Class XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Exercise 1.1 Question 1: Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive: (Relation R in the set A= {1, 2, 3..13, 14} defined as R= (0x, yp 3x- y= 0} (ji) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as R= C(x Wry = x4 Sandx <4) (ii) Relation R in the set A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) a5 R= Ly): (iv) Relation R in the set Z of all integers defined as R= C(x, ix vis 2s integer) (v) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by (a) R = {(x, y): xand y work at the same place} is divisible by x} (0) R = {(x, y): x and y live in the same locality? (OR = (x, yj: xis exactly 7 em taller than y} (@) R= {(x, y): xis wife of y) (©) R= C(x, y): xis father of yy Answer (A= (1, 2,3. 13, 14} R= {(x, y): 3x = y = O} R= (C1, 3), (2, 8), 3, 9, 4, 12)} Ris not reflexive since (1, 1), (2, 2)... (14, 14)@R. Also, Ris not symmetric as (1, 3)€R, but (3, 1)€ R. (3(3)~ 1 #0] Also, R isnot transitive as (1, 3), (3, 9) €R, but (1, 9) R. [3-9 #0} Hence, Ris neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. i) R= {(x, i y= + 5 and x < 4} = {(1, 6), (2,7), , 8)} Itis seen that (1, 1)€ R. Ris not reflexive, (1, BER But Page 1 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Geer +R. not symmetn Now, since there is no pair in R such that (x, y) and (y, z) ER, then (x, z) cannot belong toR. +R is not transtive. Hence, Ris neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. (iid A= (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6) R= {(x, y): y is divisible by x} We know that any number (x) is divisible by itself. 0%, ER Ris reflexive. Now, (2, 4)€R [as 4 is divisible by 2] But, (4, 2)€ R. [as 2 is not divisible by 4] “Ris not symmetric. Let (x, 99, (vs Z)ER. Then, y is divisible by x and z is divisible by y. oz is divisible by x. = (%, zeR Ris transitive. Hence, Ris reflexive end transitive but not symmetric. (iv) R= {(x, y): x — y is an integer} Now, for every x€ 2, (x, x) €R as x- x = isan integer. 2R is reflexive. Now, for every x, ye Zif (x, y)€ R, then x ~ y is an integer. > -(«- y) is also an integer. > (y~ x) isan integer. (YER oR is symmetric. Now, Let (x, y) and (y, z) €R, where x, y, Z€ Z. = (x= y)and (y ~ 2) areintegers. (x — y) + (y- 2) is an integer. Page 2 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics (4% 2)ER oR is transitive Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. (¥) (2) R = {Gs y): x and y work at the same place} (x ER “Ris reflexive. If Gs YER, then x and y work at the same place. > y and x work at the same place. = (ER. 2Ris symmetric. Now, let (x, ¥), (Ys Z) ER > x and y work at the same place and y and 2 work at the same place. ~ x and z work at the same place. > (x, Z)ER Ris transitive. Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. @)R Clearly (x, x) € R as x and x is the same human being. (x, ): xand y live in the same locality) = Ris reflexive. IF (x, y)ER, then x and y live in the same locality. > yand x live in the same locality. = (YER 2R is symmetric. Now, let (x, y) € R and (y, ze R. > x and y live in the same locality and y and z live in the same locality. > x and z live in the same locality. = (% ZER = Ris transitive. Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. (©) R = {(x, ¥): x is exactly 7 cm taller than y} Now, NER Since human being x cannot be taller than himself. Page 3 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics 2R is not reflexive. Now, let (x, y) €R. = x is exactly 7 em taller than y- Then, y is not taller than x. (y, DER Indeed if x is exactly 7 em taller than y, then y is exactly 7 em shorter than x. eR is not symmetric. Now, Let OY. ZER = x is exactly 7 em taller than y and y is exactly 7 om taller than 2. = x is exactly 14 em taller than 2. ox, 2) ER = Ris not transitive, Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. () R= (Ox, y): xis the wife of y} Now, OER Since x cannot be the wife of herself. 