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    T.H.G. Megson - Aircraft Structures For Engineering Students

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    Bijesh Jayan

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    AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS T.H. G. MEGSON SI Units AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES for Engineering Students T. H. G. MEGSON BSc, AF RASS, CEng. ® EDWARD ARNOLD on poe Pon ptt a apc 17 ISBN: 0713133937 [At igs Res. No pf is fitnton my be epee tree ee sera a Sonar rad meen a Seton Monoptt imate an ist by PREFACE During my experience of teaching sreraft structures [have ft the need for a text book writen specifealy for stodents of seronutial hginering. Although there have beens number of excellent books ‘writen on the subject they are now ether ow of date oF t00 spect in content (0 ful the requirements of an undergraduate text book My aim, therefore, has bea to ll his gap snd provide 8 completely self-contained course i areratsrutures which Contains not only the fundamenals ofelastity and arrat structural aalyis bat ako the sociated topes oftirworthinss and aeroelastiiy. “Thebooktsinende for students studying for dcpecs, Higher National Diplomas and Higher National Cericaes in seronauticalengner 1nd wil be found of value to those dens in related courses who Specialize in structures. The subject matter has been chosen to provise the student with a textbook which wil take fim from the beginning of the second year of bis course, when specialization usually begins up to and including his final examination. Ihave arranged the top #0 that they may be studied to an appropeate level in, sy, the second year and then resumed at ¢ more advanced stage inthe ial yea; for example, the instability of columns and beams may be studied examples of structural istabiiy at second year level while the instability of plates ‘and stfened panels could besa inthe final year. addition Ihave ‘srouped some subjects under unifying headings emphasie the intr Featonship: thus bending, shear and torsion of open and cored tes te teated in a single chapter To underine the fact that they are jst ‘erent loading cases of tase structural components aber than lated topic I relze however that the modern trends to present methods of Analysen general terms and then consider specie aplication. Neve {hel eel that in eases such as those desebed above i ene forthe student's understanding ofthe subject sete cos relations: and similares amongst the diferent portions of theory. sufficient elastiity theory to provide the student with the basi tots of Structural analyst, The work = sandard bat the presentation in some Trstanos orginal. In Chapter Thave endeavourel to any the we of ergy method of analsisandpreseata consistent but general approach {O'he vanows types of structural problem for which energy methods are ‘employed. Thus although a variety of methods are dissed, emphass [eplaced onthe methods of complementary and potential energy. Overall inp tention has ben fo give some indtion of he role and ations ‘ofeach method of analy. Pat Ih “Anljis of Atcrat Structures’, Chapters 7-1, contains the analysis of the thin-walled cellar type of seucture pect to icra In addition Chapter 7 incldes a dncuson of structural mater, the faoeation and function of streturl components and an introduction to structural Selization. Chapter 10 discusses the limitations of the Theory presented in Chapters 8 and 9 and investigates modifications ecesery to account for aval constraint fet. A intoduction to com Datatioal methods of structural analysis presented in Chapter 11 Shick aso includes Some elementary work on the relatively modern Tne lent method for continu stretares Finally, “Airworthiness and Aeroelasticiy’, Chapters (2 and 13, are elf explanatory. ‘Worked examples are usd extensively in the text to illustrate the theory while numerous unworked problems with answers are Iisted atthe fend of ach chapter; S1. units are wed throughout. am indebted fo the Univestis of London (Lc) and Leas for permision to elie examples fom thei degree papers and also the {Gl Engineering