2431 Rotating mass pe exciiatton. Machines with unbslanced rotating masses develop alternating: Figs 2.15 a, Since fiaaatl forces wn the foundation at any instant cancel, the nat ‘on the fouadation i vaitisal and equal to 2m, 24" cin a, whete m, Ie the tnag of eh nating clement, placed a exsctisicity ¢ from the sent of rotating shaft und wis de angular fregucney lof masses. Fig, 2 15h shows nuich a system mrowsled oa elastic supports with dashpot represedtiag, veo stomping (0) Staseapringdantpet sy ng degre frraera eye wih rneing mas rypeevcation “The equation of motion san be writen as m2+C2+K2Z=2m, co sin ox (2.64) heres met HP toning 2m palons (264) bn GLA ie le, excep dat 2m, ew appeats in Eq. (2.64) in place of F, The solution oF Eg. (2.68) may therefore be writen 3,‘Theory of Fibrations Z=A,sin (meth) Cenels) where age Sines: aa} a8 om | eas ] | ae eat fe] | 1 % of 7 Frayanney ratio. 3 (0) AglTE en, lm) ver Iequeney eat 180" @ z 3 oil 3 & ¢ o Ww 20 30 «0 5.0 Frequency ratio» 1 (@)Phase aie rersusfrequanéy ratio Fig 1.16; Remon ys with otling usbalasee (2.65) [2 66) (267“The Fy. (2.680 cam be express in nonrdmensial formas given below if 2 etn (258) yet Yaar ane The value of 4, (29, tm) $8 plated ugainst hequeney maio-y in Fig. 2.16 a: The curves ace siclar (in shape ta those in Fig. 2,13 exceps that thewe starts fram origin. The variation of piase angle @ with 7) lsshown r Fig, 1.162. Differentiating Eq, (2.68) with respect 0 n and equating wo zero, it can be shown, thar resomance will ecur ata frequency ratio given by qo A268} 1-28 ®, o fig A268) we fie : By swbstniing Eg (269-2) im Eq (2.68), we got =| ‘aioe (270) latalpa ask bobbin en ‘ELS VIBRATION ISOLATION Iw ease w machine i risily fastened to Uke Pauodation, the Yoxse will be transrined divectty to the finundatcn and may cause objectionable vibrations [ti desirable to tsate the machine from the Feun- dation though a suitably desigted mounting system in suck a way thatthe tanamited force is reduced. Vor example, the inertial fore developed ina revipracating cagiae o¢ unbalanced foreet prodicced in any ther routing raehinery should be isolated ftom the Eoundation so thatthe adjoiang yt 1s not ct mio heeky vibrations. Anodber example may be the isola of decal instrument Yorn tie supports which my be subjeetet ta cermin vicalions, In either cse te effectiveness af iolarion may be miea- sored 90 tetra o€ the force 0 motion tansmited to the foundation The fits pe is knows as fare {isolation ard the second type as mation isla 1.8.1 Forte [salation, Figure 2.17 shows a machine of mask m suppared on the foundation by means of tm lr having un eqivalea sist K and damping coeffi C, The machine i enced with ‘unbalanced vertical fowce of ragaitugt 2 me sn o¢, The equation of motion of the eachine con be ‘writen nts cl +k2 - 2m, caf snr oh. 72) Thesteady save motion ofthe mast of machine can be worked Out ws a po ifr -8) em Vs(orar where srw 205] LI inTheory of Vibrations x Machine isolotor Ground turtace Foundation Fig 117; Machieotalerfowndation sytein The only force which cun be applied ta the foundation isthe pring feroe K2 andthe damping farce C2; hence the total foree transmitted to ithe foundation during steady state fueced vilwatiom 1s Bakr ce (75) Substituting Eq, 273) in Eq (2.75), we get 1 large SEE eur0) a8} s (nay Ki-ni) «(ane £2.76) Equation (2.76) can be writen as: (2.77) where fis the phase difference betwee the exciting force and the force transmitted tothe foundation and is given by peé-an fl 78)‘Sinoe the force 2 me" ts the force which would be transmitted if springs were infiniicly riged, a rasure of the effectiveness of the isolation movntg syscem is elven by tame) nF (208 ‘iy called the transmissibility ofthe sytem. A plot ofl, versus for cfferent values. 