2B is not reflexive. Now, let (x, eR = x is the wife of y. Clearly y is not the wife of x. AY DER Indeed if x is the wife of y, then ys the husband of x. «Ris not transitive. Let OW), (v, ZER > x is the wife of y and y is the wife of z. This case is not possible. Also, this does not imply that x is the wife of 2. fx, Ze R 2R is not transitive, Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. (R= {(%, y): x is the father of y} ER Page 4 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, ‘As x cannot be the father of himself. 2R is not reflexive. Now, let (x, ¥) ER. = x is the father of y. > y cannot be the father of y. Indeed, y/is the son or the daughter of y. oY ER = Ris not symmetric, Now, let (x, YE R and (y, z)ER. > x is the father of y and y is the father of z. = x is not the father of z. Indeed x is the grandfather of z. 2 (x, 2)€R 2R is not transitive, Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive, Question 2: ‘Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R= {(@, b): a < bo) is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. Answer (a, 6): (1.5)2 = 2.25 (as3< Mathematics Page 5 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, AB ASVER Ris not transttve Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive, Question 3: Check whether the ralation R defined in the set (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R= {(a, b): b= a + 1} ts reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Answer Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Arelation R is defined on set A as: Re {(a,b):b= a+ 1} oR = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 8) We can find (a, a) @ R, where ae A. For instance, (4, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6 ER 2B is not reflexive. It can be observed that (1, 2)€ R, but (2, 1)¢ R. 2R is not symmetric. Now, (1, 2), (2, 3) € R But, G, 3)eR oR is not transitive Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. Question 4: ‘Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, 6): but not symmetric. Answer R= {(a, 6), a 1) «Ris not symmetric. s)nea-()) 49) we (0 Jet(S) = Ris not transitive. Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. Page 7 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Question 6: ‘Show that the relation R in the set (1, 2, 3) given by = {(1, 2), 2, 1)} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Answer Leta = {1, 2, 3}. Arelation R on A is defined as R = {(1, 2), (2, 1}. Itis seen that (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) €R. = Ris not reflexive. Now, as (1, 2) € Rand (2, 1) € R, then R is symmetric. Now, (1, 2) and (2, 1)ER However, (Der “Ris not transitive, Hence, R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Question 7: ‘Show that the relation R in the set 4 of all the books in a library of a collage, given by R = {sy}: and y have same number of pages} is an equivalence relation. Answer Set A is the set of all books in the library of a college. Re x, ¥): x and y have the same number of pages} Now, Ris reflexive since (x, x) € R as x and x has the same number of pages. Let (x, y) €R > x and y have the same number of pages. > yand x have the same number of pages. = (y, ER 2 is symmetric. Now, let (x, y) Rand (y, 2) R. = x and y and have the same number of pages and y and z have the same number of pages. = x and z have the same number of pages. 2 (x, ER -R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation, Page 8 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Question 8: ‘Show that the relation Rin the set A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by Re {(a.