The Veda As The Eternal Soma

Vijayabhaarati
The Veda As The Eternal Soma
The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which
have not been properly understood so far.Through my works
especially- Indus script decipherment breakthrough,
PaNameTa-the troy tower weight and measure system of
Harappa, The Harappan Symbol Of
Man+ Trident And Its Relation To Kausika Visvamitra And The
Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan Unicorn
And The Kalinga Malla MeTas(Tower Weights) , The Harappan
Symbol Of Intersecting Circles And Its Relation To
Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower
weights), The Harappan Contest Motif Of Nude Man With Six
Locks Of Hair Fighting Two Tigers And Its Relation To The
Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan symbols
of Roots, Nuts And Cocks And Their Relation To Kausika
Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower weights),
Identification Of KaNva In The Indus Script, Identification Of
Troy In The Indus script,Identification Of Barley And Mustard In
The Indus Script, Krishna’s Mathura And Dvaraka In The Indus
Script, The Pinna In The Indus Script, The Identity Of Vedic
Sarasvati And The Location Of Krishna’s Dvaraka, Identification
Of Vedic Bharadvaja In The Indus Script, Krishna’s Dvaraka In
The Indus Script, One Symbol Of Indus Script Can Tell A Lot
About The Indus Valley Civilisation, The Identity Of Kasyapa In
The Indus Valley And Sumeria, Kusa -The Son Of Rama-In
Mesopotamia(Sumer),Indus -Sumer Trade, A Few “Copper”
Names In The Indus Script, Janaka-King Of Mithila-In The
Indus Script,The Vedic Asvins, Yama And Kartikeya In The
Indus Script, The Goddess Sarasvati And The Origin Of Brahmi
And Kharoshthi, The Origin Of The Roman Aes Grave From
The Indus Valley Money, A Solution To The Mystery Of The
Gundestrup Cauldron -
I have shown that several seals contain vedic metrological
terms,names of vedic ornaments,names of people and places
etc.In this work I am carrying forward the study of the vedic
soma in the Indus seals with illustrative examples.My
perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedas
can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily. We have
confirmed Mohenjodaro as the first Dvaraka
on the basis of the inscription on the copperplate B7C2 from
there and textual evidences from the Rgveda, Mahabharata
etc.We have located PadmakuuTa,one of the
palaces of Krishna there.Also we have identified the
Sindhu(Indus) as the Vedic Sarasvati river.We have gone
through the symbols identifying the Bharadvajas,the clan of
composers of the earliest vedic texts.In Krishna’s Dvaraka we
gathered more details from the script on Lord Krishna’s
Dvaraka and Sindhu/Sarasvati. We have looked into the
indications of the Harappan jar symbol with three forks on each
edge.We have located the Kasyapas in Hastinapura
trading with Sumeria.We have decoded the Mari Standard,went
deeper into the meanings of several Sumerian images and
confirmed Meluhha as Mathura/Vedic Harappa/Indus valley.
We have located Janaka,the king of Mithila,father-in-law of
Rama, in the Indus script.We have identified the names of
copper in the Indus script and located the Asvins,Yama and
Skanda in the Indus script.
We have seen how Brahmi and Kharoshthi evolved from the
Indus Script and how the Indus script was in use along with
Brahmi/Kharoshthi even into the first centuries CE.We have
seen how the coins of the ancient world,including the Roman
coins evolved from the Indus valley money.
We have looked for and located a Rosetta Stone for the Indus
script, in the varaha/gadyanaka coin form.
We have gone into the relation of the Druids to the Indus valley
civilisation and the role of their Gundestrup Cauldron
in the evolution of Christianity.
We have explored the relation of the Anau seal to the Indus
Valley Civilisation.
In this article we are studying the vedic soma and its
importance in the life of the Harappans.

Key words : Somayaaga,AgnishToma,Asvamedha,The Anau seal,

Gundestrup cauldron,Chernunnos, Varaha, Gadyanaka,
Pagoda,Roman coins,Aes grave,Sarasvati, Brahmi, Kharoshti,
Asvins,Yama,Kartikeya,Copper trade,Janaka, Kasyapa,Sumer,Mari
standard,Garuda, Syena,Indus-Sumer trade, Harappa,
Rama,Hastinapura,Bharadvaja, KrishNa,Dvaraka,Mathura,
Pancaala, PadmakuuTa, Suprabha,Indus valley civilisation,Vedic
Aryans,Indus script,Indus script decipherment,Vedic metrology,
Harappan unicorn,Kalingamana, Magadhamana, Visvamitra,
KaNva, Bharata,intersecting circles,fish signs,Maasha, Karsha,
Shekel,Mina, PaNa,paNameTa, Pala, Pallava,Tola, Ruupa, Rupee,
Seer,Yava,Mustard seed weight,Barley grain weight,
Gunja,ManjaaTi,Troy weight,Tower weight,Myladuthurai stone
celt,Nandagopa
The mysterious soma of the Vedas

Hundreds of researchers and scholars have spent a lifetime of

research to locate the plant called Somalata in vedic
texts.Identifying the plant meant identifying the location of the
vedic people at the time of composition of the Vedas.Yet no
satisfactory identification has been made so far as somalata
simply does not exist on the earth.Soma lata is a
parokshaprayoga of the Vedas for the sun,food and the veda
itself.Since veda was identified with brah-ma(na-veda)/the sun ,
both are the same.Soma is Sa-aum.Hence the mantras begin
with aum to make it sa-aum or soma/Aum is the sound of the

sankha (sinha-maa-roar,maa-na>garja-na>roar of

na/veda>roar of raaja>roar of Rshi>roar of Rca .Hence

Vishnu/vindu/bindu/vipra has the sankha /cakra /pad-ma

/bhas-ma , or naama/bindu/maana-
measure,altar,Agastya/miina mudras to denote
veda/Vishnu/vindu/vipra/jina/jna)/shofar that is sounded by the

priests.Hence sankha(sa-ankha , /sa-ankh of

Egypt)/sinha , (suura-soma-aum-suuranaada

-Suurasena -somadasaraaja

cf.mushka >moksha>soma>Heb.moza-sunrise, is
dasa/rasa/raa; Aja/raaja/aga/agna/svar/srava/sruu-na/ma-
veda) denote veda.Hari/sinha being Rg/gira/Rca has the
hari/golden varNa/parNa also as it is su-
varna(letters)/patra/bharata(veda). The SuparNa(
unicorn;agnishToma>agni-stoma>agni-stava>agni-vatsa>agni-
Rca>agni-rasa>Angirasa>soma-lata.Agni is soma>soNa.Agni

is ka>ga-atra>sari-ra>bera-bhaara-vaara -maana-
pramaaNa >sena >veda) garuda is a stylised

elephant (garja/gja)/sankha (conch) to denote

svar(sun,sound,heaven). Being Nandi/matanga/catvara(sa-
svara)/catvaala it is conjoined with vaTa(satvaTa) .
We can see that the soma of the vedas is the veda/its mantras
itself,apart from the sun god/agni , anna/usra/srava/sraa-Na