078 is abown ini Fig. 2.18 Ir will be noted from the figure that for any frequency ratio greater than W?, the force ‘ramvsmitted eo the foundation will be less thas the exciting force However tn this ease, the presence of damping reduces the effectiveness of the isolation system as the curves for damped case are above the lundamped ones for] D2 A ceitain amount of damping, howeyet, is essentiel 10 mminiain stubtlcy Andet Bansient conditions and to prevent excessive amplitudes when the vibrations past tbraugh reso- mance ducing the startimy ot stopping of the machine. Therefore, for the vibration isolation system liv be effective 1] should be urcaler than JZ 27) cay 4.0 go es 0.25 S 20) Tronsmissibility, Ay 0 10 20 we Frequeney rotie, 1 ‘Fig Trammiaiity (y)sersefreqroney aa)2.52, Motion Ssolaiion. [n cuany situations, it would be necesiary to isolate situcture or rarchanieal systems from vibrations transmitted from the neighboring machines. Again we require a suitable mount ing System 10 that least vibrations are tensed tothe system duc fo the vibraticg base, We consider a stem mounted through a spring and dasbpot and. attached to the surface which vibrates harmonically ‘with fregiency oi and amplimide Yas shows a Fig, 2.19. Foundation isolator Yay, sin cot {Vibrating ground ‘due te pvighbouring machines Fig. 219; Maes halen yee Let 2 be the absolute displacement of mass; the cquation af motion of the syste can be writen a8 mevC(2-¥y+R(z-Y=0 4280) or m2¢KZOKZ*CY +KY-CaYjerar+ RY, sinms © mZeCZeKZ=¥, (R (cay nin(wr+ ay (at) ‘ Ca ieee a= Tay! K ‘The solution of Eq, (2.81) will give the eanimum amplitude at; (2.83)‘The effectiveness of the mounting system (Uraasmssibility) s_ given by ty en Yo doen )'sangy Equation (2.84) is the same expression as Eq. (2:79) obtained earlier. Transmissiility of wach aysters can alao be studied fram the response curves shown ia fig, 2.18, Iti again moted that for the vibration isolation ta be effective, i must he designed in such a way that n> 4, ‘2.5.3. Materials Used In Vibration Isolation. Materials used for vibrunom isolation are rubber, felt, cork and malic spriags. The effectiveness af each depends om the opecating cantons. 2.5.3.1. Rubber. Robber is loaded in compression or in shear, the Inmer mode gives igher flexibly With loading greater than about 0.6 N per sq smn, it undergoes mich faster deterioration. Its-damping and stiftness properties vary widely with applied load, temperature, shape factor, excitation frequency ‘ad the armpiude of vibration ‘The maximam temperature upto which rubber con be used satsfcierily ‘sahout 65°C. Inraist not be use in presence of oll which stacks rubber It is found sery © ble for bigh frequency vibrations ae 2.3.4.2.Felt, Felts used in compression obly and is capable of taking extonely high loads It as very bigh dursping.aid so is suitable inthe range of lor Frequency ratio tis mainly sed in conjunction with metals springs to sedvce mgixe Hanamisgion 2 FY ash AW iy seal Coe ennusiteialatom tnd le sles ucts emell pace pada wn. ‘rea a large coserete block. For satisfactory working ic nustbe Faded frm (0 te25 Nisq mm. Its wot affgsted by i produsis ur anodecate tempetatuse chasyes. However, ts properniey shange wl the fie quency of exevation 2544 Meiallic springs, Metalic springs are not afected by the operating. eondtions or the envio: rent They are guile Comistent in thet behaviour and can be aceuutely designed for any desired conditions. They have high sound rausmissibility which can be reduced by Toadiny fe in conjunction ‘with it It has negligible damping und so is suitable for working in the rane of high frequency ratio, 20 THEORY OF VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS The purpose of a vibration measuring instrument isto give an output signal which represenis, as closely 2: possible, the vibration phenomenon. This phenomenon may be displaccrnc,velaity or acceleration of the vibeating system and accordingly the instrument which teprodhices sigaals proportional to these ate called Vibrometers, slometers or asceleromeirs, Theve ace essentially wo basic systems of vibration measurement: One method is known as the direslly connected sysien in which motioas can be mensured fiom a reference surface which 1s fixed Moreofia wich reference surfice is nat avalible, The secand system, tnown a5 "Seismic eysieen” does tol require a fined refetence surface and therefore iscartmenly wsed fr vibration rizasurement Figuve 2.20 showss Vibration messurieginstrumemt shich is use6 19 measure any ofthe vibation phenomena. [i consists of a frame in which the mass m is supported by means of a spring K and dashpot C, The frame is mowed on a vibrating body and vibrates along with i. The system reduces toa sping smass dasbpor system having bast on support excltaion as discussed in Art. 25. illustrating ration ‘iolation¥2%, Sia at LL Fig 3.8 Vibeslonmesaring eeeumens Let she surfice § ofthe structate be vibrating harmoically with as uekaowo amplitude Y, und aw unknown frequency «0 The output of the lnstrutent will depend tspon the relative motion hetween the mass and the structure, vince itis this relative motion which is datecid and armlified let Z be the absolute laplacement of the mas, then the ouiput of the instrument willbe prerertiona to X= Z.- ¥ ‘Tho equating of ration of the system can be written as m2eC(Z-VyrK(2-Y) ob sof 88) ‘Subtracting a ¥ from both sides, ZA vibrating body ak OX+KX =m Ye my al26) ‘The soloton can be writen as 289) where and Equation (2.87) ean be newrien a: Xn) p Yj sis (wr-w) AD BR) 1 ee 5 7 i ene?cement Pickap. The instrument will read the displacement of he structure direetly if * 0, The variation of N° ywith Wand Eis shown in Fig. 2.2|, The variation of @ with 7) y given in Fig, 2.14 I is seen thal when’t I large, 1” pis appeccimmely equal so 1 and 8 is pproxivately equal ta 180%, Theeefove 10 design a displacement pickup, n should be large which means that te patural frequency of the testrument self shavld he low compared to the frequency to be mea sufed. Or in other wards, dhe instruimett shoul! have a soft spring and heavy miss, The instrument is sensitive, Mimsy and ean be uted in a weak: vibration envirgoment. The instrument can got be vied far ‘mensurenieet of stam vibrations 9 16 20 3a 40 50 Frequency ratlo, ou ements 2.62. Acceleration Pickup [Aetelerometer). Equation (288) ean be reviten st Xe Treva a ato 2.89 “The output of the insurumeat will be pcopastional wo the acceleration ofthe sirocrue if ix constant Piguce 2.13 shows the variation of p with 7 and &. It is seen that pi is approximately cqual io unity for small values of n. Therefore to design am acceleration pickup, 1 should bs small which means that theratural frequency ofthe iastrumnentjtvelf should be high competed to the fequency to be measured, In ‘other words, the instrument should have & stiff spring and small mass. The instrumest is less sensitive and suitable for the measurement of strong mation, The instrument rie in small 1.6.3 Velocity Piekuy ation {2.88) can be eewritten a5 xo np Ypasin tort) (2.90) 4, The apt of essen wl be propane elo ofthe rust = Nba cota ‘At = 1, Bq. (2.90) can be written as . ier 1 Xa ge gg Vonsin (or 8) aly ess Ata) Since «a, and & are constant, the instrument will measure the velocity et 7 = 1 ‘may be noted that the same mstrument can be osed to measure displacement, acceleration anil velocity indifferent frequency ranges. Xr ifn >> 1 