COMBINATIONS OF RESISTORS AND COMPLEX CIRCUITS Recall, that devices connected in series have the same current, devices connected in parallel have the same potential difference. Can anyone explain why? Answer: Same current in series, because any charge that flows through device 1 must flow through device two. ‘Same potential difference in parallel, since the potential drop must be equal along each pathway from the battery back to the battery, the potential difference (drop) is equal across each device. RESISTORS IN SERIES R, Since the potential drop across resistor 1 equals IR; (V = IR) and the potential drop across resistor 2 equals IR2, the potential drop across both resistor 1 and 2 are: V=IR; + IR.=1(R, +R) Therefore, we can replace the two resistors in series by a single equivalent resistance, Rr, which is the total resistance for the circuit: Rr=Ri +R,Adding resistance in series increases the total resistance in a circuit, thereby decreasing the current from the source. ( (WVoattery = FReotat) The total resistance has the same current and potential : difference as the resistances it replaces. Select the best answer for the voltage drop across the 20 Qresistor. ==" loov 7" a) 100V b) more than 50.V ¢) less than 50 V Why? Explain your answer. B, Stee WeR;the quater the resistance, the greater Hue voltage dyop act és the vesistor. |? the res&tances are equ Example: “the vo Hage dop will be equal across therm. Bat sinee : Bol isq rea n| Find the tol resistance and current, then find the curren through and voltage drop). Phe. across each resistor. 4 yoltagrdrep yw 27 —— 3s 20S, a) [ Rr 25.0. Ree e L will be. morc thar a T 5h > > ws. ‘lathe veHage L_ L_fT diepin , © Ry 250 SMHS. R= 15.0. © Ve= RT, ae 502 fifa hla 45 @ T.=Ty=Ti-Tye hia 6 VAT-R, (125) 28 V Y= DR, = Cel NS) 25.50 C Yr T-Rs= CD05) =[6-1VAn ammeter is an instrument that measure’s current in a circuit. Because it measure current in the circuit, it must be inserted directly into the circuit, in series with the other devices as shown. Ammeters have very small resistances, so they do not affect the circuit, s [ fy —L — A parallel circuit is a cironit where resistors start and end at the same voltage (height)...ie. the resistors are directly connected at the top and at the bottom with no stors in between. Since charge must be conserved, KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW, the current I that enters point a must equal the total current leaving this point, I; + Is: I-lth Since the potential drop across each resistor must be the same, KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW, therefore OHM’S LAW gives:‘The total resistance is smaller than the smallest resistance in parallel. Check! Adding resistance in parallel decreases the total resistance in a circuit, thereby increasing the current from the source. Voattery = Lrotattotat This is why plugging things into one electrical outlet can create a real fire hazard, Circuits that carry more than a safe amount of current are said to be overladed. Consider the circuit below: 5 q & 55+ 5.6V se Use tyes’ Ry 00555 + 3.0° 66S =), 7V Ve = bag (Re 0. SSS ° 20 Lee LIV Check by daldiag » the voltages tr each path. They Should equal #2SV aeHOMEWORK 1. Find all the unknown voltages (voltage drops) and currents @ : - i Qzb.00- Ra= ¥ 10.0. i__Ajj,—_ ROR ) (©) Find the total resistance and current for the above circuit, if we (@ remove the 15 Qresistor and its branch ii) add another 10. Q resistor in parallela 2. If-we add a resistor in parallel to a parallel circuit, what happens to the total ( resistance? @) it increases (b) it decreases (©) it may increase or decrease depending on the value of the resistance we add. ‘Why? Explain using physics principles 3. Find all the voltages and currents. Draw a Summary Diagram. @ ()4, Find Ry and Ir, then all the voltages and currents. 