#):|a-O] is even), an equivalence relation. Show tha all the elements of (2, 3, 5) are related to each other and all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of 2, 4}. Answer 1,2, 3,4, 5} {(a, 6):|a—-A| is even} Itis lear that for any element aca, wehave | -41=9 (which is even). Ris reflexive, Let (2, BER. = |a—dfis even, =| -(@-b)|=|b— alis also even. =>(b ajeR +R is symmetric. Now, let (a, 6) € R and (6, c)e R. = |a—5| is even and |b—c| is even = (ab) isevenand (6-c) iseven = (a-c)=(a~b)+(b~c) is even [Sum of two even integers is even] => |a-c| iseven = (a, JER Ris transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Now, all elements of the set {1, 2, 3} are related to each other as all the elements of this subset are odd. Thus, the modulus of the difference between any two elements will be even. Similarly, all elements of the set {2, 4} are related to each other as all the elements of this subset are even, Page 9 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Also, no element of the subset (1, 3, 5} can be related to any element of {2, 4} as all elements of {1, 3, 5} are odd and all elements of {2, 4} are even. Thus, the modulus of the difference between the two elements (from each of these two subsets) will not be even. Question 9: A={veZ:0|(a-6)|=|b—a| isa multiple of 4. = (b, aeR “Ris symmetric. Now, let (a, 6), (6, c)e R. = |a—5| is a multiple of 4 and |b~cl isa multiple of 4 = (a-f) is amultipl = (a-c)=(a-b)+(b => a-d isa multiple of 4. of 4 and (6~c) isa multiple of 4, 2) is.a multiple of 4. > (a, c)eR «Ris transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation. ‘The set of elements related to 1 is {1, 5, 9} since Page 10 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, isa multiple of 4, 4 isa multiple of 4,and isa multiple of 4 (i) R= {(@, 6): a = bY For any element aA, we have (a, a) € R, since a = a) oR is reflexive, Now, let (a, 6) € R. oe aba > (ba)eR 2 is symmetric. Now, let (a, b) € R and (b, c) ER. =a=bandb 2 (a, JER 2 Ris transitive, Hence, R is an equivalence relation. The elements in R that are related to 1 will be those elements from set A which are equal tot. Hence, the set of elements related to 1 is {1}. Question 10: Given an example of a relation. Which is (i) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. (ii) Transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric. (iil) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive, (iv) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (v) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive, Answer (Let A = {5, 6, 73. Define 2 relation R on Aas R = {(5, 6), (6, 5)} Relation R is not reflexive as (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7) R. Mathematics Page 11 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Now, as (5, 6) €R and also (6, 5) €R, Ris symmetric. 5, 6), (6, VER, but (5, ER eR is not transitive. Hence, relation R is symmetric but not reflexive or transitive, (ji)Consider a relation R in R defined as: Re {(a, 6): @ (b, a)ER for alla, BER, Relation R is not transitive since (4, 6), (6, 8)€ R, but (4, 8)€ R. Hence, relation R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. (iv) Define a relation R in Ras: a, b): a2 & bs} Clearly (a, a) € Ras as = as. eR reflexive. Now, (2, NER (es 292 19) Page 12 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics But, (, 2)€ (as < 25) “Ris not symmetric. Now, Let (a, 6), (6, JER. > 2 boand bs 2 co sare 2 (2, ER 2R is transitive, Hence, relation R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (v) Let A= {-5, ~6}. Define ¢ relation R on A as: R= {(-5, -6), (-6, -5), (-5, -5)} Relation R is not reflexive as (~5, ~6) € R. Relation R is symmetric as (~S, ~6) € R and (~6, ~5}eR. Ittis seen that (~5, ~6), (~6, ~5) ER. Also, (-5, -S)ER. “The relation R is transitive. Hence, relation R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive. Question 11: ‘Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by R = {(P, Q): distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from the origin}, is an equivalence relation. Further, show that the set of all point related to a point P + (0, 0) is the circle passing through P with origin as centre. Answer R= {(P, Q): distance of point P from the origin is the same as the distance of point Q from the origin} Clearly, (P, P)€ R since the distance of point P from the origin is always the same as the distance of the same point P from the origin. -Ris reflexive. Now, Let (P, QER. Page 13 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics > The distance of point P from the origin is the same as the distance of point Q from the origin = The distance of point Q from the origin is the same as the distance of point P from the origin =(Q PIER :R is symmetric. Now, Let (P, Q), (Q, SER. = The distance of points P and Q from the origin is the same and also, the distance of points Q and S from the origin is the same. = The distance of points P and S from the origin is the same. >, SER -R is transitive, ‘Therefore, R is an equivalence relation, ‘The set of all points related to P + (0, 0) will be those points whose distance from the origin is the same as the distance of point P from the origin. In other words, if © (0, 0) is the origin and OP = k, then the set ofall points related to P is at a distance of k from the origin. Hence, this set of points forms a circle with the centre as the origin and this circle passes through point P. Question 12: ‘Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(Ti, 2): Ti is similar to To}, is equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles Ti with sides 3, 4, 5, Tr with sides 5, 12, 13 and T> with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles among T, T and Ts are related? Answer R (Ti, 7): Ts is similar to T2} Riis reflexive since every triangle is similar to itself. Further, if (7, T2)€R, then 71 is similar to Tz > Te is similar to Ti = (Te, TER -Ris symmetric. Page 14 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Now, Let (Ti, T2), (Te, Taye R = This similar to Te and Ts is similar to To = This similar to Ts =(%, HIER «Ris transitive. Thus, R is an equivalence relation. Now, we can observe that: 24 5(1) 6 8 1 2 The corresponding sides of triangles 1 and Ts are in the same ratio. Then, triangle T: is similar to triangle T= Hence, Tr is related to Ts. Question 13: Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all polygons as R = {(Pt, P2): Pi and Pz have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all elements In A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5? ‘Answer R= {(P1, P2): Pi and Pz have same the number of sides} Riis reflexive since (Pi, Ps) € R as the same polygon has the same number of sides with itselt Let (Pi, PER. > Pi and Pz have the same number of sides. = P and Pi have the same number of sides. = (P2, PER 2 is symmetric. Now, Let (Pi, PD, (Po, PDE R. = Pi and P2 have the same number of sides. Also, P: and P: have the same number of sides. = Pi and P: have the same number of sides. = (Pi, PER Page 15 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, oR is transitive Hence, R is an equivalance relation. The elements in A related to the right-angled triangle (T) with sides 3, 4, and S are those polygons which have 3 sides (since Tis a polygon with 3 sides). Hence, the set of all elements in A related to triangle Tis the set of all triangles. Question 14: Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = {(L:, 12): Leis parallel to £2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4. Answer R= {(Li, £2): Li is parallel to Lo} Riis reflexive as any line L: is parallel to itself i Now, Let (Li, LER. > Li Is parallel to Lo > Los parallel to Ls = (Le, LER Ris symmetric. Now, Let (Ls, Le), (Le, be) eR. = Lis parallel to Lz. Also, L2 is parallel to La oy (Lay LIVER, > Li Is parallel to Ls oR is transitive Hence, R is an equivalence relation, The set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4 is the set of all lines that are parallel to the tine y Slope of line y = 2x + 4 is m rd, It is known that parallel lines have the same slopes. ‘The line parallel to the given line is of the form y = 2x + ¢, where ceR. Hence, the set of all lines related to the given line is given by y = 2x + ¢, where ce R. Mathematics Page 16 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Question 15: Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given byR = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)}. Choose the correct Answer. (A) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. (B) R is reflexive and transitive but net symmetric. (C) Ris symmetric and transitive but not reflexive. (0) Ris an equivalence relation. Answer R= CL, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), 4, 4), 1, 3), B,D, (3, 2} Itis seen that (a, a) € R, for every 2€{1, 2, 3, 4}. =-Ris reflexive, Itis seen that (1, 2) € R, but (2, 1)€ R. 2R is not symmetric. Alco, it is observed that (a, 6), (b, c) € R= (a, ce R for all a, b, ce {1, 2, 3, 4}. «Ris transitive. Hence, R Is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. ‘The correct Answer is 8. Question 16: Let R be the relation in the set N given by R = {(a, correct Answer. (A) (2, VERE) (3, BER (C) (6, 8) ER (D) (8, ER Answer R= (ad): 2, b> 6} Now, since b > 6, (2, 4)€R Also, as 34 @~ 2, (3, ER And, as 87-2 (ER Now, consider (6, 8). We have 8 > 6 and also, 6 = 8-2. 26, ER ‘The correct Answer is C. = 2, b > 6}. Choose the Page 17 of 68 ‘Website: vwww.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Exercise 1.2 Question 1: F (x)= Show that the function f: Rr + Rr defined by ® is one-one and onto, where R° is the set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result true, if the domain R: is replaced by N with co-domain being same as R:? Answer f(x) Ittis given that f: Re — R- is defined by ER, (Exists as y #0) Its clear that for ye Rs, there exists y ‘such that F(x) fis onto. ‘Thus, the given function (f) is one-one and onto. Now, consider function g: N-— R-defined by a(x)=2 We have, a(a)aaQs 2g is one-one. Page 18 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Further, itis clear that g is not onto as for 1.2€R: there does not exit any x in N such fie that go) = 1.2 Hence, function g Is one-one but not onto. Question 2: Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions: fF R= Ragiven by f(x) = 2 (iv) FN N given by f(x) = 22 (v) ZZ given by x) = 20 Answer (FN Nis given by, fo), Tt is seen that for x, YEN, f(x) = fly) = x2 = ye> x =. fis injective. Now, 2€ N. But, thera does not exist any x in N such that (x) = x0 «Fis not surjective, Hence, function f is injective but not surjective. (i) #Z—Zis given by, 1) =e Itis seen that 1) = 1) = 1, but-1 #1. - Fis not injective. Now,-2€ Z. But, there does not exist any element x€Z such that f(x) = 20 =F is not surjective, Hence, function Fis neither injective nor surjective. ( = Ris given by, 1) =e Ttis seen that (-1) = (1) = 1, but-1# 1, =-Fis not injective. Now,-2€ R. But, there does not exist any element xe R such that f(x) = x2 Page 19 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics «fi not surjective. Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective. (iv) f: N= N given by, fx) Itis seen that for x, YEN, fd = f(y) = x2 -f is injective. Now, 2€ N. But, there does not exist any element x in domain N such that f(x) = x2 = 2. “Fis not surjective Hence, function f is injective but not surjective, (v) ZZ is given by, fd, Itis seen that for x, ye Z, f(x) = fly) 20 = y= x=. «Fis injective, Now, 2€ Z. But, there does not exist any element x in domain Z such that f{x) = xs = 2 - F15 not surjective, Hence, function f is injective but not surjective, 1 Question 3: Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f: ® — R given by f(x) ‘once nor onto, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than oF equal to x. Answer FR Ris given by, fo) = bd It is seen that f(1.2) = [1.2] = 1, (1.9) +f(1.2) = ALS), but 1.2 # T9 «FB not one-one. Now, consider 0.7€ R. It is known that f(x) = [x] is always an integer. Thus, there dogs not exist any € Rsuch that f(x) = 0. «-f'8 not onto, Hence, the greatest integer function is neither one-one nor onto. Page 20 of 68 Tages Cc R Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Question &: x. 7 (x)= Show thet the Modulus Function f: RR given by sis neither one-one nor ‘onto, where |"! i x, ifx is positive or 0 and Answer f: R= Ris given by, —- err is - x, iF xis negative. eyalejal exe 0 f)-Pl= 1 ite<0 = Itis seen that S(-)=[-I]=L (1) f(-1) = (1), but -1# 1. =-Fis not one-one. Now, consider -1¢ R. Its known that x) = _|*lis always non-negative. Thus, there does not exist any ‘element x in domain R such that f(x) = “1 «Fis not onto. R =, 2 Hence, the modulus function is neither one-one nor onto. Ne Question 5: forge C Codon ‘Show that the Signum Function f: R — R, given by L, ifx>O f(x)= \° ifr=0 — |-L ifx<0 is neither 6he-one nor onto. Answer F: R= Ris given by, ih fx>0 30, ifx=0 |-itreo Ie is sean that fu) = #(2) = 1, but 1 #2 -# ig not one-one. Raye 2 f-| 1) i} raaiofee Co Lome n=O Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.com Rogge C CodomanClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Now, as f(x) takes only 3 values (1, 0, or ~1) for the element ~2 In co-domain R, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = —2 Fis not onto. Hence, the signum function is neither one-one nor onto. Question 6: Let A= (1, 2, 3}, 8 = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f= {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be function from Ato 6. Show that fis one-one. Answer Itis given that 4 = (1, 2, 3}, 8 = (4,5, 6, 7). f: A— Bis defined es f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6}. oF (1) = 4, F(2) = 5, F(3) = 6 Itis seen that the Images of distinct elements of A under f are distinct. Hence, function f is one-one. Question 7: In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one-one, onto or bijective. Justify your Answer. = (0 f: RR defined by fox) = 3-4 FO 4 (0) ER R defines by 70) Me Answer OF R~ Ris geined 08 fx) = 9— 4 UZ => x= 225f,- Lets, x, €Rsuch that f(s) = f(x), Y ae 4y=Kay BI) Lines fnchors Sty = Zs, . =x=% =-fis one-one, _——— ‘Sgr wa OO PEC Bommin rE domi Sayrg FE eto Class XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Hence, fis bys (il) Ro Ris Pe cote as f(x)=l+ [ae Lets, x) © Rsuch that f( ae —— Ata) = T+% sligeie a 2 (a) (G4) xe «Ze a 2. 2 FOS) 15) goes atmo tht 402! Pa) = Fa) Ca For instance, S(I=F(-1)=2 4 ..F' not one-one, Consider an element ~2 in co-domain R. Ieis seen that 1(*)= 14+" positive forall x€ R. Le Thus, there does not exist any x in domain R such that fd F's not onto. Hence, Fis neither one-one nor onto. Question 8: fc ea Let A and 6 be sets. Show that f:/a x ‘pxdte jsuch thal (2,6) = (6, a) is bijective x a epee eee es Answer f Ax BB x Ais defined as fa, b) = (b, a). Let (4,, 4), (a, b))€ AXB such that f(a, 4) = f(a,, bs)” Say=(On a.) Ax) BXA Mda=a = (a, b)=(ay fis one-one, ~ Now, let (b, a) € 8 x A be any element. Then, there exists (2, b)€4 x B such that f(a, 6) = (b, a). [By definition of , — f(a, b) = (b, 2). [By A ave {Can eit eay JFunctions Mathematics \ ! Class XI =fis onto, Hence, fis bijective. HI 3s 2- Question 9: s-!