(rice,soma,sruu-veda;Rice is called,sraa-Na,nRpapriya

, Sukumaaraka , ,stambakari ,

AnnapuurNesavari , etc cf.sraavaNa

Mal.ONam/TiruvoNam;sruu>suura>Mal.coru-rice,sraa-
cook,boil).Food is god.Typical is the temptation of the Christ
where the god(sura/srava/soma/sma/amsa/ azma/
aham/atma/jina/bhaga) was asked to convert stone(asma/sila-
body of god) into bread(asana/adana/anna/bhak-shana>bhaga-
jina>sura-jana).
Instead of the stone, the god gave his own body(soma/tanu/
sariira>srii-ra; srii,Mal.tii=ra=agni+soma>agni-
shToma>savitR>sa-patri>bera>veda ) as food(anna) for man!
Note the use of the purodasa(rice cake)/
prasadam(pancamRtam ,pongal,aval,fruits)/ eucharist (white

solar bread , , Note

the Asvins and vastra-cloth denoting vatsara-abda-pada-paTa-
veda) etc.during worship services to denote the sun(soma)'s
descent into the world as food of man.
Soma lata is soma(veda)-Rca/rasa/dasa.It is vacana/savana/
panca/sinha/aksha(Garuda/dharma) of the veda.
Veda is bera(soma-body)>viira(agni,king,hero,rasa).Hence is
maa(roar,measure/garja/garjana/KRshNa/varsha/svar/kaala/sa
maya/syaama/sayana/yajna)-na(veda).Hence veda is denoted
by the catvara/satvaTa/sthavira/patra/sa(bird,god).In fact this is
the body(bera/viira/ka) of man and his head (bhadra-
head,bull,king/patra-bird,leaf,writ,prose>adhvara>atharva>

veda>deva) as > > > > > >

AgnishToma>Sum.Enkidu(Enki+du/Tu , , , ,
;Enki>agni>ma;du-seat of god,Tu-priest>madu> madhu>
soma>Mathura-seat of god/king>ma-ruh-ra>Me-luh-
ha;ra>kha>ha>nu>Manu>Vishnu , , , .
Bindu/Vindu/Sa-indu>va-indu/pa-indu/kha-indu/Hindu/
maana/naama makes it pRsni(spotted) >VRshNi/ KRshna-
Suurasena-Somaka-Pancaala-Gandhaara-Candra-soma>su-
na>su-ma>Indu-Sindhu-Sushoma-Gandharva-ga-gaana-geya-

raajakiiya>Rca-geya>Arjiikiiya , /garjana >maa-

na>maana-va>maapana(scale,tuula,suula,tola>
karsha>garja>suura>varsha>svar)>maa-paNa(great

sun,great sound,great praise,great house) , .Suula with

kusa is kusasathali , , .

Adri(hill,Kulin-Kuliina gotra-sikhin-SRngin etc)-athar(fire)-

athari(finger,finger shaped flame of fire), kara(hand)-
giri(hill),agra(end)-hari-rg-giri-gira-giri. Paroksha priya iva hi
deva (Aitareya :3.5.1) . Parokshapriya(homophones and
rebus) is the mainstay of the Vedic Indus Script.
Soma comes from Arjiikiiya nadi(na-veda,dhi-

seat)/giri(Rg/hari; Arjiikiiya(Vipaasa ārjīkīye śṛṇuhyā

suṣomayā RV.X.75.5.) is raja/agni , , , , ,

(cf.bindu>pRsni>na-veda>ma-deva), /siira/Rca/rasa-
gaaya and Rca-gaaya(geya-song).Arjii is arka/agni/raja/
siira/suura/srii.It is Sushoma/Soma/Veda itself.The
nadiistuti is stuti of na-dhi(veda)/Narayana(Ramayana).
Kar-na (srava-sruu-veda,king,agni) was seated in
the Asvanadi.Skanda in the Ganga(ga-naga/agna;gagana).
Gilgamesh(ninsun/mina-soma/son of Nun-Joshua) in the
Euphrates river.Osiris(sruu-srava-varsha-svar-veda) in the
Nile(niila/niira/miina) river , (na/ma/ra/agni/veda in
miina/matsa/masta/vatsa/varsha/srava/sruu is
Narayana/Govinda).

The Harappans ate rice,barley,wheat,millets, brassica,

mustard,coriander, dates,walnuts,grapes, figs,jujube, mango,
okra,caper,sugar cane, melon,pomegranate, coconut ,
banana,garlic, turmeric, ginger, cumin,lemon, cinnamon,
sesame,linseed etc.

Meat was mainly of cattle,buffaloes,chicken,sheep, goat,wild

fowls,deer,antelope , wild boar,fish.
Their kitchen had a hearth or brick –built fireplace.Pottery and
metal vessels were used for cooking.

A ploughed field at Early Harappan Kalibangan shows that the

plough was in use by the early 3rd millennium BC.

https://www.harappa.com/content/what-kinds-things-did-
indus-people-eat
The soma is an essential part of vedic,Avestan,Judaic or
Christian sacrifices.Soma bhadra-king soma-suuna raaja-
dhaanya raaja-Yava(barley)/ Saura(suurya-adana→coriander

)/ Srava(rice).Coriander is also called dhaanyaaka,

dhaanii, dhenika, dhenuka , bhidaa, dhaanaa, tiikshNapattra,

dhanya,vanaja,saakayogya,surabha,saurava, dhaana,
dhaanya,dhanika,biijadhaanya,vedhaka etc.
In fact barley water,Coriander water,jeera water,lemon
water,rice water served as soma(soona-soora) drinks,which the
Indians continue to use even today.Soma drink used to be
given after fasting(means a breakfast) ,similar to the habit of
breaking a fast with lemon or tender coconut juice.
The kanji(soma-rice gruel;ka-water,fire,light;ansu-soma-light) is
the favourite breakfast of the Keralites even today.
Cocunut is called ten(madhu-honey,soma)-kay(fruit) in
Malayalam.Ten/hon-ey(sugar/sara/guDa-jaggery;guda-aasana-

aasya-aajya;gada-club , , /cakra Mal.sarkara-

jaggery/huta-siva) as soma(hon,ten)/madhu is a sweet drink
or good breakfast.Lemon is jonaka(soma/yavana/savana,Tamil-
elumiccam) naarakam(citrus;naarangam,naara-niira-
water;naamaka-name;soma naama) for the Malayalis.

carnyx(Tri vaadya is srii vadya/srii-vid/trivedi /

druu-bhedi /Vidura/ Druid).

