véreeriand Kala Ninast_ pn Palsy) Bo on Tues) Aaya Motard Nemetane Rhone Ens ra (reece) hens ampuctea Canosa” Salty ren ebay (na) Muna on Geman) Sion rand Sitanka iugn Then Samana Vérnstana_\ “Os grad ios onantnople. tart yatou Ure vote Bu Culkata (india) Kolkuta ‘Malagasy ee dutch East Indonesia Mesopotamia vachGurea Sutra eigen VVessiPatitan Bangin fouma Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 6 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Important Streets and Reasons They are Famous for: Seetiane [Resort ar tanear | [Sore TTT on [eager | am oe or fognontnezege | [Seon vate, “Ofice of Global echnology Comparnes, Shere [Saree | Lesmoe™ —([ieaieo Parliaments of Different Countrie. s croatia Sabor —— of World: Cuba [National Assembly OF People’s Power Denmark Folin Country Parllament East Timor Constituent Asem ighanitan fan [Peoples Asemey Fass" [Peon sens ————| algeria National People's sen | feStaaar —— [tee eee ada ——[ eps arm see General Council Ethiopia Federal Council And House Of ng al People's Ra feces Aen Rational Congres Tans Sent Howe OF prea ie Feder Peet = ee fast atoms Aen Fane natn Asn Azerbaijan ‘Melli Majlis. ‘Germany, ‘Bundestag (Lower House) And Bundesrat tatamas Genera Asan {Upper Howe) sake Consutaie Cour Gea aan —[rotanet gaat [ints Pata ae habe Depts Belts Taian Aen ans non ves thts Tog ae Taio er ‘al Tatra Congres ised ee seo ‘inal Seni ind Sarat tea ational conges indi rope Comat seni Britain Parliament (House Of Commons And | “20. Mofts Nowe Of i Tsien Rae rama Taina a ee Siesta aria "Narodno Sabranie Asrae! The Knesset_ ‘Cambodia [ National Assembly "a ‘Chamber Of Deputies Ard Senate “nah Praise ———— ae Diet ina [aco ep aceany —— [8 oi ena Congres ee Prt cree Page A coon eg ae oressouh] | Natal ae “Gomoros__~} Legislative Council And Senate await "National Assembly Cone Donat | te OFiatotlageatie a [St Tato Aer cae [iene Comet ge [ae Hosen Ase Latvia _ ‘Seeima J Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qari, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & BAST ” Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS Different Sciences and Fields of Study: Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 le0s of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners) For a elds ae as SR Soe — eee sear ae eyo “Aatinot ‘the study ofthe effects of radiation on lving || Bacteriology | the study of bacteria _| es eae tse sete ar a OES Tato — |e suo i ec a gion emia | sage —[ Waly sober jenn —[hentsttasecone a ee Aeiooer —[emeial sidy of the Gua |Last pts at Sean woe | mtr te ioe of even ‘Nroiology ‘the study of things of which we are by lustrate the changing structure of human tate tran oF of hs wih oat food iim Trobegy | the study of plat nation and own thing rans ana ther ronan, ‘elation to soll conditions i Sometimes spelied “escology” [Eampaniogy [the study ane the arto bel rngng tase) Nbr ta ol [Carioiogy —T the study ofthe nest Senetony end Stan | Hesuatees fang — Hi yam = sual et heer Seeley the study ofcrog cas, Epidemiology [the study of the orgin and apread of Tcl — ed ofc a Ontology | ‘the study of existence ier ae “Of the nature and origins oF Onto | te sud is TEijeey —] the prac of ecaping om a oF Osteology ‘the study of bones | Genecok a Cer sa | Se RR aH TES Paste of of er er Geonames Pedy [eu ca penssoa—[esoaveroact nate — hee verony | the sence of measuring me and fowe onhdee ee __| ng tines fiecogy [eso roaiedas | [RGR festa fico) [eu oo co ae Semiolgy | the study of sigs mesen — tie sya ees a a Seenogy [ett mn ee Speleclogy | the study of exploration of eaves - oe | the study of butterfly and mothe Seog) [es Bede toemaae— esata — Theology | the study of regions fReseorsogy —[ he sus of westhe Tay [ih one tart fe suaret me Toxo [ey oon [tne [ett Tregy — [ie oa nip foes — [estoy oft adams ——| Verileiogy | the study of fogs Nessiogh ——] ae tus of nerves Hye. [te tnod ouster [aes Cootegy TF the a soar 38NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS International Boundary lines: Sr. | Nameofthe | Details Stock Exchanges in World: Boundary Hock Exchange Line Tew York Stock Exchange USA T | Marginalline | 320%mine offorifeation onthe] MESS USA Aussia Finland border Toto tock change Japan Z| Ure of Actual | India & China on the Nowthera Shang: Stock Exchange Chica Control Border rong Kong Stok Exchange Hong kong 3 | Line of contrat —| inci and Pakistan Condon Stock Exchange Britain Durand tine | Afghanistan and Pakistan [Teonese European Union 5 | Radclfle Line | India and Pakistan (its includes Shershen Stock Exchange China Bangladesh Line) Toromt Stock Exchange Canada | Bie tine Israel & Lebanon Dewtiche Boorse Germany 7 [Purple tine Israel and Syria Fatstan Stock Exchanga(PSx) | Pakistan 3 | Greentine ‘sraelandits neighbours eevet, | | Sombey Stock Frchange traia Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) LIBSE/SENsexy 3 | Mason-bien Maryland and ine Hemeang *e/Petwareincoions! | Armies of some countries in the world: 30 | Corton tine | poten & Re List below incides thse amy names which ae commonly a] Military ‘North Korea and South Korea arg henn. Demarcation [ountry —[ Army Line (MOU) or calghanistan Afghan National Amy ‘Armistice Line albania ‘banian Land Force 12 _| Memohan Line | Tndia & China ies ‘Algeran People's National Army 13 [ Maginet ine —T France & Germany J [augur Belgian Land Component Se] ponhernein | Rusa rnin sei Se Te 7 lemme] fee Gabon werd 7 ‘Gambia Gambian National Army 7a Faeroe ne ton ermanya = amar hatost ume a7) were ‘ormewmest] Sardan Roya Jordanian Army sarang Wods Whe) austin atath Ground Fores = wae To Korean oop eaaay Gand ToE 3 aye gaa South Kore Republi of Korea Army z er Turkey Turkish Land Forces = a Turkmen Turkmen Ground Forces = ae an (panda Uganda Arm Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST » Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS List of Famous Autobiographies ‘Author Book Name Rarald Reagan | The Reagan Davies Name. ‘Sigmund Freud__| An Autobiographical Study (AP Abdul alam [ Wings fire Thomas ferson_| Autobiography 1743-1790 note a = Usain lt Faster than Lightning: My Autobiography ber sien | Astobiographi Woes Cut sh | Shatabrama Tne Frank | The Diary ofa Young Gi Shahab ‘old {otal ea My Ubefeaby Troe fe [ WnstonGurchil_[ Mem othe Second Word War ae aie Winston hurt | My Early if: 1874-1908 sabur Babumama Barack Obama | Dreams from My Father Berito Mussolini | My Autobiography: With the Pltcal and Social Doctrine of Fascism Gerjan Fankin_| The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Bertrand Russell_| The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell ‘Charles Darwin | The Recollection ofthe Development oF My Mind an Character Cares Dickens | Autobiographical Fragment Care Chapin | My Autobiography Daitama Freedom in Bxle Hilary Rodham | Uving History Glton _awaharlalehru | Towards Freedom Jean-Paul Sarte | The Words Leo Tobtoy My Confession Margaret ‘Margaret Thatcher: The AUtobIOgrphy Thatcher | Marlyn onroe—[ My Stony Mahatma Gandhi_| The sory of My xperments wth Truth Michael ackson | Moonwalk Muhanad Ai "| The Greatest My Own Story Nekon Mardela | ALong Walk to Freedom Aw Kian Friends Not Masters sear Wide De Profundis Betatcatutta 1 naveter of Bacio Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qami, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST ‘0 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)NOTES OF GERNAL SCIENCE FOR PST, JEST & ALL JOBS List of world Famous Squares: List of World famous architectures Square Name Country /wonders of the world: a aca (oxo ‘Architect/ Wonder | Location ananmen SUNT Grins Besng Leahy SePetera Square TVatean Gy re esate ocala Men (Meza Gly) ach Pha chupeciaPe Times Sau USA New Yor Chat he Rede Te de nerd Tari Squre yot (ai) es Tera Takin Square Turkey (stan Seats ‘ie Marjeh Square Syria Oamascs) Great Pam Gam cia ‘Shah Square ‘an (Isfahan) eS waste peat “a tere ons loneur a Dam square Netherlands (Anaterdan [ee amet 7 pee Teafaar Sqr Ui (london) eset at Seana ce Hangg Garden OPED Van | Wiha Temp of A Tur List of World famous Tower ¢ i in Near Past: TowerName | Location Military Operations in Near Past: fel Tower Feanee, Pas 7 vay Sue ‘Operation | Countryinwhich Fis Tower aly Psa Name operation is conducted Big Ben. London, England ‘Operation Enduring | Afghanistan CN Tower Canada, Toronto eat Set anee = Beh Freedom Sentinel | Afghanistan Thre Pagodas na, al ; Petronas Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur fesolueSuspen_f Aiansin Empire State USA, New York ‘Chammal Syt Building Timber Sycamore __| Syria The Shard England, London (lve Branch syria space Needle USA, Washington Operation Shader | Syria ‘Carton Tower | China, Guangzhou aq Freedom ag Mesrtot an Aghantan Shara Inherent Resolte | rag & Syria ae er Nepture Spear Pakistan Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarmi, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners) a