/ 1 2 4 att ifnis odd f(n)=} 2 forall nN. 2 nis even, Let f: N— N be defined by = State whether the function fis bijective. Justify your Answer. ip eA non fis bjectwe,Justy your Answer 6 i Ve_ Answer n+) itm isodd a —/ Loaty f(n)=} 7 for all neN. > if mis even aw FN Nis defined as It can be observed that: f(I)= [By definition off] f(l “fis not one-one. = Consider @ natural number (n) in co-domain N. (2), where 142. Case I: nis odd -3x-2y=—3y-2e =3x-2x=3y-2y el Ax Pile c odonin > KE rdonmun > too 4 Let yeB = R~ {1}. Then, y # 1. ‘The function fis onto if there exists x eA such that f(x) Now, [vet] Thus, for any ye B, there exists ee By such that Page 25 of 68 ‘Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics 2 f is onto, Hence, function f is one-one and onto. Question 11: y = R be defined as x) Choose the correct Answer. £ Ga — 2s fix) = xs. Choo = one-one ono (8) 7 many-one onto = 2w = one-one on nents ise 1e but not onto (B) Fis neither one-one nor onto _—_ iin badnetes 10-9 LEE, YE R such that fs) = A) A A = tT . 4 210) L02) does nat imply that For irtarc, F(Y=F(-1 4 «ff not one-one. 7 Consider an element 2 in co-domain R. Itis clear that there ec not exist any x domain R such that f(x) fie ot ont. Rone — eR Hence, funtion Fis nether one-one nor onto. 0 3° a ‘The correct Answer is D. Question 12: Let f: R= be defined as f(x) = (A) Fis one-one onto (8) 7 (C) Fis one-one but not onto (D) fis neither one-one nor onto Answer Choose the correct Answer. qe 3H Page 26 of 68 = Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.com aCodomamn- Class XII Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions Mathematics F: R— Ris defined as f(x) = 3x By- Let x, ye R such that f(x) = fly). ~ t = 3x = 3y eo we 4 ava 7 sts one-one, 2 Also, for any real number (y) in co-domain R, there exists "~~ 3 in R such that (2) (2) — ay fis onto, Hence, function fis one-one and onto. ‘The correct Answer is A. Page 27 of 68 ‘Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics Exercise 1.3 Question 1: a Let f: {1, 3, 4} + {1, 2, 5} and g: {1, Z, 5} + (1, 3} be given by f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)}. Write down gof. CPI EY = Answer ‘The functions Fi {1, 3, 4} + (1, 2, S} and g: (1, 2, 5} — (1, 3} are defined as = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, D} and g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, YD} 8(2)=3_ [/Q)=2 and g(2)=3) [7 (3)=5 and g(5)=1] PE [/()=1and g(1)=3] at Cr), yt), gt sof()= (1) Question 2: Let f, g and h be functions from R to R. Show that (f +g)oh= foh+ goh (f-g)oh =| fol)-(goh) a (pt) = 70409 | (f +g) oh= foh+ goh Consider: (s+ 8)oh)(x) Gq (ae $44) Ch () =F (h(x) +2 (A(x) = (Joh) (x) +(0h)(x) = {( Joh) +(goh)} (x) 7 “(Us +a)oh)(x)={(10h)+(goh)\(x)— YeeR Hence, (f+g)oh=foh+goh Page 28 of 68 ‘Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics 7 ‘Dot ( foh)-(goh) oY (ona 7 Ci ft) (® = gro) (a) x)).e (A(x (XK a mee, Eq) A= KOO. ={() (eo) }) — (S F-ahatl(e)= ((r).