Displacement pileup (Wibeameters) XY if <¢ LAcecleration pickup (Aceckeromelcea} Xa Vit © 1 Velocity pichup(Velometers) Displacentear and velocity pickups have the disadvantage of having rather o lunge ize if motions having small fiequency of vibfation ate 1 be restore. Calibration ofthese pickups is mot simple. Fur- ther, corrections fave to be made in the absorvatians as the response & mot flat in he starting regtums ‘From the poiat pf view of small sive, flat frequency response, sturdinest and ease of calibration, acceler ‘in ck ane 0 be Tavoured. They’ are relatively less sensicve and this sacvartape toa enally be ‘overcome by high ee electronic istrumemtation. 24a. Design of Acceleration Pickup. The relative displacement between the amass and the support would be a measure af the support aoc ify is ess than 0.75 andl § is of the oteer of 0,6 00.07 ‘Of the various methods of meanurcment of celuive daplaccment, electrical gauging. in whlch the aie chanical quantity is converted into an equivalent elecitical quantity is beat suited for acceleration pii- Ups. Llcctrical gauging offers the possibilty of high magnification of the signals which ave usually weak because the spring ig aiff andthe displacements are small, The reechanical quantity alizts either the resistance, or capacitance oF the inductance of the citvuit which consequently alters the curvent in the cineuit, ‘2.7 VIBRATION OF MULTIPLE DEGREE FREEDOM SYSTEMS: lithe preceding sections, vibrations of systems having single degree of freedom bave been dissursed. li many engineering problems, one may come across ie systems which muy have moe thaa one degree of Freedom, Two degrevs freedom cases atise when the foundation of the system is yielding thus adding another degree af freedom or a Spring mass system is attached us the main system to reduce ils vibrations An aysroms when there art a number of masses-connecied with cach other, cveu if each mass is con: ssrained to have one degree of freedom, the system as a whole bas as nusiy degrees of Geedam as there sare muses, Such an idealization is done for carying owt dynamic analysis of euulstoreyed buildings(Se (oyFoursarsped (hj eationan —(eyFirst muds (U)Seswadimaue fe) Thi ode (()Foarth moe frame Fig L211 A our noreyed frame with mode shapes Figure 222.0 shows the frame work ofa fost soreyed Building 1s usual ro hump the masses athe flo levels and te laraped ass has value corresponding to weight of be foo, part of the tupparting system (column) above and below the floor and effestve lve load. The restoring forresare provided by the Sopperting spies, Figare 2.27% shows such am ideaieation apd it gives four degrees of Ereedou system In feee vibration a syste having four degrees of freedom has four natural frequencies are! the ‘vibasin of theany point an she systen, dn general, is & combination of four harmon of these fout astural fleyueacies especuvely. Under certam conditions, any pots in the system aay excouts har fhonie vibrations at any of che four natural frequencies, and these are known as the pincipal modes of vibration. Figure 2.22 to 2221 show the four modes of vibration. If al the masses vibrate in phase (Fig 2.72, the mode in termed the frt or lowest 0 funamentol mpd of vibration: ad the frequency 3350: cated wit his mele would be the lowest in mageude compared to other made fall adjacent asses vibrate out of pase with each other (Fig. 2220, the mode i rermed the highest mode of wibrafcn ans the frequency associated witl this mode would be highest in magnimde compared to other wiowes, LA, Toe Dagesas of Fevadem Syren 2I.A1. Undemped fee viretnn : Pigure 2.23 shows x maie-pring system wilh 140 degrees af fise- ‘dom, Let Z; be the displacersent of mass mand Z, the displacement