Department of the Univesity of Leeds for allowing me ‘ny facts I required during the preparation of tbe manwsripe. Lam ‘tbo extemey indebted to my wifey Margaret who wilingly undertook "he onerous task of fping the manuscript in adition to attending othe demands ofa home and our thee sons, Andrew, Richard and Antony 1. H.G, MEGSON CONTENTS PARTI FUNDAMENTALS OF ELASTICITY Caper Base Elasticity i Sen 12 Nee fe foe addons. Egos of pi ‘Mun Piss Sowa coeton 14 Seu oma So raed, oe 9 m8 ‘Chapt 2 Two-dimensional Problems in Elasticity ‘Stone, mubede 24'S Vests pence 25 Dsphcemens 26 ‘Chapter 3 Tossion of Std Sections Gin35 The membrane ang) 34 Troan 2 samo recog (Chapter 4 Hnerty Methods of Strctral Analysis TU Sin ra amples ene 2 Tl poet ey \Motconplmenay rg) Ae Apustn to erton pens) ‘inka tte ci of satay indenter 8 Unt ‘Shae 9 Pe supine oe (Chapter Bending of Thin Paes Soe eng hin pt 52 Pe ajo ening and wtlog Si fut seca = shir! od 34 (Contd ten a ope aig af» thn ane pte 33 Senter he pe hve ssa aoratre Se Ener) mato ‘ethene hn ats 7 (Chapter 6. Srtra Instat PART I ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, (Chaplee 7 Principles of Stresed Skin Construction Chapter 8 Bening, Shear ad Torsion of Open and Close, Thin. allel Tes Seral sen sen hence eerste Qhapiee 9 Malice aber Bag 92 Ton 99S 94 in of arm Corer A mt SS tee (Chapler 11 Matrix Methods of Stractaral Analyst Atemweris Ti Apc Wty inctmineFanceht a9 PART IIL AIRWORTHINESS AND AEROELASTICIFY Qaper 12 Aewoethines 123 Symmine nto ln 24 Noval nano end (Chapter 13 Hlementary Aeroctsisty Index PARTI FUNDAMENTALS OF ELASTICITY CHAPTER 1 BASIC ELASTICITY We shal onside, in this chapter, the basi ideas ad relationships ofthe theory of elasticity that are necessary forthe development of he ‘lytical workin the remainder ofthe Book. The treatment i vided lnto three broad section es strsn and testi relationships The thd section is dlered unt the end of the shapter to emphasing ‘he fact hat the anal sess and sain, for example te equations of ‘ullbrium and compatbiliy, does at asume a particular sressstrin sods the relaomsips dete ia Sscuons L110 114 ‘are appbableto nninear as well ts Hneary etc bode, La Stee Consider the arbitrarily shape, thre-dimensional body shown ja Fig 1.1. The body sin equbrium ender the action of te tne ea pita pd 2 ronaminras oF asicny that theremast dean equal ut oppostefore JP (shown dotted Fi 1 ‘cing on the partie at the same tne. we now divide the body By any Plane ne contining O then there two forces SP may be comsiered at bring uailormly dstibtedovera small area ofeach ace othe plane atthe coresponding pont O ain Fig. 12 Thesissat O's then defined by the equation | 4 ay See He Th ‘The dictions of he forces BP in Fig. 12 ae such as to produce ‘ena stress 08 te foes of the plane It must be eae here that tile the direction of AP is absolute the shoe of plane is arbitrary 50 {ht athough the destion ofthe ses tO wil alway be the ie tion of SP is magatude depends upon the actual plane chosen sine @ dierent pla will have a dierent inclination and therfore a diferent "alue forthe aca Ths may be more easly understod by efeence {othe bari simple tension in Fg. 13. On the cross-sectional plane mn the ufo stasis gen by #/4 while oa the incined plane wn’ the str is of magnitude 7. In bot case the srese ze paral! to the ‘letion of ‘General the distin of 5 not normal tothe aca A in which case it sual to resolve BP ino wo components one JP, normal to theplane, the other BP, acting nthe plane eel ce Fig 1.2) Te stress sociated wih these Components ar a noma or diet sress defined as 012) asic Lasnieny 3 1am it pl wim an shear ee dio 8 on, 3 += gn SP a “The resultant stress i computed from ts componcats by the not rues of vector addition, naoely Resutant ses = Je FR However, tobe strictly accurate, ses isnot a vector quantity for in addition to magaitae and direction we must sper the plane on which the sts at Suess theeore a tensors complete desription Aependig onthe two vectors of fore and sutace of ion 12. Notation fr fren and tree tis usualy convenient o refer the state o ses at plat ina body ton orthogonal set of es Orgs Inthicse we cat the