1,0 rmmoDorton dn understanding and working knovledge of System Analysis ie very isportint ‘0 the Protection Engineer ss he must know how the ayeten operates under Toad and fault conditions before choosing suitable Telaye to match the ays parameters. analysis of load ant fault conditions also provides weft) information fo (3) Ghoice of Pover System Arrangenent. (34) Roguized Sremking Capacity of Svitehgear ani Fusegeers (i) apphication of Control Byutpment, (iv) Required Ioad ant Short Cireutt Ratings of Plant. (3) syeten operation, Security of Supply, Eooncatcrs (vi) Investigation of Unsatisfactory Plant Performances 20 veoTORS Zw (2) lo = RK = I2l (copo+s eine) = In 0% xe ys [ml 1 ant B= [alee Fide = (ts ol lovee ant Ba 2 3.0 OPERATORS 5 = 1L202 rotates a vector anti-clockwise through 90°. a = 141208 208 vector anti-clockvise through 120° Used extensively in symetrical component analysis. 2 rus Prart eo 4,9 CONTENEITON USED FOR YOUIAGE DIRECTION ‘Current I flowing in direction shen produces a voltage dzop in Z auch that die positive with seapect 10 Be En 2 | Yaar Wace A neve &a 5.0 BASE QUAMITETES AND PER uIP SYST ‘Tals is particularly useful when analysing large eysteas vith aeveral voltage lerela, Sefore ary aystem calculations can take place the a Daraneters must all be referred to common base quantities. Zhe a Guantitios are fixed on one part of the aysten and base quantities on Other parts at eifferent voltages will deyend on the ratio of intervening pover tramformers. ‘The base quantities used ares Base voltage = ky, = phase to phase voltage in KY. Hk = Mk = these phase MTA. ‘Cther base quantities can then be eatabliahed + Bate impedance = p= (kVp)? tn ches. cord Base current = Ty = MUAy in ity Wray Per unit values are obtained by dividing actual values ty base values as fellows += Arm, Per unit impedance 2,4. = Por unit voltage KY, = Per untt MYA WAS er unit current 1, Percentage values are comonly used for transformer inpedances and vie: per unit values are very aaall. Percentage values are 100 tines the Squivalent per unit values, 6.0 TRANSFERRING PER UNIT QUANTITIES FROM OWE SEP OP BASE YALIES TO ANOTHER a iain Tet Per unit valve on base hz {8 Zp.u2 = 2a = Toua.y ¥ Zot me Oh+B, ped 4 (lly)? x Mabe Wigs (ERT 4% Mibyo = (Von)? ies Tee?eros neo a never mt sti 99m ¥ G05 ueT.o~s yous UT quozamS trey om PETE + sarBUMPLE 2 The base voltage on each side of a transformer aust be in the sane ratio as the voltage ratio of the transformer. wow Toornect Selection of Ey tum tar | ane Correct Selection of Wy 12x thet = rose! seer) ay if \ : AMternative Correct Selection of ky tae | tune ut x t= 11.757 13 UNELE 5 ‘The per unit impedance of a tranefomer is the sransforaer, ame on each side of the Consider s transtoreer vith voltage ratio k¥y/Vpe o mm Actual (apedance of the transforser vieved from side t = Zate Actual iapedance of the transformer viewed from side 2 © Zap. Zovust * Tay * Zqy = HUE pout 7 Fat 7 Far * ty By 2, ae peed 7 Paz # tee but 242 = fat x ere arcs,7.0, OTROUTE Laws (2) ons taw ah ee (2) Kiretorrts Junetion Law Mwy suction (or node) £1 = 0 hie Ty + Ip 41,20 (2) Késonortte Meek Law z a “lo. be FI Round any mech £8 = £10 fesge Sn moah (1) By = 4 25 + 45 25 = 4p 25 m4 2, 4 (hy = 4) 25 6.0. croTrn Tunas ‘me syaten analye Theorenes are derived from the circuit love, The three aost comonly uted for fare Thevening, Star/Delta Transform and Superposition (2) Treventns theores Tie de usefkl for replacing part of a network which ie not of particular interest, Any active network vieved fron any 2 terainala can be replaced by 2 single driving voltage in series with a single impedance where:Driving voltege = Open eiroult voltage between terminals Impedance ‘= Impedance of the network as vieved from the to Serminala with all driving voltages short otreuited, Bangles do at—~ dbecth — de ee weeres' = 25 By and 2! e254 Beh Bim (o} B/A and AYO eanaform Theorems le ty Za aes SZ aN, Big = Bo * 220 + Biolog 230 Bo Mp Tas tay + op (c) Superposition Theorem In any Linear network the current in any branch due to the simultaneous faction of several tifferent driving voltages ie equal to the vector sun of the currents caused by each driving voltage aoting alone vith the others short efzeulted,u h ~ 20 Nex 2 Es 2 Im : : ek: Iss I tI 9.0 USE OF PRE-PAJLT YOUEAGE POR PAUUT CALCULATIONS (a) consider a ayaten fod from 2 sources of generation By ant By. Tes Tuo eT ray aay «| oo. z 1 cg : oo System impedances are shom by 21, 22 ete. vhere 22 and 25 represent oad dapedancess Let the distribution of load current bess shown. Let Py be the point at vhich a three phase fault will be considered find lot Vp.t, be the voltage at this point aie to the loaded eysten Before the fault occurs,‘The dtetsibution of faalt current s0 obtained can be shown on the diagram and labelled wutfir (P), e ctzeust (b) With a simple aysten i.e, with one snfeed this is eastty achieved. Hovevery with a double or aultiple ond fed aysten it ie generally asteicult to establish the magnitude and angle of all gesenteed a at the sonent of fault and even if these are available, the calculation Of distribution of fault current is complicated he presfault voltage at the fault point (if known) can be used to simplify the calculations as follows t= (©) he original ciroult can be Thevenised across P and 1 to deteraine the current in the fault pathe Te 2 aa Ze ze te Eas Zap te zs a tay Tet =) | vee Cireutt (e)(c) (Continued) Apart from the fault path, the values of current in each oranch of the Tevenised circuit do'not equal the currents attsined from cirouit (b) des the actual currente in the branches: Consider circuit (a) agains We oan insert a fietitious current, "+ Tpats without affecting the load & w a In current terms (1) 49 equivalent to ciroutt (0). and (44) is equivatent to-(oizoutt (0) ieee the current in each tranch will be reveraed from that tn ofzoutt (co). sem any branch + Fay = Fe) Tay Fay * Fay + Mn) where 1(,) ia determined from a prr-fault load study. Tq) 48 deternined fron the thevenised ofsouit using precfault voltage at the fault polm or the sajority of applications precfault load ourrents are snail conpared vith currents obtained from the Iheventeed carcult and ‘can be neglected, 4 Xe) = Ty Jn these cases the value of Vy. ¢, used in the Thevenised etreuit is the novload open efzeuit voltage at the fault pointe 10.0 NETWORK REDUCTION wo DISTRIBUTION FACTORS BUMPLE USING SEVERAL OF LAWS AND THORNS nrsctssRD Find the current distributcon for 4 three phase fault at A on the network shown. Use network reduction, ant back substitution and the poitive “ e oo tcp © Positive sequence diagras efe 4 thee phase fault is balanced and can therefore be analysed on a single Phage baa using only the positive sequence impedance, (3) Convert + impedances 40, 30 and N40 to eqaivalent 4 iapedancea. Yam 7 Fao * Fano * orto * O75 + 1865 + Sas 188s = 51(Fay = Mot Oyo + Zooey O45 6 18085 + tse 185 = ry = 29% 2p + Zyrlag = O75 + O45 + OAT OMG = 2D. what to Spe 0085 i (4). ay Tovenina Theore the network can be veduoed to + where pp is the precfault voltage of A above Ny. (312) The network is reduced to a single voltage and iapedance as follow: Toe fault current distribution can be obtained by back substitution, ‘The values of current obtained in the branches with Ip = 1 represent the proportion of Ip in the branches and are referred to as the "Positive Sequence Distribution Pastore” for the citeult for a feltat Ae A ons A ssa ose ® Flsse [fen We (av) The three phase fault is nov applied ty connecting A to te Lat fault oueent be of untty value ees Zp = ‘The current in the fault path can be obtained from a knowledge of the prewfault voltage Top, Current in any particular branch 1a obtained ty multiplying the fault oumrent by the appropriate distribution factor, Total current in the branch ia obtained by adding the pre-feult toad current in that branch,