of astm, The equations of motion ‘of the systern can be written: m2 +R, Z) + Ky (2, -Z,) = 0 42.92) ny2y #E, 2,4) (2-2) 70 12.93) Te sohuion of Eqs (292) and (2.93) willbe of the following orm: 2, = Ay sin? 42.94) 2, =A, sin 1 (2.95) Substinticn of Eqs. (294) and (2.95), nko Eqs. (2.92) abd (2.93), yess (Ky Ky=myo3) Ay -KyAy #0 . (2.96) Kyi FOG By mgt) pome Fig 821: roe wheionat me degrees freedom sem For noatrival solutions of, in Eqs (2.96) and (2.97), +K,-mal sree 1 why Ps of fast) 4 Ma BRK og (299) ~ * Equation (2.95) 44 quadratic do x2, and the roots of his equation ate: Ww ‘ ee ait), (fe Kir ky 24, ae oy 2.100) Frocn Eq. (2,100), two values of tural frequencies and) can be obtained. a i comspond ing to the frst mode and 0,3 is ofthe second moleThe general equation of motion of the two masses coc now be writtcm a3 Zeal! snayrt al” sinw,r (2. and 2, = afl! sin ae AS si mg @ The superscripts in A represent the mode The restive valuesof amples Aj and A, for the two modes: can be obtained using Eqs (2.96)and (2:97), Thus (2.10% lo Gea-meh 27.1.2, Untamped forced vibrations, Consider the aysters shown in Fig, 2.24 with exeimnoe force F, sim wie acting’ on macs any, In this Ease, equations of motion will be my 27K) 2, KR) 2 Fysinwe (ios ty By + Ky By Ry Uy -2)) = 0 (eine Fig 20 | Forced ibeation fa tae degrees fremdam sateFor steady seate, the solutions will be a5 2) A, sin oe (2107) Zr Aysinor (2108) Substituting Eqs: (2,107) and (2.108) in Eqs. (2.105) and (2.106), we get (K+ Ky— myo) Ay Ay = Fy (2109) = RyAy (K+ Ky ma A, = (2.110) Solving for A, and A, fom the above two equations, we get (Kj+Kj-m, 08) . . {fs KK, Eet)er ts Bikpt Ry ¥y+ KK, ba mm, K, 1116) (EAE +E, |_ RRR Ek i 5 mm, ‘The shove ve equations giv steady sat anpliide of vibation of tem rises spective os a function of « The denorrinator of the two equations is same. It may ibe noted thar 41) The expression inside the brackel of the denominator af Eqs, (2.21) and (2.11 Le) is af the sume pe othe expression of natn frequency giver by Eq (299) Therefore wet ond 10 values of A, aud Ay will be iofale as the denomiaton will bene zero ei ‘scone ne pti iv soca +k) o e ABAD) ‘Thuis it makes the mass m, mantiontess at this Frequency: No such stmioeary condition exiats for mass ra, The fact than the mass which is being axeited can have zeta amplinade af vibration under certain conditions by coupling it to anesher spring sass system forms the principle of éynarnic viration ssorbers whoch will be discussed in Art. 28. 24,2, Systean With a Degrees of Freedom, 27.2.8, Undamped free vibrnalons: Coasider a system shown in Fig, 225 having n-degree of freedam, 162). 2, By 2, oe the digplacemens ofthe respective masses at £0y inatiat hen equations of motion ne m2, 6K, 2, # KAZ, ey (24) my 2y- Ky (Z,~ @) 4 Ky (24-0 {2.114} my 2) -K, (Zp= 2) +Ky (2-2 =0 118) m2 Ky.) “9 2AQ.116}n=t Pea] Fat *n [*._] z 8 Unaonped fee lta tm meet egret eto ate‘be solution of tgs. (2114) 0 (2.118) willbe of the follow =" come BA, sin, 2 =A, sin, f Rm Aysin a, 2, =A, sin, ‘Substimtion.of Eqs, (2.117) to (2,120) into Eqs, (2.113) to (2.116), yields: [0 timed] 4, Keay -0 Foy * [Fy 1B) mob] Ay BA 0 =A [ojony-mel] 4s -Ryay=0 a Aayt For nontrivial solutions ofc. in Bqs, (2.121) 10 (2.128), =m,0,) A, #0 [(KisK,)-met] Ky -K, [+R mel]. 