Ca(ra)ma(death) is soma/samaa.Kaala is

death.Haayana(kaala-kaahala-kapaala , , , ,

) is death.Kaala(time) is destroyer.Mahaa(buffalo)
kaala(killer) is siva.
→ → → → → → →

m301 varaha/gadyanaka/surabhi m324a

varaha/gadyanaka/surabhi m324b

varaha/gadyanaka/surabhi →

viirabhadra/bhadrasva/vapa→

viirabhadra/sapta maasa –asvina -satra/kuuTaara/hotra

→ → → → → →

→ → → → → → → →pajra→
vaasra→ varsha→ vRsha→ varaha. Maa(measure,roar) is
paNa/maapana/ maanava/samaa/samaapa
etc.Samaya/Time/pala/kshaNa/nimisha/yaama/ghaTika/hora/
ghaNTa/divasa/aha/ahas/vaasra/vaasara/maasa/ayana/kaala/v

arsha/samaa/haayana/ is maa/measure.Kaahala is
kaala.Kapaala/paatra is phalaka(board, tablet, fruit, leaf,

buttocks, shield) and varaaha . Vaadya , is

vidya/vijaya/udaya/prabhaata/ viirabhadra. Viirabhadra(viira-

pajra/srava/soma ) is soma/breakfast after the

night/fast.Viira(madya/kasya) of srava(anna/sroNa/yavanna-
rice gruel,boiled barley ) is madya-anna(madhu→ sura→
soma→amsu-shine,ray→angu-hand,bird;the hand and bird
signify soma.Syena-a bird-dhaanya-grain is said to bring soma
from heaven to earth) and hence refers to madyaahna(noon-
moon) and soma(moon).All suuna(grains,s-oo-na has o –
yama-twin in it like the rings/kings on the horns of
Chernunnos)s make soma(raja),but the most popular in South
India is that of rice,coconut and lemon.Now this place has gone
to tea and coffee.

The AUM → A-U-M →A-K-N (agna-fire,sun;ahna-day)→

soNa(rakta,fire;A→S→H)→soma→homa(hotra/satra/saartha-

sacrifice,booth,trader) → naaka(vaara-arrow , , Ψ

→horn ),naaga(sa-snake,bird,sun;raaga-raaja-king)→

rasana(tongue),rati(sex),srii(word,light,the sun) →
→A(astra,agna,naaga) + V(U,K)+ R,N(• ) → avana(salvation)
→ ahna(it is the call of sunrise.It is the kolam call.h →n→
v→u) .Agna/arka/sun is AUM/soma(A→S).This is confirmed by
the Rg veda.
Ra(• )+ va(V)+ sar(p)a → Rudra → bharata → bhaata→
bhaasha→vaaca → bhadravaaca → auspicious call(speech) of
the god or the priest king(king’s speech,written word.Patra-writ
is bhadra-king/bull/bulla).Rudra is ravi-srii (srii devi/deva-the
sun).It is AUM. It is the horn sounded by the priest asking the
people to wake up. cf. Hebrew Ψ sin(jina,srii,suura,suula,
soma) cf.Chernunnos with kiraNa-horn,hariNa-deer and kaala

sarpa-snake , , .

The horn , , /hariNa-horn animal-

hari/srii/deer is the sun/AUM.This is shown on the horned
heads of deities( arka-kara-hara-hari-ravi-deva,devi→siva→

sa-va→god like) as god is srii (word,suurya-the sun ;Tamil-

tii-fire),horned head of sarpas(snakes ;. Egy. f;bha-svar-
sarpa-sarabha-sabara-varsha-varaha-Brahmana).The horn on
the head of the deity is the naama on the forehead of the
Brahmin.The title of srii is added to names of men as born from
suurya ( srii-strii-woman;rati-surata-sex-suurya-sun).
Usually AUM (horn) + sariira(srii-ra→the sun ) is used to
indicate AUM srii(the sun,fire,light)- ra(fire,the sun,sound).Siva
→srii(the sun)-kha(the sun) →khacara(the sun)-Durga-
suurya(sun).Tri-kha(sira) → tri-ra(agni) → trident(suula-
suurya)→sariira(gaa-tra→tri-kha→body)→trisira(three
heads/points).This is tilaka(naama),gaayatri and the horned
deity.
The horn is tri-sikha to show Srii siva or KRtika (agni-
sunrise,Visaakha,Subramanya) etc.
The trident (3→ Ψ ) -AUM is the cross(4→ †) as seen in the

case of the naama/raksha/rakta/soNa/soma/suura- .

Agni and Indra continue to be the chief gods of the Hindus

even today in the form of Ganesa and his

vaahana(vehicle,agna-fire,naga-sun,snake,tree,hill )

vRsha(mouse ,bull ,Indra,man ;praasa-spear pa-

raaja/raga-king;varaaha-king).The uni (agni)-horned

bhadra(bull) agni , , ,

, , is the uni(agni) horned bhadra( gaja-

elephant;gada-club,phallus-linga-agni)/.Indra(vRsha) is the

mouse(vRsha) , .
Look at the similarity of the ivrits( Hebrews ) to the
Bharats.Bharata/ivrit is bhaasha. Hebrew is bruu(bruuhi-to
speak).
Aum→agna(asva)→avana→ahna→yom(day cf. the shofar
blown at the end of yom kippur )→ horn →srii → sara →
svara→ suurya → oma(protector)→sa(god,bird,snake)-
oma(protector)→soma(sun)→Jonah(the man/fire in the
fish/Pisces/northeast)→John(the Baptist/the purifier/the great
guru or teacher/the Pisces sun) .The sun/fire power has been
the protector and saviour of man since the time he learned to
make fire on his own.

Sopaar (trumpet, ram’s horn) , → svara

(sound),svana(sound,soma), sara (horn).

Sor (bull, ox )→suura,suurya (the Sun cf.Malayalam-muuri-

bull)→sura(sun,madhu-madya-kasya-hatya-sadya-satya-
drink,sacrifice,feast,truth).

Taaw (mark on the forehead)→ sa(god),

taya(protection,dava-fire),naama on forehead indicating
deva(agna,Brahmin,raaja,srii)→
srii(Laxmi)/nanda(Sarasvati)/nandi(Siva’s bull)→
Dvi/Vi(two,bird)-kara(hand,Dvaraka,divakara-
sun)/saya(hand;vijaya-victory,vidya-knowledge,udaya-
sunrise,yudha-war,fighter,dasyu-enemy,dyuuda-chess,war)→

→ → (ha-moon,ra-sun→hara/hari/srii) →
cakra(wheel)/Sakra(Indra)/sukra(Venus,silver)/Sagara(a
king)/raksha(protection,amulet)/ akshara(script)/
aksha(eye,snake,wheel,die,karsha,Garuda)/ahas(day)/
aha(day)/ aga(sun,tree,hill,snake,jar,7).
Yom (day, today) → ma(time,measure),AUM,samaya (kaala-

time,kaahala-carnyx,bugle ), ina/jina (the Sun), dina (day).

Mosa(Moses)→moza(sunrise)→muulah(circumcision)→
muula(root)/moolah(money,paNa,muulya) →ruc(shine)→loca
(nayana-eye,miina –Pisces)→luuna(tail,that which is cut off)

, , varaha/varsha/vajra/ pajra(soma)→

loma(tail,hair) →loha(metal)→luuta(spider) , →

caula(tonsure,dress) → suula/praasa/varaha/vaara(spear)
→ saura(solar)→soNa(rakta,fire)→soma(viira bhadra)→
sobha(light,shine)→Mal.tuuma(shine)→suula(spear,soma,
Thoma;Christ was speared,St.Thomas was speared,Muruka
has a spear.Suula-spear is suura-sun.Praasa-spear is praata-
dawn.Aayudha/astra/sastra-weapon is udaya-moza-soma-

indu-bindu-sindhu-sunrise cf.the bindu/bindi on the

forehead of Indians) etc.