body by plant pall to the direction ofthe ate. The rewlant force 8 ating atthe point Oon on ofthese planes may then be resolved into normal com ponent and two in-plane components as shown in Fig. 14 thereby roduc one component of det stress and two components shest “The tet stress component is spose by reference othe plane on whic i acts but the shear ses componets require a specication of Aivetion in addon to plage. We thereor allocate a sgl subscript, to rect tess to denote the plane on which i acs and to subsp to shar lens the et specijing the plane the second diction, Thus in Fig. 14, the shear stress components ar fa and ty ating on the {plan and inthe x andy ietions respectively wae the diet tess component is ‘We may now completely describe the state of ses ata pot O in a ‘body byepeciing components of shea and dct tess onthe aes of sn clonal ebe of sie x04, formed at O bythe cuting planes 3s Indiate i Fig 1S "The sides ofthe clement ar initsimally small o thatthe steses may be assed tobe uniformly dsibued over the suas of ach ace. ‘On eh of the opposite fas ofthe cube there wl be to a Hist simp ‘ation equal bul opposite sees, ‘Wert ow dine te drstions of thestrexcsin Fig Sa poste “Thus normal stress directed sma from their rested sures ar ese nd postive, opposite compresive sess ae negative. Shear tests ‘Ste positve when they atin the postive dretion ofthe leant ais in ple on which the dest ees inthe postive diction ofthe {ss IF te tense stress sin the opposite direction then poe shear ftreses are in dtetons oppo the pone drctions ofthe appro: “Two tp fexterml fore may at on. ody to produce he interasl teeter we have sed cared. OF these, rfce ores Suh as ef | A PsP... 0 hydrostatic prewar, ae distbuted over the surae area fie boy. The surface force per nit area may be resolved into com Donets parle to ovr orthogonal system of axes and are pecrally [Drenthe symbol X, F, nd 2. The second forge sytem derives from [riiional and inertia cts andthe forers are known as body orcs. ‘These are distributed over the vlume ofthe body and the components cf body force per it volume are designated X, Vand Z, 1.3, Rguaions of equa CGenealy except in case of uniform sess, the dee and shese stress on opposite fee ofan clement cube ae not equal a indicted Fig 13 br ier by sll amounts. Thus if sy, the diet srest ing onthe plane io, then the dct sess geting on the + 3 Planer lows the rt two terms of 8 Taylor's sree expansion, + Co) ‘We row investigate the equilbriom ofan emental cube at some interna point in an elie body where she srs system is obtained By the method just described. In Fig {the element en equilibrium under forces corresponding to the steses shown and the component of body force (oot show}. ‘Sra ort acing onthe boundary ofthe body although conta to the production ofthe internal sess system, do aot drt feature in y ay a wor ae “Teking moments about an ais theough the centre ofthe element parallel 19 the x octet si ine oo oe Ee a yd debe + Fe5y 82M — dtp — Hee 55 OF nie + Fey — 5069 — Mes Diving rows by 6 y 6 and taking then a x andy approach Sinaly ta he wy [Now considering he euiibram ofthe element in hex distion, is Me, i ~ ted) + XBesy 8s 0 2) bay hich ves Or weting 5, = Siitaly as ‘The equations of equilibrium must be stistie at al interior points in 8 deforble buy under a tree dimensional force sys, Mos sir scr componats a bit fom hin mea shetothat sree aesthetic unl ge ‘suming. eran inthe decor he case ee he hemes cn of Seton 1a fotos ae ‘nich sand al ras coon hoo ne Si lr Suto he set es ne x ae ay tO 2 Bry ye eae as 1.8 Boundary conditions “Theequatonsofequlicim(15}(andalso(1.6fora wo-dimeconal system sis the requiements of equ atl internal pont the body Eguilirium most also be satisfed at all pouting on the boundary af the body where the components of the surface force et unit aeaare X VandZ. Tharthetranguar element Fig. 7attheboundar) ‘ta two-imensioal body is equim unde testi of slat forces onthe element 4B of the Boundary ad inter forse on nena faces AC and CB, ‘Summation of fores in the « ietion gives N05 — 058) ~ td + X4SEIy =O ‘which, by taking he imi Bx approaches 0, becomes Wy. oe “The derivatives dye and dsl are the drtin cosines Land m of ‘he angles has nreal to AB makes ith the and y axes espestiely Read tipi and in similar manner ¥ = 670 + cof ‘A latvely simple extension of thi analysis produces the boundary -ondons fora thres-imensional Bods, naely Kel} yet tat oereerety an 2a oat tamil wher mand n become the irction cosines ofthe angles that anormal terthe surace of the Body makes with the xy ad = anes espectiely 1.6 Strss ansformations “The complex tes system of Fig. 6 derived fom a consieaton ofthe sculls spied to body andi tered toa predetermined, ‘ough arbiter, system of ater The vals of these seses may not fveatrucpictareothesevetyofstesatthatpoatsothatitisocessary fo tvetigt the sate of rem on other plans on which the diet and shear stresses maybe greater. ‘Weeshal restr the analysis tothe two-dimensional sytem of plane tess dfn in Sexton 1 Fig. sa shows comple sts sjstem at point ina body fered to anes Ox, Oy. ll sess are postive as dened in Section 12. The Sear stots and sy were thown ta be eal a Secon 3 We 00m, {hertoe dergnate them both ry The element of ie dx, sal 50 {that ses dstnbutons over the des ofthe element may be assumed to ‘euniform, Body forces ae ignored since thei contebuton i second order term Pee) Seon on women angio (Ses oni Suppose tht we route 1o fled the slate of sess on a plane AB inci at an angle tothe vert. The triangular element EDC formed bythe plane and the yer thvough Eisin equim unde the action othe sueses shown in Fig. LA) where oy and tare the diet and ‘hear components ofthe reraltnt seston 4B, Then esalving fons Ina direction perpendicular to ED we hive AED ~ eBC cos + 0,DC sind + zy sind + 1 CD cos Dividing through by ED and simpliying co 0 + sin + ry 820 a Now resolving frees parallel 9 ED HED = o,£C sind — 0 CDeos0 ~ ry BC0080 + eB sind ‘Again dividing through by ED and simphin (o.—9), in 20 600820 «9 17 Principal stresses, For given values of 2.4, and fy, in other words given fading conditions, , varies Wi ihe angle @ and wl ain a maximum oF io es ge? ie Sk MP Sp -tecnosnd dented + 2gs28=0 time mle th eget od or (410) ‘Two solutions, and 05/2, are obsined fom Ea (10) s0 that ‘her are two mata pezpendear planes on which the diet tes ‘ithe a maximum ora minimum, Further by comparison of Ea (1.10) {nd (19) willbe observed that there planes correspond to those on Thich there no shear sess The diet stress om these plas are alld pnciplseses andthe planes themslen, prin planes. From Ea (1.10) as sia 20+ 50) + 0082045 Tame rae, Rewriting Eq (1.8) 35 24 — Sel +6082) +5 — 60820 + tn 20 and substituting for (sin 29,0820 and (sin 20 + x/2,c05 20 + 2) PN ear uy SE gay F RE $2 Sia FRE 2) where othe maximum oF major pricy ses ad ‘Sr minor principal srs, “The maximum shear stesat thi point inthe body may be determined in an ident! manner rom Ba (19) and ou a =e. ~ 9100820 + 2 8200 siving (sy Ie follows tht “tee 2, sin20 = 60829 = Jon~ oF +3 Tenor ead, sin + 572)= E8520 4 9/2) =e Tie, 0) +8, Tea 3, ‘Subsiuting these vals i Ea (19) given Samat HV, oF FH, 8) ‘Here, a in the ease ofthe principal suesses, we ike the maximum value as being the greater algbrnic vale, ‘Comparing Ea (18) with qs (11) and (1.12) we see that te as) 4s (114) and (15) give the maximo sear ses at he point inthe body inthe plane of the geen srece. Fora thre dimensional body ‘supporting a two-dimensional siress system thir not seul the ‘utimum thar sea the poi. ‘Sine E113) is the negative eipoca of F110) then he angles 20 given by thee two equation ile by "oleate the planes ‘of maximum shea sues ar inclined at 45° tothe principal planes 14. Motes el of tress ‘The state of siesta point ina deformable body may be dtemined ‘raphiclly by the well Known Mobis cle of tes Fig 130) shows Mohr’ cre constructed forth ste sytem of ip 130) “The pose direct streses 0 hd y ae st fo ele to the right ‘ofthe arbivary pot O as OP, and OP,” From P, a perpendicular PQ, is drawn equal to and inthe dein ofr, (downwards inthis ca) “The midpoint Cof P,P; is located and a ile drawn of raise CO, From Cy the ange 20 is mesure antitckwse to CQ. The veel trough @ meets the horzomal hough Oat Nl may then be