0 0 0 ai 0 & le 0 0 ui) ig A211) 212) ARID Aa1az 42a (124) (.Ds) Equations (2.125) s ofn™ degree in 0} and therefore sives m-values of, comrespunding tom natural fiequsmee: Uke mode shapes can te wained from Eq, (2 121) 1 (2.124) by ustg a exe time, abe of the various values of w, as ebtrined ftom Bq, (2.128) ‘When the numihe* of degrees of freedom exceeds thret, the problem of forming the frequency equa tion and sol-*.g it fot determination of frequencies and made shapes hecames tetivs, Numerical tech- rigoes are invariably esomed to in such enses, ‘Holzer's.quaner cal yechalque is a convenient method af solving the problem Yor the sysiem idealized ss shown in Fig, 2.26, By eurnming forest at free end,m, Natal + An dato valtepren reed yen Norta Fuoe ata level below mass ay ~Bideye, Sling force at that level corresponding tthe difference of adjoining masses a4 Sy Eqoating Eqs. (2.126) and (2127) (F-%_) Putting 2 = Ay si wn By (2.128), we get im(-Aje2sin0, 4K, Cain ee Ay fia, : fy yin * Aas BeBilevy (216) AZIZ) ooA2 128) A229) Exaation (2.29) gives a welationship betwetm any two successive amplinales Starting with any Arbiaty valueof A, , amplitude oF all other mane} can. be determined. A phtofA, venus a? would have the shape at showa m Fig, 277 Finally A, should worked out to eno diet fly atthe base ‘he intersection of te cue with 0} axis would give various values of a2. Mode shape canbe obisined by substinating the correc: value af wf in Eq, (2.129),np ig. 2:27: Residual» funtiew of frequen In Hole eto 2.72.2, Fareed wbraven. Levan undamped n degree of freedom system be aubjecte to forced vibrotion, aud F, 1) vepresauts te force on muss om, The equation of motion for the mass m, wil be 22 Reh (0 42.130) where i= 1,2, 3, Th araphinvta of whratnn at amass i he alghraie au af he amplinader of vibra in various sods. The individual medal response would be some fraction of the taal vespacse with the sum of factions being equal w unity IF the factors by which tbe modes of vibration are malipied ave repre- sented by the enoedinates d then for mass my m Zea de aM att allt Ag, (2ian) Fcquation (2.131) can he waiten as aed and, of2132) ‘Substituting Eq (2.132) jn Bg, (2.130) in Ade isa =F) (235) ‘Under free vibeations, it can be shown Ek,alt =o ma ein Substituting Eq, (2. ag Eg, (2.133), we get Emald,. i el mA d, =F.) U5) o Smal a, v0) = F0 (L136)Since the left hind side is a summation involving different modes of vibration, the righ hand side should also be expressed a5 a summation of equivalent foree contribution in comesponding modes. Let Ede) be expanded as Fd = Ema gin (ayTe) A ‘where f, 1) the modal foree and given by Th ay 40 =} (2437 nfs hy a Substituting Eq (2 137 a} tm Eq, (2.136), we wet ood, *f00) 2.138) ‘Equation (2,138) i a single degree freedom equation and its solution can be written as 4 Sifts. (r=) where 0 ¢<1 (2138) et {its observed that the co-ordinate c, wacouples the m degree of freedom system into m systerns of single degree of freedom. The a'r are termed a5 normal co-ordinates and this approach i known as ‘normal mode theory, Therefore the total solution is expressed as a sum of coorbution of indivicial modes, 24 UNDAMPED DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBER ‘A system on which a steady oscillasory Force is acting may vibrate exccssively, sspecially when close to tesonan:e. Such exzeusive vibrations can be eliminated by coupling 2 properly designed spring mass syiera te the main sysem, This forms dhe principte of uadamped dyaamic vibatien absorber where rhe excitati¢n if finally transmitted to the auxitiary system, bringing the main system to rest ‘Let the combination of K and M be the schematic representation of the main system under cansid- cation with the force Fy stm ating oni. A speing = mass (auslitry} absorber system is atached tothe snain system a5 sbowa in Fig, 228; The equations of motion of the complete system can be writer as: M2, +K2, +, (2,-2,) =F, sia aot 42.140} my +8 (2-2) = 9 A214) ‘Th: forced vibration solution willbe af the form Zy~Ay sin ow AB 142) yy sin or (R14) ‘Sutton of ig. (2.142) ane (2.143) ga, 2-140) and (2.141) ples Ay(-Mo? +K*R,)-K,Ay =F, = (2144) HKyA\ + Ag (omar 