Miina(Pisces) →maana(measure,weight)→maanava →
maapana(scale) → paada(feet,4)→
bhaata(dawn)→bhaasha(tongue)→bhaasa(light,it removes

darkness,sin,dirt or filth) →bath-wash-soak

/snaa(bathing)/ snaana(bath)/ jnaana(knowledge)/
janana(birth)/gaNana(count,census cf.census at birth of Christ).
“He the Priest with power to cleanse, Sage, sanctifies the
worlds with his surpassing power”.RV.1.160.3. “The chalice
that is single make ye into four” .RV.1.161.2

M418ac-1 bharata-patra-

leaf,writ,bird,word,fire patra/vi/sa-bird,word,god
mesha-ram,maasha-weight,medha-meat,sacrifice;aja-
king,Indra;usha-dawn;aha-day;avi(goat).Its tail is
viirabhadra(soma)→vaara paatra-paana paatra-madhu
cashaka→vaara vaasra→vaara vaasara-

vaara aha-varaha. Sarpa is

varsha/sarabha/sabara/salabha/silpa/svar/sarva/visva.The
vaara/loma of the mesha/medha are made into paaatra/vasra
to indicate vaara paatra-viira bhadra-

soma medha.Three sarpa /varsha/visva /asva /abda

/aksha/ahas + two

patra/vaasra/varsha + four patra/vaasra/varsha + four

avis.Avi
(aja)+sa(vi)/mesha →abija/abda(year)/medha→asva
medha→abda medha-annual sacrifice.

Sa(sarpa) + patra/pa →savitR(the

sun)/sava(sacrifice)/japa(prayer)/siva(god)/
subha(auspicious)/sabha(church).Hence it is an annual solar
sacrifice.
The apocalyptic vision of the animal with ten horns
The Apocalypse of the Bible describes a woman sitting on a
scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns.The woman is
dressed in purple and scarlet and was glittering with gold

(cf.colours of dawn)…..and she held a golden cup (cf.the

sun as Rudra and Soma) .She was named Babylon.
(Apocalypse. 17 .3-5) .The seven heads are
the seven hills(divasa-sapta-7;saptaha-week of 7 ahas) on
which the woman sits ..they are also seven kings.The ten
horns(dasra) are ten kings etc.(Apocalypse 17.9-12).
Usually this is considered as a description of Rome.But what a
vivid description of dawn is given in this passage can be
understood by comparing this animal with the unicorn.
Praatar(kalya-kanya-vesya-a harlot) is bhadra(woman;kalya-
dawn,kanya-virgin),bhadra(bull-beast), bhadra(mountain),
bhadra(masta-head,matsa-Pisces,dasma-lord,dasam-ten),
bhadra(king),bhadra(horn), paatra( cup), pattana( city ),
bhadra(gold) and as usha is aja(The Lamb) aginst which the
kings and the woman and the beast are in yudha(war ,usha-
udaya-sunrise cf.the seals of bull fight).Usha( dawn) is
Iisa(durga), yosha(a woman).Udaya is agna(the sun) and
ahna(day) udaya.As such it is agnadvaya (Asvidvaya) and
dyu(agni,day,sky;dvi-two- the asvin horses ).Udaya is also
u-saya(sex.cf.Daksha’s saya with his daughter;Brahma’s saya
with Sarasvati).Hence she is a prostitute.The seven hills are the
saptaasva -saptagiri(the sun) and the seven weekdays as

vaasra/vaasara(weekday;vaasana/bhaajana/paatra , ,

cf.the Gundestrup cauldron) is bhadra(bull,mountain).

For the bhadraasva the Harappans chose the

bharata(agni→uni→aika-eka-one-aga-aha-day ) horn ,but the

Greeks made it bhadra(ten). Of course 10→1+ 0 →1.To have
an idea of this woman and the beast and the fight just refer the

Kalibangan seal K-65

Another interesting fact can be seen by referring to the
inscription in

H-9

→ asva(ahas,aksha,nayana,miina,abda,agna,bhadra,soma)
.Asva is a(not)-dva(two) → agna →aika/eka→ uni →1
 →sapta(seven) . Saptaasva is the sun.

→paa,maa,saa,naa,haa,ne,sama,nama,yama etc.

→tra/dara/sara/Na .Hence sapta →paatra(cup) ,

bhaarata(fire), vaasra(bull,day,house),bhadra(gold,
lord,bull,horn,woman,mountain),maatra(measure),netra(eye,off
ering),saartha(wealth,rich man,trader),saadara(with
respect),haatra(wage,death,killing),Indra etc.Thus the
bhadraasva(unicorn) becomes saptaasva and again the ten

horned beast,the paatra (golden cup/nishka/kshaNa),

the woman etc.The seven is the ten as the Apocalypse says.
With the ca(of cakshu/cashaka ) and the haatra it becomes
sahasra(1000) also.
The inscription may be saptasva-sun/saptaha-week/saptaki-
zone/ bhadraasva(asva bhadra-sun,king),Soma Bhadra,
Bharadvaaja or asva(bull)- netra(offering) ,bharat-vaaja
(bhadra→raaja→dasa-10 ,vaaja-sacrifice) or the recitation of
the Bharadvaaja mantra seven times or thousand times etc.
Rigveda being Bharata/bhadra-vaaca has ten(dasa/bhadra)
mandalas(chapters,mandala→mantra→hymn ).
Animal sacrifice
The medha/meat of the sacrificial victim was cooked and
offered to the gods and eaten by the worshippers(RV.5.161.11 ;
cf.the Eucharist of the Christians,the Sed –bull’s tail-festival of
the Egyptians etc.).The asvamedha(avasa-medha → meat
juice of the king;avasa –mesha → the Aries Sun) denotes the
sacrifice of the raaja/mahesa/avasa/king or
mahisha/asva/buffaloe (RV.1.162.4-22).It was believed that the
sacrificial victim did not die but went to the
gods(RV.1.162.21,AV.9.5.8).

Tanu (Grk.soma-body,either living or dead of animals and

humans)/ dhanu(bow) is saanu (sun,hill) and
suunu(son).The soma(tanu) of the vRsha(bull,purusha-man) is
burnt in agni(kaama-sex) in saya(sex)/yaja(sacrifice)/u-
saya(udaya-sunrise) giving birth to a putra(son,Rudra-sun).
The ekajaataputra(one and only son) is ekadasa(eleven)
Rudras also.Ru(Rava-sun)-sira(head) is va(king)-
sira(head)/vajra(weapon of Indra,diamond)/varsha(year,rain).
Rudra/rudhira(blood,sona-soma) is ru/lu/rava/lava(to cut)-

sira(head) as in M-1186 ,Capital punishments of

Brahma,Daksha, mahishasuramardana,Sisera’s death,John the
Baptist’s beheading etc.
http://www.sanskritweb.net/rigveda/griffith-p.pdf
http://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/rigintro.asp

RV.8.83.