shown leom the geometry ofthe diagram that ON = 060884 oy sin® 0+ sin 2 = oom Eq, (18) anda QW =! nat ye om B49 rs 7 w 1 ee) Seon are (6) Mohr cette rete ‘The maximum and minimum valves ofthe dist ses vie. the jor and minor principal stesses and ay, cour when 1 tand Q) eiase With Band’ respectively. Tes 1 0 + radi oe tO, OTRO oe nalts 7 + VG eP aR and in the sme tahion (e405 Gea ERE oy Ee aR, ‘The principal planes are then given by 29 = Bg and 20 = 8+ le) ‘Also te maim and minimum valves of her set ose won (coincides with Dand atthe upper and lower entrees of the cc ‘Atos points @' sequal othe radius ofthe ce which sen by [amos g Hence tana = 4/1, ~ a9 +H, a belore. The planes of max mur and ‘inimum shear Suess are given by 20 ft m2 and 2H 9+ Be, these being inlined a 410 the pracpal planes, 0, Baample LI Dirt stress of 160 N/m, tension, and 120m’, Compression are appl a a patclar pot im an east materia on {wo mutaly perpendicular planes. The principal sess inthe materia [limited to 200 Nimme, tension. Calculate te allowable vale of shear Siva the pont. Ver your answer uring Mobs cic, 160 Nima) zon/ma “The ses ptt athe pot in the materia may be represented as shown in Fig. 140 by considering the sexes tact uriformly ovr the Sides ofa tanga element ABC. Sippose thatthe diet stress onthe Drncipl plane AB io. For horional equim ef the element AB cos = 6,BC + ty AC hich simplifies to tytn = 0 a o Considering verti equlibium gives AAD sind = GAC + tof or ty 60d = 06, ® Hence from the product of Fas) an i alae 0) [Now subsituing the values 4, ~ 10mm? ¢, = ~ 120mm? and 200 Nam we have cy = EN? Replacing cot in Eq, i) by Ham 8 from Ea, yes a quadratic sation #0, +0) +02, =0 wo ‘The numeral solutions of Ea (i) eoeesponding to the ven values of| and sare the principal stone at the pont maely = 200 Nin? (gen, oy ~ —160 Nin Having obtained the principal sess we now use Eg (1.15) 0 Gnd ‘he maximum shear sees, thas 20 + 160 z ‘The solution is apy ered fom Mobs cil of tes Fig. 1.11, From the arbitrary origin 0, OP, and OP, are drawn Io represent = 180 N/m? a, 160Nimm? and 6, = ~120Njma?. The midpoint C of PsP i en lated, OB = 9 = 20 Nin i marked ot and the ra of te cit shen CB. OA is the roqied pancpal tse. Perpeniculre P,Q, and P.O; to the ctcumference of the ele ae equ tov (to sae and the radius ofthe eve the maxim sear srs. 19 Stain “The exter and internal frees deseibed in the previous sstions| ‘aus linear and angular diplacements ina efor body. Thee ‘iplacemens are generally defined in term of sain, Longtail iret sans ate asocated with et sree and relat to changes in Teng while shar soins deine changes im ane prodiced by sheat estes These sriny are designated, with appropite sues. bythe "ymbols cad 7 respatvely and have the same sgn athe asad asc easncrry 1s CConsde thre mutaly perpendicular ie elements 04,08 and OC ta pont 0 ina deformable body. Thee orignal or unstrained lengths tre dy and respstively oom, the body i abete to forces Shick produce comple sytem of ect and sha sess a O such ‘atin Fig. Lé then te line slats il efor fo the postions O'4 Of and OC shown ia Fig 112, Fe LID Digmen line dent 04 OF 0. ‘The coordinates of On the unstrained body are) 2)5 tha those of AB and C are (x +85 5.2) (ey + 3f,2) and (jee do) The ‘Somponcats ofthe deplacereat of Oto O”parlel Yo the % 7 ad = fstcsafe uo and w. These symbols are used to designate thes space- tents throughout the book and are dein as postive inthe porive OF ts the only equation of compatibility in the wostimensonal or plane 1.12 Strain transformations ‘Having defined he sienna. point ina deformable body with erence toanarbirary system of coordinate aes we may calculate det stains In any ven droion andthe change in te angle (Gear stra) between Soy two origilly perpendicular sections at that pont. We sh Consider the two cimenonalcasofplane strain dsribedn Seton 1.1 "Anclenet ina two-dimensionl body subjected tothe complex es system of Fig. 1136) wl dort at the shape shown in Fig. 1.180) la Drrtclar he tlnguar clement ECD wil slr dstortion tothe shape = ECD wit coesponding changes inthe length FC and ange FC ‘he know dest and shar stale ated wih the gen