3.6.3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) In 1970's TDM was introduced and now favored aver FDM. TDM is the sharing of a common transmission medium in time. In TDM, the time available is divided into small slots, and each of them occupied by a piece of one of the signals to be cent. Thus the multiplexing device should sean the input signal in round-robin fashion. TDM is a base band technology in which individual channels of data or voice are interleaved into a stream of framed bits across a communication channel. Fig. 3.23 shows the Prineiplo of TDM. bik sana 1 A AA —+ Sima 2 8-8 om Sigal cc ~ stem Sina 4 - 0 0 —+ Fig. 3.23. Principle of TDM [fanalog signals are ta be multiplexed, the signals should be sampled. The analog signals are digitized by CODEC (eoder/docodor) dovico. It produces 7 or 8 bit number. Sampling is ‘8000 per sec (125 mireo coc/samplo) to capture all the information from the 4 kHz telephone channel bandwidth. Pulse cone modulation (PCM) technique is used in TDM. TI carrier is the \wideopread method (in North America and Japan) T consists of 24 veice channels multiplexed together Each channel has 8 bits, 7 for information and 1 fer signalling. The output frame of 125 miere cec consists of 24 x § = 192 bite plus one extra bit for framing, Channel 1 | Channet 2 ‘channel 24 |) ae Tt (data) (Sonate) | its raming cose) Fig. 3.24. The T1 camer format. A PAM or PPM can be employed for TDM. These methods are now obsolete as the transmitted pulces disperced due to attenuation and delay distortion. They spread in time and interfere with the pulses of adjacent channele, thus causing imterchannel cross talk. The PCM technique used in TDM eliminates this problem. Typical PCM system for TDM transmission is shown, Recewna ‘ate LL ou xD ba ups Fig. 3.25. TOM transmission.3.8.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) ‘FDM is a broad band analog transmission technique in which multiple signals are transmitted aver a single eable simultaneously as shown in Fig. 8.21 (a). FDM systems divides the available ‘BW of the transmiscion medium into a number of narrow band or sub channels. The channels are cent over a common path by modulation each channel te different carrier frequency (higher frequency). The signal thus occupies a relatively narrow bandwidth which is a part of a much wider bandwidth transmitted. Each speech channel oceupies 4 kHz of the available bandwidth, Fig. 8.21 (@) shows FDM in telephone transmission. sok soak IK 30 hee carrer ganamain MaKkwarik 24 wee carter "at eaKwalik 3 kHz carter 40 kHe @) Potential yo ssh cramers \¢/ cramer? \¥/cxannars \ ‘\ 60 68 Freq (kHz), & Fig. 8.21. (a) Telephone multiplexing (0) FDM in telephone transmission. These modulated carriers are all amplified and transmitted together over the channel Analog FDM used extensively in point to point microwave radios, coaxial cable wire line system and fiber optic transmission (Wavelength division multiplexing). FDM principle. FDM for 12 telephone channels (group multiplex level) is considered for example. The signals pase through 12 low pass filters (LPF) to remove any high froquency components. The LPF outputs are mudulated on 12 separate carrier signals separated by 4 kz. The modulations in all FDM hierarchy is single side band (SSB) modulation. The output of each of the 12 modulations must be filtered (band pass filter) to avoid the interference with each other. BPF are used to restrict each signal to the allocated 4 kHz band. The principle of operation is shown in Fig. 3.22 ‘When the signal is received, eanverse process takes place as shawn. In fact, the madulators and demodulatars are combined into 12 single unite te permit two way transmicoions.Carer requency generaor sional 4 [Fie] LPF az) |Mosulator’ 60-64 KHZ Sons'?,| | Filter J 25) (PE ] pacar) (Meat) || oof |} wooum “ P . a : Fiter | Sera |_LIPE Toe Rr | [Modulator 404-108 kee {singe channel Sonat saxee| SS LPF Demod wots Sional2 leo ute || —rrer : ie} fb} Derod | ON oe | “ 5 * m | Fiter_]|," ‘Signal 12, LPF Demod 08 104-106 kHz) | fearierfeauency] [ Resovery genersor” [| orignal Fig. 9.22. Principle of operation of FDM.