1. The Cow, the Mother of the wealthy Maruts, pours her

milk,Both bulls of the cart are yoked,
2 She in whose bosom all the Gods, and Sun and Moon for
men to see,
Maintain their everlasting Laws.
3 This all the pious sing to us, and sacred poets evermore:
The Maruts to the Soma-draught
4 Here is the Soma ready pressed of this the Maruts drink, of
this Self-luminous the Asvins drink.
5 Of this, moreover, purified, set in three places, procreant,
Drink Varuna, Mitra, Aryaman.
6 And Indra, like the Herald Priest, desirous of the milky juice,
At early morn will quaff thereof.
7 When have the Princes gleamed and shone through waters
as through troops of foes'?
When hasten they whose might ispure?
8 What favour do I claim this day of you
great Deities, you who are Wondrously splendid in yourselves?
9 1 call, to drink the Soma, those Maruts who spread all realms
of earth And luminous regions of the sky.
10 You, even such, pure in your might, you, O ye Maruts, I
invoke From heaven to drink this Somajuice.
11 The Maruts, those who have sustained and propped the
heavens and earth apart,I call to drink this Soma juice.
12 That vigorous band of Maruts that abidetb in the mountains,
I Invoke to drink this Soma juice.
R.V.8.71.
1. Haste forward to us from afar, or, Vrtra-slayer, from anear,
To meet the offering to the meath.
2 Strong are the Soma-draughts; come nigh: the juices fill thee
with delight:Drink boldly even as thou art wont'.
3 Joy, Indra, in the strengthening food et it content thy wish and
thought,And be delightful to thine heart.
4 Come to us thou who hast no foe: we call thee down to
hymns of praise,In heaven's sublimest realm of light.
5 This Soma here expressed with stones and dressed with milk
for thy carouse,Indra, is offered up to thee.
6 Graciously, Indra, hear my call. Come and obtain the draught,
and sate Thyself with juices blent with milk.
7 The Soma, Indra, which is shed in chalices and vats for thee,
Drink thou, for thou art Lord thereof.
8 The Soma seen within the mats, as in the flood the Moon is
seen,Drink thou, for thou art Lord thereof.
9 That which the Hawk brought in his claw, inviolate, through
the air to thee,Drink thou, for thou art Lord thereof.
R.V.8.77.1
1. As cows low to their calves in stalls, so with our songs we
glorify This Indra, even your Wondrous God who checks attack,
who joys in the delicious juice.

Rigveda have terms for rice and the plough

The Rigvedic hymns mention rice and various kinds of cakes
prepared from the grains and used as food and offered to the
gods, in hymns such as1.61 , 8.71, 8.77, 8.83, 10.130 .There
is no mention of “vrihi” in the Rig-Veda as the term is of later

origin from barhi( , , cf.barhina-wheat-heat-eat-

asana-adana-anna-anno-food,season,year) /srii/srava/varaha.
Rice is anna(grain,food),karaNa(grain),srii(fire,to

cook),vriihi(barhi,varaha , , , ) , srava(food,ear cf.ear

of corn!), sraaNa(sroNa,soma- rice gruel),suuna(grain),
suura(sun,tiger,hero) etc. Hala(gha, ha,hara,kara,sara,siira,drii-
to split,gama-going in,lih-to lick) is a Bharata term. The term
kaaLai for bull comes from hala(plough) ; kaalai(dawn,Bharata-
kalya-dawn;prabhaata-dawn,vRshabha-bull) ; kaala(time,vaara-

day,varsha-year,vRsha-bull). Langala , (hala-

plough,halasya-hara-siva,agni;kalasa-kapaala-cup;kapaali-
siva;kara-hand,arka-sun) is sangama(union),
mangala(fire,sankara-siva) and naama-hala(name of hala or
hara-fire).
Rice→ Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn
from Latin oriza, and the Greek ὄρυζα
(oruza)→Ved.srava→saura/suura/suuna(sun,grain).
RV.10.130.2-7.The Man extends it and the Man unbinds it:
even to this vault of heaven hath he outspun, it.
These pegs are fastened to the seat of worship

(L051a ): they made the Sama-hymns their weaving

shuttles( , ).
3 What were the rule, the order and the model? What were the
wooden fender and the butter?
What were the hymn, the chant, the recitation, when to the God
all Deities paid worship?
4 Closely was Gayatri conjoined with Agni, and closely Savitar
combined with Usnih.
Brilliant with Ukthas, Soma joined Anushtup: Brhaspati's voice
by BRhati was aided.
5 Viraj adhered to Varuna and Mitra: here Trishtup day by day
was Indra's portion.
Jagati entered all the Gods together: so by this knowledge men
were raised to Rshis.
6 So by this knowledge men were raised to Rshis, when
ancient sacrifice sprang up, our Fathers.
With the mind's eye I think that I behold them who first
performed this sacrificial worship.
7 They who were versed in ritual and
metre(cf.maana/chandas/gaana), in hymns and rules, were

the Seven Godlike Rshis (saptarshi.sapta

chandas/maa-na .Seven meters/maana-
measure,altar of the veda>saptasoma>saptasva.Nayana
/mina is soma as per the Aitareya Brahmana also).
Viewing the path of those of old, the sages have taken up the
reins like chariot-drivers.

M-1186 → → →

The Samavrittas
A samavritta is a metre with four equal paadaas (lines). A
metre can be formed with even a single alphabet and can
extend to several alphabets in a line. The names of some of the
metres had their origin during the Harappan times itself as
seen in RV.10. 130.2-7.This explains the brevity seen
in the Indus seals also.
Name of the metre Number
of
alphabets
 in a line
1 uktaa (srii) 1
2 atyukta (strii) 2
3 madhya (naari) 3
4 pratishtha (kanya) 4
5 supratishtha 5
6 gaayatri 6
7 ushnik (madalekha) 7
8 anushthup 8
9 brihati 9
10 pankti 10
11 trishtup 11
12 jagati 12
13 atijagati 13
14 sakvari 14
15 atisakvari 15
16 ashti 16
17 atyashti 17
18 dhRti 18
19 atidhRti 19
20 kRti 20
21 prakRti 21
22 aakRti 22
23 vikRti 23
24 sankRti 24
25 abhikRti 25
26 UtkRti 26
27 danDaka 27

The fire worshipping Harappans

Popular Dravidian words for fire like tii(fire,Bharata-srii-fire) or

patta(bharata-bhadra-fire) have their origin in Bharata.Note the
Tamil words tai( mother cf.Bharata-jaa→maata→mother,ja =
father,birth –m→z) or amma(mother,Bharata-amba-mother),
tantai(father,Bharata-ja) or appa(father,Bharata-pa,vapra-
father;ab-father in Hebrew), kannu(eye,bharata-
nayana,k→y),cevi(ear,Bharata-srava,r→i),talai(head,Bharata-
saras →head),mor(face,Bharata-mukha-
face,k→r),kai(hand,Bharata-kara,r→i),kaalu(foot,Bharata-
carana-foot,k→c,l→r;paada-foot,k→p,l→d)and even
aalu(person,aaNu-man,Bharata-anu-man,lu-man in
Sumerian).The Harappan civilization was a civilization of fire
worshippers as seen from the writing and the sacrificial
vedis.Bharata(Brahmin-agna-yajna-havana) itself is fire .The
bulls (bhadra-bharata) including the unicorn,animals(cari,pasu)
and mountains(giri ,bhadra) symbolize srii and bharata .
Agni(fire) was the first deva to be called in to taste the
sacrifice(naturally fire devours the sacrifice first) including
soma(sa-oma;soNa-fire,sun,blood;dhuuma-smoke;suuna-
grain;savana-bath/baptism,sacrifice;samaa-year;aayus-
life;suuya-sacrifice;udaya-sunrise;vidya-knowledge;vijaya-
victory cf.Heb.moza-sunrise). The sacrificial deities were
Rudra(viirabhadra) and Soma(soona-grain,soNa-
suura→agni,blood;rakta-soNa is raksha/oma/AUM) . Soma