sa tad Je ata relationships wil be invested Inter) and that we euire toad the iret stain in ection normal {0 the plane ED and the shear stain y produced by the shear sess {cting onthe pase ED. 1100) Se sem on ana mn Dt a et to “Tow fist oxde of approximation cp aco +e) CE =cHI +5) ay BD = EDL + bruh where the direc strain inthe dcscton ED. From the peomety of the tingle ECD’ ia which angle ECD = x2 ~ rp {ED} = (CDP + (CEP ~ ACDNCE)eosie2 ~ 79) or sustain rom Es. (1.29) EDFA + sa? (COPA + eg! + (CEL + GF ~ACDNCEML + 6K + 6502, Noting tht (D}* = (CDP + (CEP and neglecting aguares and higher ‘owes of smal quotes this equation may be rewrten EDP esgua = NCDP, + CEs, Diviing through by EDP gives tanan = stint O4 60080 conan 7 (1.30) ACENCDN, “The strane inthe diction nora tothe plane ED found by replacing ‘he angle 9 in Bq (1.30 by 0~ m7. Hence ee= E08 04 6 sin? 8+ 520 asp ‘Turing our attention now tothe angle CFE we have (CEP = (CFP + PEP ~ACPUEEVcO8(R2— 7) 132) in which ce =cat +5) cr=cni +s) FE ~ FBI Gyeua) Substtting for CE, CF and FE’ in Bq. (132) and wring cos(n2— 7) = sin We find (CEPA + 5) =(CAPUL +? + EPL + ese” SACHA + 5+ evaalsiny (139 All the stains ate asuned tobe aml otha hr squares and higher mers may be ignored. Further sin ~ and B (1.3) becomes (CEPOL + 25) = (CFP + 2 + (FBP + 2ieya ~ CFAFEN From Fig. 11M}, (CH) = (CF) + (FE) and the above equation Simplies to CBF, = ACEP, + APEPEse 4a ~ ACFIFE Dividing through by (CE and transposing sia? 0+ seu 0880 ~ 6 Sinden Substitution of and. fom Eas. (131) and (1.30) yields 2 l= 8) 20 — con c Fin 29 — "e002 ay 2 1.13, Praia stralas wecompare Eg (131)and(134 wit Eg (L8}and (1.9) we observe that they may be obtained fom Eas. (18) and (1.9) by replacing 6, {raby tn.0, BY ty BY fp an # by 77. Thereor for each adaction| thd omg .s3and((9jconceminge,and there tsacoresponding ‘edeton fom Eqs. (31) and (1.34) rpatding ey a 72. "Thus at «point ina deformable body. there are wo mata expe ‘ical planes on which the shear strain yi ro and normal to which a 2 Pecan ea the it stn is asi or niu, Thee i ath rnp sums a tpt and ae pe fron comparson wh Ea ead aah net the Vem ere ws) a EVE 139 1 the shear strain is zero om these planes it follows that the shear stess mst also be zero and we dedae, rom Seton 17, tha the ie tions of the principal stains and principal ses coin. The related plans ate then termined from E110) oom ues tan20 usn) Vain the mas sear nah ple ().-Me=are oy - these “ {ef Bas. (1.18) ad (15). LAA Motes circle of strain We now apply the arguments of Seution 113 tothe Mote ce of ster deverbed in Section 1, Acre of tin, anlogousto tht shown in Fig. 1910) may be drawn wen 6.6, eae replaced by cy et ‘pcifed in Sextion 113. The horizontal extremities of the Cre ‘epresent the principal rng the rai ofthe cle bal the maxim shear stsn a 4000. 15 Stresstran relationships In the preooding sections we hae developed for a thre dimensional deformable body, three equations of equim, Eqs. (0S, and sk ‘seaniplacement relationships, Eqs. (118) and (1.20) From the ater vee eliminated dipacements thereby deriving sx aniliary equations ‘luting strains These compatbity equations are an expression of the continuity of displacement which we have assuned asa prerequisite oF sas saserry B the analysis At thi stage, hero, we have obtained nine independent ‘quatons toward the roluon a he thee-dimensional sen oobi However, the number f unknowns total ens omprsing sesso six stains and three daplacements An aditonal sit cations are therefore secssry to obtain solution Sofar we have mide no assumptions carding the force dplacenent oF stesstain relationship in the body Thi mil afc, prove vith the equied six equations but beore these are derived worth hile to consider some general apts ofthe analysis, “The derivation of the equilibria, svaindsplacement and compat: bility equations does at involve any assumption a othe srsestrain ‘behaviour ofthe materia ofthe hot follows tat hee basic equatons ae applicable o-any typeof continuo, deformable body no matte how complex it behaviour unde srs. In tue sul onde ony "he simple case of linesly clastic trope materia fo which tes i siretyproporonal