(e0i)}(2) vee Hence, (f-g)oh=(foh)-(goh). Question 3: Find gof and fog, if w ) 10) |x| and g(x)=[Sx-2] ~~ 0 f(x) =8e and g(3)= 3° (qn = te] o ML atete)se a = (KY “(eof x)= el FEN «(i =|s)4=2) (Fo8)(x)= F(#(x)) = £((5x-2)) = [5-2 =|5x-2] Gy f(X)=8" ande(s)=2 “(eof (2)= 8(F(@)) (Aag)(2)= F(¢(*))=F) Question 4: Page 29 of 68 ‘Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: care@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics (4x43) 1) Gay? rg Answer >, show that f 0 f(x) = x, for all 3 . What is the inverse of f? 2 pate =f 6u—Y <_(4%3) 2 1%)" (6g—ay** Ca (are) = FLO) =F Ittis given that = ff Hence, the given function f is invertible and the inverse of Fitselt. Question 5: State with reason whether following functions have inverse ( f {4, 2, 3, 4} = {10} with one- 2° f= {G1 10), @, 103, (3, 10),(4, 1003 4 (ii) 9: {5, 6, 2, 8) + (4, 2, 3, 4} with 9 = (54), (6, 3), (7, 4), 8, 2) \ Gi): 42, 3, 4, 5) (7, 9, 11, 13) with b= {(2, 7), 3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)) 3 Answer g (FU, 2, 3, 4) + (10 }deFined as: f= {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)) From the given definition of f, we can see that fis a many one function as (3) = A) = 10 fis not one-one. Hence, function f does not have an inverse. (i) 9: {5, 6, 7, 8) = C1, 2, 3, 4} defined as: Page 30 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics 9 = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (2) From the given definition of g, it is sean that g is @ many one function as: g(5) = 9(7) = 4. 29 is not one-one, Hence, function g does not have an inverse. Gil) A: 2, 3, 4, 8) = (7, 9, 11, 13) defined as: f= £(2, 7), 3, 9, (4, 11), (5, 13)} Itis seen that all distinct elements of the set {2, 3, 4, 5} have distinct images under h. Function fr is one-one. Also, his onto since for every element y of the set {7, 9, 11, 13}, there exists an element x in the set {2, 3, 4, S}such that Ax) = y- ‘Thus, his a one-one and onto function. Hence, f has an inverse. Question 6: 4 Show thet f: [-1, 1] — R, given by function fi [-1, 1] — Range f. — f(x (Hint: For yeRange f, y = Answer (+1, 1] Ris given as Let Fx) = Fly). =et=2y seer : f5 @ one-one functio Itis clear that f: [-1, 1] + Range fis onto. % ~ engt= ccdlomein fi [E1, 1] = Range fs one-one and onto and therefore, the inverse of the function: Page 31 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions Mathematics F: [-1, 1] = Range f exists. Let g: Range f— [-1, 1] be the inverse of f. Let y be an arbitrary element of range f. Since f: [-1, 1] = Range fis onto, we have: FE or same x <[-1, 1] aye x2 Sxy42pax Now, let us define g: Range f ~ [-1, 1] as Yy _ 2x er aaa e0)= - yel Now. (e/a) ()=e{ - = Es 2y 2y oe. (Hoanor=Meo=(5 tat ee egof = 1 and fog = hms Question 7: oe) Consider fh R given by fe) = 4+ 3 Show tat is inert. Find th ners of ‘Answer eee ed f: R= Ris given by, fo) = ax + 3 chee Page a2 ot 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XII Let 109 = 9. = 4x+aF4ytam =e = a =x= d= OD) =S 4- fY) Mathematics «Fis a one-one function. Onto: For ye R, let = Fis onto. ‘Thus, fis one-one and onto and therefore, f1 exists. Let us define g: RH R by Now.(gof)(x)=8(/ (x))= 8 (4x+3)= (2)o)=/(e())=/(22)=4[ 2 )o3-9-33-y 2 80f = for =|y Hence, fis invertible and the inverse of fis given by F*(v)=8(v)= Tey Question 8: 4.00) A+ oni 2)-{(, eafen by) = PA. Show tat i nverte wh the verse =| 7 Fa of givenfy J '(” Answer ——aaaee , where R. is the set of all non-negative real numbers. Fi: Rs = [4, 0) is given as fix) = 2 + 4. Page 33 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.comClass XI Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions, Mathematics La4ee ser gYx-4)= 0 One-one: For ye [4,@), let y= 204 4, Ye x EY Sxsy-420 — fasy24] => 7 x= Jyndz0 U = N9-4 a ce eee eee x= 94 Roveh thot = +(4) -444= —| =a a=fy eee -! a ‘Thus, f is one-one and onto and therefore, fast exists. Let us def aaa a V$'@) = Jeu Now, gof (x)= 2@(F(x))= a(x" +4)= y(x? +4)-4 = And, foa(»)=F(e(»))=£(Ve=4)= (Vem) +4=(y-4) d= 2 SOF = fOs=Iy. Therefore, for any yc R, there exists f)=F(W=4)=(-a), fis onto. + Hence, fis invertible and the inverse of fis given by L'(v)=8)=Vy-4- Question 21: tan 3 cot "(-3) Find the values of is equal to (ay n(B) 2 (6) (0) NF Answer Page 34 of 68 Website: www.mentorminutes.com Email: eare@mentorminutes.com