5, Find the total resistance of the circuit (Ans: 4.00 ©) R 2.000.7. Find the voltage measured by the voltmeter in the diagram (Ans: 12.6 V) 8. What happens to the current in other lamps if one of the lamps in a parallel circuit burns out? (the circuit is broken in that branch by the burned out lamp) 9. A voltmeter is a device that’s used to measure the voltage between two points in a circuit, An ammeter is used to measure current. Determine the reading on the voltmeter and the ammeter in the circuit below. (Ans: 2.06 x 10° V, 1.14 A) —Q—Re ye ANSWERS fT Leena? L Ly L rT = +1000 at an Ree Rtas Rye G04 120 8.02 Tes 60 28h T, = 5,-5.7], Gere) Re Se” LR: Q5-b.0=15V 7 R225: 10.07 e5V | add to bo¥ . “go> Q0V ¢ 2 BSB rs i | Re a ° 013533 (peel Z jo y “ YeVe (parallel) | Rr 275A Cotal resistance =VY. Ro (QA ' Vet. in LZ a 12 L | Ly Z 2 ISA (total cacrent . 2 Aecreases) Te /20_ | 2 * 7g 2 80 ace Abt bed edit al J 293 a Re BR "Rye io 15 “$0 to Ty. Bony, | R= 3.383 otal resistance decreases) RK; 30 i Ee ae ton = BLA (total current | Rr 3.333 acreases)QOTotal resistance decrtases because the current has an _ entta pathway 10 travel down, jroreby decreasing the \. total resister of the cireult + intyeesipg the fotal | reurt. Even ¢& the vesistéaee in thal current inthe eytre parallel resistor Is extremely high, there will still beeBAeitional current that will now be able. to travel through it, thaeey iacreasiag the total current ia ithe CAVCaLE R500 nciaun ote Res =pasv == R,.. = 6.02. Ry?2 OL O 4 - a edad C Ris RG saa Rag? 6-0 vw - ( ® Ree Ryn = Ry tars + Ry 5046-0 42.02 L = 3 OTe = Vr. 35. =I: ne 1.983 A = 4A ( TF, e Tye 19230 = 19a * Yi=RiecT, = S.0x1.923 = % Vu = Ry Ly 22.0 xb723* 3.846 =3.8V C) Va W785 - 9615-3. 9462 1,534 lav \ tT: 1 S3F- fa o Pl, 9 7492-0, 5 __& 79 : TIAL dd $0l423A/ (i376: eb. L539" 2A | ( 3OR4- Rr Rys Orbe le & R,=3,0 . F ct) R= Rpt Rit Ray @u. L = B.O+ 6.85429 957= Rey lat ip QFle Ray b BSI 6.9 Rog. OTM. pw , Re 9.9577 RO43 3.0.4: © ToD 1 V, =f Re 31043 3,0 = : Le =3,0U323.08 | F304 =F O Vor Wyo Ve = VeVi 30 Fp304 #2096920 Tae le. = 80,Y a Te =1,739=hTA ofee. ~Z, = Bode - 1734 = [, 30386= 1.3 ALA =D 3ks = h B03¢k y/o = 1340356 L13V 7 Ty Ry# (20366: 6.0" 7,423 2 BEY4 Rig RarR,~ 80, 410. *30..0. t detet pLotytsteoe » Rea Re Rs rR, (SB 0” 121 Rye SO y= Ris? R ry +R; 5.0415 > 20. DT: Ve. 120 R te @ Lets = 40A Ve 26.0% /5= FOV @y 2 Vee Ve rWy = 120-907 50.V Liev, 20, 20A R, |s ~ TD, 7 Vy , 22 - 3.0A C7 Re io 2 @ T,°t,° 17-2, -Ty = 6.0-2.0-3.07 LOA Vy, = Da Re= ].6%902280V Vy 2Ty he 7 0 *10* _ Cheep, by adding rohiage around cack path, tio hag adit. “f to totod gan over She Litery?bLeterbet rlegns Fp Ro Re 20 5 Resp = 400L2. Ry-3 = Rit Roz * Fobt .6075.00-0. Ryn . Re Aye 4 £,00 * 20,042. eee wet : L 29,265 Ra, Rr Rig 9 20 ee Rr Rae 400M. 6.04 oie Rs Ry Ry 127% 70-25 Rag = YOM. Re Rig: Ry) Ry, t Ry = B+ 4043.07 BSD @ T= Wr 250. 20k : Re 25 Glee oy con Vie Dy R= ROKtg =34V Vy = Ty Re 8.0K 3.07 b.0V “@ Vy = Vy = Va Vin Vy 2 80° 34-6 BY Ty BB 134 qovig acrere Band since there Ky 2 1s nojunctionr before thhamnute, teen7 ©r., 2R,+ R, = B00 + 5.00% 90022 l f +e 7 +h _tbtateg, x Rea, Ras Ree Z O.ANGs Ray 3. 4dbSF > G4 R= Ry-4= Ry ty > Doot BUS 4= 5.4 28SF=5 4D @ Vs Tre Vr doo. _ Re Rdaise 2 842 > B.A (DT, =I, = 36842-3274 Wet KR 2B bS4 AR OOe TDLEY Viy Vp Vi = 20.07 A3684> 1ZLValthough the total vesistence. increases + Be Nothing, Ag thercpite the totes current decreases since the 1A the caveurd stays the Same. Since there vole are beuer Aevices need irg the curren, Jess current 1s needed overall. 1£ on doubt -tey te pow st with an Example. Ctreurt. Wetice hat current across each pesiStor Aependert oaty on the voltage dap across Lonstent when parallel like. each rElStor this) and the resistarce tn cack biaiich. It doesn't matter how mere OSES ca paratled are added or subtracted?&, fe find Ry and T, ( eae) ie a RR 300 Bio ~ 2-005 Riz = 2002. Ree oe thy 4001 15O* BS0.2 @ Ty oe. B48 - ba5tA T & “35a OTe = 26.857 y= Ty b= 6857-3002 205 7.0026 =.2057 7 9 Uys Ve “Vs 22400-2208 7.14 28> B42. BST O-22 Help Be eae nr?