to stain and whoo atic properties ae the sme inall dictions. A material posesing the se proper tall points Is said tobe homogeneous Parkular cases aise where ome of theses components are knowa {obezzto andthe number of unknowns may thea be no get than te ‘maining equibriam equation which have ot ental vane. The tnknown stesse are then found fom the conditions of equiva lone and the problem is aid o be stately determinate: For expe ‘he uniform sts inthe memter supporting esl fad Pi ig 13 i ‘ound by applying ne oquation ofequlibcam anda boundary condition ‘Ths system i thesefore sail determinate ‘Sttcally indeterminate stems ree the ws of some, if not all of the other uations intlvingstaimdisplaement and” ses sran ‘elatonsips: However, whether the system be tty determinate ot not teat elationshipsarenocsar to determine deectons. The fole of he sx ausilirycompaticy equations wil be discussed when ‘Seta csticiy problems ar lormulated in Chapter 2. Wernow proceed to investigate the relationship of ses and stain Jina theedtensionallincarly esti, sotopa body. Experiments show thatthe application of uniorm diet stress, say an doesnot prodece any shear distortion ofthe tere ad that the ‘iret strain i wven bythe equation an’ (uso) where isa constant known athe malas ofelasy oF Young's Inaduas. Eq. (LAD) isan expression Hook's Law. Portes mm accompanied by lateral strains aay in which vt a constant termed Poisons Rat, Fora body subjected to dst srewes oy; and the dst stains azefom (1h andtbe nl nppontion ee Caters t= Hos wl, +630 ep Bley Mes ba) ny 1 co= Hoe wos +o) Suppose now that at some arbieary point i 2 material there rinepl stnins and ey comesponding o principal stesso, and I hese stresses (and sais are in the decom ofthe cordate aes and respectively then yy = Y= O and rom Eg (139) the shear Sean on am abitary plane ate pint icine at a angle to the Principal planes is = alsin 3) ‘Using the elationships of Bg. (142) and subtuting in Eq, (143) wehave 1 Hilo, von) — (on ~ vi sia20 +o o = oy~ enbsin20 ay Noting that ry = in (1.9) and that 6, = 5, and 0, = oy then 2e= f— on sin20 fiom which we may rewrite Bg. (14) i terms ofr a8 ate “The term EPI + 1)isa constant known asthe mas of rig 0. ” 185) youe and the shea strains yy Ju amd ate expressed i ers of thet roined shea steer lo, Ye Be a gs (146) togter with Es (42) provide te adional sixeqations regured to determin the fteen unknowns na neal hres dimensional problem in elas, They are, however, lied in se 10 2 finearly ‘hate otrpic body, For the ete of plane sess they simply to 140) sy 1 may be sen frm the tied of Ege (1.47) that the condition of plane sess and. pine sirin do. not necessrily dere Sentcal Shuations ‘Changes in the linear dimensions of a stained body may lead 10 a change in volume Ssppove that's small mento body has dimensions 4x, dy and d:. When subjected to a three-dimensonal sess system the ‘ement wl sustan volumetric strane chang in Yolume/u lume) cualte (1+ e)8a + 6) 91+ 452 ~ Be dy de ‘Sx byae Neghecting product ofall quantities inthe expansion ofthe right hand Side of the above equation yds ema te te as) Subsituing fore, 6, and 6, fom Eqs (142) we find or a inary stg isotropic Bod, em eta, Me, +6, + 6) or ote, +0,40) a.7 pant ln the case of uniform hydrostatic pressure at ws) E “The constant £/(t~ 29) known as the ule malas of modus of tolume expansion an soften given the symbol K, “an examination of Bg (1.8) shows hal» < 03 sine a body cam not incase in wlue under prose. Aro the lateral dimensions of a body ‘jected to unisial ension ea at icrease so that» > 0. Therelore for [inotropic material 0 v= 05 and for mos botrope materi in ine range 025 1003 below the elas init Above the limit of propor onal inteases and approaches OS ‘ample 12. Arecangulaclementinalincry laste isoropc materia Inubjectedto tena stesss of 83 Nam! and 65 Nim on mutuals ‘Perpendicular planes. Determine the trai the drction of each ses nthe dreton perpendaar a bth sts Fid abo the pasa Stain the main shar ses tbe maximum shear stain and their ‘ection at he point “Take = 200000 Nine? and ¥ ~ 03 ne ssame that «y= 83 Nim? and qs. (147) = 65Njmm? then from saat — 