lives in the woods(the god in the tree or or ) or

H179b , H178b , M1186 as Varuna in

the sea(RV.9.90.2).This is because vRksha is
varaaha/varsha/prakaasa(light;sobha-soma
cf.touch wood) , vana (tree) is nabha(vaana-the sky),
dru(tree) is srii(the sun) etc.
TvashtR,Dhaatri,Prajaapati,Puushan etc .are usually
surrounded by divine females(hari→kiraNa→rays→vi-
nara→naari-female and priests) or the saptarshis as shown
in the seal M-1186 and praised in RV.10.130.7.Agni is sapta-
jihvah (seven tongued).Seven priests are shown in the
seal.Interestingly Hanuman,the vaanara(monkey,Varuna) god
is vana(tree-nabha)-ra(agni) god as the monkey lives in the
woods like Soma.

The Brahmin living by agni was called agni.Agni symbol is

uni.M-1186 may be read as srii Soma/aum

bhadra/rudra/netra/srii /sarva karma/visva karma/visva

ruupa/tvashTR , rudra(dru- the

horned deity )

-satra(sacrifice,tavern,booth)/saartha(richman,trader)/

paartha(king)/Bhaarata/ sarat(year)/ Saarada(Sarasvati)/

patra(bharata/writ)/ adhvara(adharva)-medha(sacrifice,mesha-

ram is shown close to the human head) .

Atharva →Bhaarata ( athar - fire )→adhvara ( sacrifice) → Rudra

(srii-the sun,dru-tree) →bhaarata-prakaasa(light,vriksha-tree) .

The purpose of the aja( ram) was to send the dead raaja(king) to

soma(moksha-heaven,marut-air) like the srii who goes up in

the sky through usha(dawn). Upon death the fire worshippers

were cremated but others were buried.(AV.28.2.34). Before

cremation a Brahmin’s staff or the Kshatriya’s bow

were taken away from their hands(AV.18.2.59,60 Cf.the

scripts with.staff and bow and arrow).The dead man’s wife had

to lie down by the side of the husband (u-saya,udaya) on the

pyre(RV.10.18.7) but was then accepted by the deadman’s

brother as his wife and taken backhome(AV.18.3.3).A goat was

killed and placed on the pyre and burnt along with the dead

man to send him to heaven(AV.18.2.4,8 cf.M-1186).After the

cremation everybody took a bath to remove pollution by the fire

of cremation and the auspicious sacrificial fire

tiger(jaatavedas Cf. M309a ) was

invoked to bring long life to the survivors.

The deities for dawn are bhaarata ,

( Agni →bhaata →bhadra-bull) ,usha(aja,iisa,sa) and

Asvidvaya (ra-vi →dyu →dvi→ yama → ina → the sun)

(Aitareya:7.5.2). The sacrificial deities are Rudra and soma.

Prajaapati is varsha(year,rain)-pati(lord ) as per Aitareya

Braahmana (3.2.33 ) statement ‘Samvatsara Prajaapati’ and

is also prajaa(citizen)-pati(lord) → the king. Rudra(putra→a

son) chopping the head of Daksha (cf.Uranus and Cronos)

for his sin of sexual union(udaya → u- saya→sex) with his

daughter usha(dawn) is the theme of several scripts portraying

the equinoctial sacrifice. Rudra (rava-srii;suura;suula cf.

M-1186) Ψ, and soma (Ψ) are almost identical as soma is

suura(the sun,suula),sobha(light,shine),

suna(air,happiness,dog), soNa(fire,blood) ,

soma(water,sky,air,rice gruel), loha(metal;svarNa-gold;amRta-

piiyuusha-sun,elixir;tamra-copper), suula(spear,trident) shown

as the head of the deity in the sacrificial scene in M-1186.

Somayaaga is agnishToma or soma is agni(sun,fire,king).

Soma is Sa-AUM(vedic Mantra )/Su-na(na>Veda;suna-

Indra)/su-ma(fire,king,sun,Yama,Kaala).Hence na-yana(na-

veda;yama-king-raaja>agni>kaala>samaya>syaama-

KRshna>syena , , , , >yajna) is

veda(soma).Veda itself is soma.

Agni(sun) is varsha(year)/vRsha(bull,man)/ praja(son)/

vraja(manger)/bharata(fire) / bhadra(king,bull,

metal,siva). The daily sacrifices/ahas merge into the soma

pavamaana/gavayamaana/varsha/varaha/daksha/viirabhadra/

king’s sacrifice/ annual sacrifice/the year.

Seven adhvaryus sprinkle water(soma) on the soma(note

the tuft of the adhvaryus which is the horn of the unicorn

also). Siva is called candracuuda(sa –god,Indra,suura-the

sun) .The samvatsara satra(annual sacrifice) is called

gavaamayana. For it the deity is aaditya(the Sun) who is

worshipped in the horned form since in the tenth

month(Pisces ) the “go(hu)” acquires hoofs and

horns(Aitareya:18.3 .1-2cf.the horned deity in the

seals).The Harappans followed the vedic lunisolar calendar

of 30 days X 12 months with a 13th month inserted to

agree with theseasons(Aitareya :17.6.7).

This aja is the Gaayatri(prakaasa→rising Sun→ravi→ vi -

horse,bird,arrrow) itself. Gaayatri is portrayed as having

two wings(like Isis ) as per Aitareya . 19.1.5.

Haayana/anno , , , is savana/ soma/anna/

aayus/sarat/saras/saaraDa/Ka/light/Sarasvati/Christ/

Chernunnos etc.

In some instances the numbers accompanying the Indus

scripts can be the number of mantras to be recited in a

sacrifice.Different numbers were considered for different

classes like 360,720,800,1000 etc. and the selected mantras

were those composed by the Rishi of one’s own

gotra(Aitareya: 7.7).

Aitareya Braahmana like the Rigveda (Aum AgnimiiLe…agni

miine -viirabhadra/rudra) opens with the statement

OM Agnirvai devaanaamava mo Vishnu

paramastadantarena sarvaa anyaa devataa

which means among the devas Agni has the first place

and Vishnu the last place followed by Indra,Mitra,Varuna etc. in

between. Since devatas ( sabda-words,tapasa-the sun,divasa-

day,sapta-7,Divodasa,David) are words, this can also mean

that in the seals agna,aja,mesha etc. denote the

kapaala(svara,head,beginning cf.Rudra as kapaalesvara or

Daksha or Subramanya as in ) and Vishnu( matsa ,the

first incarnation of Vishnu) denotes the paada(foot-tail) .In the

zodiacal signs Aries is the first and Pisces is the last.Aries is

said to denote the head (ka-head,fire,water,light,peacock

head ,Sarasvati)/kapaala/kaahala , , / aja/ aga/

usha/mesha) and Pisces is said to denote the feet.Vishnu is

called tripaad(srii bhaatu-the sun) and tri(3)x paada(4) →12.