4K) = 0 (iss)| Absorber system Ko at Main system ® Fig. 228-Yinewionasorber Subtituing uo & Static defection of main system 3 ie = Natural fregeuney of de abeorbes & ‘= Natura frequesey of main systern Uy = GE 7 Mtoe = Absneber manson ase The Eas (2 4) ane (2 145} can be writen as k, K, Res B lg Be 2.146) al: : | a (2146 aod fn 2.4) 4244s)(2149) K ow) K the matwral frequen yut,, of the absorber is chosen equalto wie frequency of the excitation force, itis evademt from Eq, (2.148) that A, = 0 indicating that the main mass does not vibrate at all. Further Bq, (2.148) gives or AK, =-KE, (2.130) This the absorber system vibrate th such a way that its spring farce at all instants is equal and. opposite wo sin wt. Hence, there is a0 met farce acting on main mast Mand the same therefore dat not vibrate, The addition of « vibration absorber to a main system is not such meaningful unless the main 4yétea ud Operating af resonance ot at least near if, Under these conditions, «i= ea,. But fr the absouber to be effective, ot should be equal tow, Therefore, for the effectiveness of the absorber at the operating frequency corresponding to the namu- ‘al frequency of the rain system alone, we bove or a, 2, {2151 0) {21816} or ALIS absorbers For a tuned absorber, Eqs. (2.148) and (2.169) become: (2.182) (2154) = iy =] “The denominators of Ege. (2 152) and (2.153) are identical. At value of when these desaminas tors are zero the two: masses have in{inite amplitudes ef vibration. Let whee m= w,, the denoreinaars ‘becomes zeco, For this condition the expression for the denominators ean be written asleo (2.184) The Eg, (2.154) isquadratic in and therefore there are rwo values of ey for which the denom!+ tatags of Eqs. (2.152) and (2.1598) become cero, These two fiequenties are (he watusal fiequenctes ofthe system. Solution of Eq, (21 ote 155) 1 1] 1a ele 3/8 1.0 6 02 06 06 O86 Mess ratio My iy. 2.20: Natua reueney rsa vert masta ‘The selationships of Eq, (2.155) is plated in Fig, 2.29. From this ploy, itis evidear that greater the ‘mass ratio, greater isthe spread between the two resonant Frequencies. The fiequency response curve for ‘the main systert isshowe in Figg. 2-39 for a value of, = 0.2. The dened curve shawn actually mean that ‘ie auuplinde i esgative or is phase difference with respect tothe excitiog force is 180", Ih can be potived fiom this Ogure that by aitaching a vibration absorber {ai,, = a) to the main system vibenting at resonance redqces its vibration to 2era. Now if the exsiting frequency Is sbsolutely constant, the spier will work efficiently, any change in the exciting frequency will sbift fae operating point from the “optimum point and the main systema response will na Innger be zero It may be noted shit by nding the vibvation absorber, we have introduced wo resonant paints instead of one ia the orginal systems. Nawif the variation of the exciting frequency is such that the operating point shifts near one of the ew ‘eioant points, then amplitudes will be excessive. Thus depending upon the variation of the exciting frequeneiés the spread between the two resonant frequencies has to be decided to rermin reasonably away from the resonant points. After deciding the spread hetween the resonant frequencies, a proper value af i, can bechasen from the eurveof Fig, 2.29, Undamped dynamic vibration absorbers ar no suitable far ‘atying fering frequency excitation. To make the vibration absorber effective aver an extended range of frequencies of the disturbing force, itis advantageous to introduce a damping device inthe absorber system, Such a absorber system is called a damped dynansie vibration absorber Fig 230. Heapase vers fuequeney of ibeaon absrber The Eq, (2.154) ean also be writen as (2156)