03 x63) 175 x 10+ = yatpgl®5— 3% 83) = 2005» 10-4 3 cea OR +65 = 2200 10 ano tn this case o, and ay ae the principal stesses so that, and ate the principal strains apd are in the detions of ey and I lions From (115) tht the maximo sheae tess ithe plane he srs) we $9 N/mm? sting on plans at 45° the peincpl plans Porter, using Eg (143 the maximum sear stains 2x4 09 x9 Yon = 0000 0 that Yue = 117% 10°* onthe planes of maximum shear strain, susie wasnierry a 1.16 Experimental measerement of surface stats Swesses at a point om the sure ofa ioe of materia may be deter- rine by menserng estan tthe pot ual by elect reise Strain gauges sranged is the form ofa rote a8 shown ia Fig. La ‘Seppo that and ey ae the principal trans tthe point then i. tnd’ are the measured strain in the Greion (0 + 0h 6 +2. ¢ BL to ewe have fom the general det suai lationship of Eq, (131) 6, = 0880+ ays? «0 since 6 Becomes BECOMES aNd Yay 20. Rewriting Ea (1.50) a nf of ‘Therefor ie, and ate measured in given detons,e gten angles «and, tbe 4, ey and 8 are the only unknowns in Eq. (151) (133) nd (15) “The principal reset are now obtained by substitution of sandy in Ege (147, Th ay = uss) Solving Bas (54) «30, aad ae Eaten isn A typical rosete would have a = f= 4S so that Eqs (1.50) (1.52) and (138) become fee Hat e+ Hl = acoso Het) =H ~ ein 20 Ba Ha te) He noou2e liminating 8 fom the above equations it maybe shown that 0 ey are the rots of| BG tae Het y= 2a tn nO ie HHO NET 2 ae pl Mc i Bak Company, No York, 3. RMR RM. Thy ad dna of Fh Sc, MG ook Compr Nw York on Problems Pit 4 sracorl member spp eae wich produc at parca post yet temic stuf 8 Nim aerate SNe! tse fone Css the ae and dct of he penal tener ae Pus nd ‘hethe maximum shar seen satiny on es pam lo 0mm, b= 20 1 c4= -20Nim!, = 1161 on = (ON, at4S 10 pric plaes PA3 Ata pint in an late tel hte at wo many prendia plus ong of hear ade nse of Ne ad eter of {GN whleheoer panied ongreccompennesenas Nine nd acomplnnay sears 0 Neem” Detcmehe rcpal m2 eran tlt on why on be pt es J w= WN, @ = 20°37 saya i) rw TWO y + 40) ‘The warping dplacement given by cach of hese equntins must av the (Te foions that fi0)= £0) = 0 rw ey i nes of conan w there dre hyperbole wth he jor and tert a cg soneton nF a ve nok) truth mapa ape in het {Sedna 8nd ponte ond nd ot 232k Vue aig fonction sean Tn fomuliting ht ree function slation Prantl nde seemptions ‘oncerne wi he sta dntribton nth bat. The aerate spronch resend by St. Vent voles assumption a othe mde of dpa Seto the bar sumely that comsections of bar sje tron ‘una ther orginal loaded shape although hey may ser waping ‘iplacenets normal thelr plane The esto tee asumgtions ads to theconluion th croesetion cotae aig dies aout a etre tf oation or tits Tht Get wa lo found fo dae fom the Hest Fanci approach Seton 110 hatrrngto Fi and (9), the compancrs of daplacament inthe xan 9 reins pint P inthe erossetion are vate Tesalso reasonable to assume that the warping dplacement wi propor: onal tothe rate of twat od therfore constant ong ength f oe bar Hence me may define w y the uation vata om were Hs 9) he warping ftom “Te aimed form othe displacements u and w must sais te ‘qultum and force boundary conditions of eta. We ale ere at Ir dancer to investigate compatiity a wear eomcrned wilt Aluplacmet forms wich ae single tlsedanctons and therfore Suton sts the compatbity sequence. cs se bined tom Eg (18) and (120 and ae agtan tno can) “Te eoresponding components of res ar, fom as (142) and (1.46) ow Ignoring body forces we seth thes nations identically sat the fiat two of the equlitiom equations (1) and bo that the tid is fied ithe warplagKnction sass the equation 629 ‘The inion coin ns 20 onthe clinical face fhe brand so the fst wo ofthe bounary condo (Be (7) are sent) “Susy the erste of Ege (319) The ted equation simpiies 0 a wo [eee (it—pine om my esto it ety he si on uh en ed teases) se ie tn eae eee ace Tite ea uit babe ccna 1 [for sandetr sieht Hew om Torso. oF Sou secret » ycomparoon wt (12) the torsion constant ino nea of raffle op]ew oan ‘Toe warping function setion othe torsion problem reduces tothe

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