The fish- bull denotes Vishnu and dvaadasa(12 cf. 12 inches

make a foot!) .

rudra (rava-sara → srii- ravi→suura→suula-trident,vRsha-

Indra) and soma(madhu,dhuuma,soNa,sobha) are sacrificial
deities .As per the Aitareya Braahmana the horn is developed
in the Tenth month indicating Pisces or the noon position and
the winter solstice.Rudra(Siva) is ra(the sun) -dru(tree) .

Prakaasa(light) M296A is vRksha(tree;vR-

gaja-elephant,gada-club cf. , ).
The Indus script was derived from the basic three components

of sa-va-ra(sound) denoted by the Sa( ;Egy. sa),pa(

,Egy. p) and ra( , ;Egy. ra) . These lines were

combined in different permutations to make words.Thus sa (- )+
ra (| ) → + dhana(wealth,plus),sara(arrow,water), srii(fire,the
sun),raaja(a king cf.INRI on the cross of the Christ), hara(fire,a
robber cf.the robbers crucified with the Christ), nara(man,nR-
king,hari-tiger,snake,man,Indra,Vishnu), cakra(wheel,Vishnu),
rakta(blood,red), raksha(salvation) also includes the Christian
sacrificial doctrine. It can be seen that several scripts of the
ancient world and the present follow the script formulation
priciples employed by the Bharats .eg : Agna(fire)→
yajna(sacrifice) → vasana(house,cloth,vessel)
→vacana(word,sun)→ vaahana(vehicle).Hence apart from
sacrifices,deities are provided with special dress and vehicles

also.Sara → sama( = )→tama( )→ dhana( + )→raaja

(king;r→ m→n→z) .

The horn , , is
AUM/soma.Sariira(Body) is srii –ra. The bharata(bha-tra

/vaaha/vaapa → pa-tra → ) symbol is often added to

make AUM srii bharata (bhadra).
The Hebrews adopted alpha (bull)from Bharata terms like
rap(praise,rava-sound,the sun),lap(speak),
aalap(speak,sing).Uksha(bull) is ukta(speech).Bhadra(bull) is
bharata(bhaasha-speech).Agna(fire) being the first, agna(aja-
Aries,jana-birth,jna-scholar,naga-the sun) is the first.It is
bhadraasva(bhadra vacas-aum).Hence the fire symbols like the
Asva(fish,man),cakra(wheel) etc. come at the beginning of the
Indus writings.Bhadra(king) is paartha(king),saartha(rich
man),Sarat(year,autumn),Saarada(Sarasvati),patra(writ,

leaf,bird) and paatra(bhadra ,pa-three , -

3;potra,potR,hotR etc.cf.Mal.paatiri-priest,pater,father).
Indus tradition
The Bharats are an Indo-European people who migrated out of

Africa very early,entering Anatolia,shifting habitats and finally

settling on the banks of the Punjab-Indus-Sarasvati river basin

as the area provided plenty of water, lot of animals for hunting

and lot of wild fruits and grains like yava and rice.They began

the asvamedha(taming of animals including wild elephants)

and somamedha(taming of plants or farming).Like a swarm of

white ants that settle on dry grass or leaves ,they also settled

where food and water was in plenty.Their greatest contribution

to mankind is the generation and mastery of fire and the

beginning of farming.

They made bharata( fire),they worshipped bharata(fire) as

their chief god , they ate bharata(srava-rice) , they talked

bharata(speech) and they called themselves Bharatas(the

people of fire) . It is this mastery of fire power and word power

that made them the imperial force of the ancient world reaching

out to Sumer,Egypt,Greece and even to England .

Dr. J.M. Kenoyer’s classification of Bharata History

Early food producing Era ca 6500 – 5000 BC
(cf.yava,godhuuma,soma etc)
Regionalization Era ca 5000 – 2600 BC
Indus Civilization-
Harappan culture 2600 – 1900 BC
Integration Era
Late Harappan period 1900 – 1300 or 1000
BC
Post Indus Tradition
Painted Grey Ware 1200-800BC
Northern Black 800-300BC
Polished Ware
Early Historic Period ca. 600BC

Let us quote him further, “Through the process of over

expansion and changes in important river patterns, the

Harappan urban centres began to decline around 1900 BCE

and the unifying cultural symbols of the cities were no longer

useful.Some of the technologies, architecture, artistic

symbols and aspects of social organization that

characterized the first urban centers of the Indus

Civilization have continued upto the present in the urban

setting of traditional South Asian Cities……..

The bread and wine sacrifice.

Medha is meat/sariira/sacrifice and soma is soNa(rakta-blood).
Soma medha(soma sacrifice) is blood + meat or sariira – rakta
or sariiraraksha(food).
In the soma yaaga the soma -bhadra (bull,king) was to be
sacrificed. Initially the devas used to sacrifice humans
(naramedha/nRmedha as in the Eucharist) and the
bhadraasva(buffaloe-asvamedha) . But later they substituted
the humans( homa-homo-soma-anno-anau-anu-man ) and
the asva(soma/pasu) with the soma lata (soma dhaanya→
somaraaja → king of plants→suunaraaja/soona lata→yava-
barley/bhadra-rice) as it satisfied as the bhadra(srava-srii-rice
cf.sariira-body) itself (Aitareya.6.8.1).The kernel served the role
of the flesh and it was called purodaasa(bhadra-aasa→viira
bhadra→rice cake or rice food or rice wine→king food ).The
gruel of the bran served the role of the blood.
The Christian priests replaced this with wheat bread and red
wine as draaksha(grape) is rakta(blood) and raksha(salvation).

Now the asva is also a bhadra or ra . Bhadra(king,bull) is

pa (leaf,sara-arrow)/va(bull,tiger,hand,river,VaruNa) . The asva
is pa(patra –leaf → pa → bhadra-bull→nR-

pa→king→Varuna→praata-dawn→praasa →varaaha-
Vishnu,king).A giri is da(drii) or sara(arrow→drii→srii) .Drii is
srii and tri .Hence Siva’s sara(suula) had three forks or it is

called a trisuula.A sara is also written as da +ra to make

the figure of the arrow as .

If we are to replace the bhadra or ra by the drava –bhadra

we have + → which is sara +pa →sarabha (a

kind of deer with eight legs cf. ashta vasu;salabha/patra -
a butterfly/bird;prabha-shine,srava-sru-flow), srava(ear, soma,

food), darbha (kusa grass used for sacrificial purposes;huta-

siva,sukha-happiness,ukha-pot) , sarpa (serpent) etc. which

are the tarpana(satiating gods and dead ancestors) tools.cf.

M418ac-1

The Kerala Nambootiris and Harappa

I have already pointed out the special closeness of the

Kerala Nambootiris to the Harappan traditions compared to
their counterparts in Tamilnadu ,probably due to their
independent migration either by sea or through the western
cost(DNA or genome studies confirm the better closeness of
the South Brahmins to the Harappans than their North Indian
counterparts).As an example see the name of a Brahmin house
itself. The house of a Kerala Nambootiri is called a mana
(cf.Malayalam :ara-mana →a palace).
We have the Harappan script

vas(house)→vana/paNa(house) →mana of the

Nambootiris. It is beth(B) for the Hebrews and viitu for the
South Indians. That the house is called vana can be seen from
the rebus of nava given in the

scripts itself as nava(na+va → nine) →

vana(vaasa→house) → vana(water fall)

The sagnicitya atiraatra somayaaga is special to the Kerala

Nambootiris showing their ancestral relation to the vedic
Brahmins of Harappa. The love of the elephants,the special
liking for the brown rice(matta ari),the celebration of Onam etc.

are some other features of this descent. bhavana→paNa→

mana→pavamaana→soma pavamaana !

A bull as the doorkeeper or guardian

A bull is shown on a knob in M-318
Dvaara(door) →svar(sun,sky,sound)→bharata(fire)
→bhadra(bull,full,hole,whole) .
The inscription reads Rudra(KRshna,VRtra)- hara(viira)-
vaasra(day,house;bhadra-bull;pajra-Soma).It shows the bull of
Siva or the house of Rudra or Rudra vardhana (a
name)→Rudra viira bhadra(Vardhana –a name)/Balabhadra

viira/pala bhadra bhaara from

ba/pa/bha/va/kuTa-house/huta-siva ra/la
bhadra/darbha/sarpa/vRsha/ vaasra/maatra/netra/meDra-linga-

maatra-measure,the rod is for measuring/varsha

karsha/vaara/bhaara/viirabhadra etc.Vaasra is vaasa (a

house)/paatra , . Viirabhadra being prabhaata(dawn)

and prakaasa(light) is pravesa(a door) also.Dvaara-ka is

svarga(the sky) and dvaara bhartaa is svar bhartaa(soma

bhadra-king of the sky) also.VRshabha is KRshna.

Bhadra being pura (town) it can indicate Rudra(Krishna,VRtra)

–viira –pura also. -vaara. -5→ -5→ -5 cf. .Panca

is Nanda or vasana(house).Panca is bhadra. Hence tree

bhadras with the vaara make srii bhadra or srii viirabhadra
or bhadra bhaara(king’s weight).

tra,sna/ksa ,sma ,agna,srii tRNa, ru,vR,kR →

Rudra(Siva,soma) → VRtra(Indra) →

KRshna(srii-jina→the sun) → ru + sara → Rudra/VRtra. Thus

tra → sara.
As stated by the Rgveda ,the same sun (agna-aga) god is
worshipped in different names.
Aga and agna being eka(one), he is the one and only god for
some.
The Keralites often say “ellaam(everything) bhadramaanu(all is
bhadra-well)” . This bhadra is the bull
( full-well ) indicated by the cipher and bhadra(stone,pestle) that
was used to fence the crops.

A fence is called a veli (bhadra -vetra-pattal-pestle) in

Malayalam.” Veli keTTi bhadramaakki” means fenced and
protected.
Now look at the term Gandharva,the guardian of the soma
fields.
Gandharva →dahana-rava→ghanTaarava/cenTa-

rava(bell/drum sound) , → gana(group)/naga(sun) –

vetra/bhadra/sabara(Siva ) → agna(fire),jina(the sun),naga(the
sun),mahaa(great)-Bhadra(Siva,bull,fence),bharata(fire).
Thus the fire god -bharata or the fence god -bhadra is
the guardian of the soma fields.Siva is said
to be the lord of bhuuta gaNa.Agnesa as Vighnesa and Ganesa
is the lord of these gana(agna,naga). In H -182,the Gandharva
is shown with a drum of Siva .

aja(ram,king),usha
(dawn,iisa,Durga,bhadra,Kotara,Sarasvati H-3305

)→aga(ukha-jar;mukha/paNa-

face)→ka(head,light,fire,water,time)/va/sa→mesha→ meTa

, →medha/makha → maasa(soma) →
masa(mass)→pala/kala/hala → paNa→Yadava(ya-dva)
→va(tiger,bull,hand,bird)/sa(snake,bird,god) →

vaara(jar,water,roof,arrow,hair) , →
varaha(boar,king)→ viira(fire,hero)→sasa(hare)

→sma(mukha,body) → saama(hymn)→samaa
(haayana-year,Yaadava,maadhava ) etc.
This symbol is sa/ya( =) + sa/ya (=) is sasa(hare),
tavas(sahas- strength),mahas(light,festival,yaaga,buffalo),
mahat(Siva,nation,plenty,great), namas(obeisance,food),
Yadava etc.That the Mal.kevi (cevi-ear) denotes ravi-the sun
can be understood by the fact that worshippers are seen to

perform the saashtaanga pranaama before the idols of

the deities they worship by crossing the hands to

form the sa-srii-viira-praNaama-pranava-bharata holding

their srava(karna- ears,bharata-fire) which is sa-bhadra or

SavitR or Gaayatri.Saashtaanga is Sa(god,bird,the X) –
hasta(hands) –agna(fire,anka-mark) .PraNaama(obeisance by
bowing down) is pranava(AUM). Srava is sa-rava → cevi →

ravi→ deva,devi. This is sasa/aja/sa → naasa(nose)

→hanu(jaw,a weapon) →saz(to kill) →svaaha .

Srava(ear,rice,soma) →tRna (grass→darbha→soma)

→ dru(tree) → (soma bhadra)→ fish eating

alligator(soma mahira/VRsha bhaanu/vRshan asva/Sa-nkara)/

savitR/tvashtR (the sun).

Soma is sasa(sasi → soma - the moon) .In the copper tablet

C2B7(DTIS page111Fig7.14),the plant shown is
kusa/darbha/soma bhadra along with the sasa or hare figure.To
sas is to jump and to saz is to kill in a yaj(sacrifice) .Soma is
food and homa is sacrifice. Sas is tavas and

sahas as seen from sa –va/ra-sa.Hare(haze) is hari →dra(to

run).Haari is a group of travelling traders .The same sense is in
the Malayalam word tavala for
toa-d(tavas,drava) or fro-g.Note the toa in toad,fro in frog, har
in har-e which were derived from dra(to run). In RV .9 .86.44
soma is associated with vRshaa(mouse,Indra,bull,horse,male)
and hari (hare,green,srii) to indicate srava(ear of
barley/paddy ) and thereby srava(bhadra → rice,food).Sasa
patra( soma bhadra) also indicates the dasaapavitra(fringed
filtering cloth) used to filter soma(barley/rice flour and wine).

, ,
The inscription soma(sasa) vRtra(Indra,Rudra)
bhadra(rice,king,bull,stop) patraasana(eating leaves or
rice,purodaasa) is shown with the figure of three barley/paddy
saplings(pa-tra → bhadra-rice),probably meant for the
Gandharvas.
http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/WheatExp/images/cereal-
staging_zadoks-scale_v2.jpg

barley field cf. , ,

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nJk-bAgP8MA/maxresdefault.jpg

http://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-15-
00769/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-00769f1-
1024.png
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/mature-paddy-golden-sun-
ripe-fields-44654680.jpg
Seed/biija/bhaasa/sobha/tejas/retas/semen is also soma.
http://articles.extension.org/pages/73240/dehulling-ancient-
grains:-economic-considerations-and-equipment

The dehulling of Barley/paddy-removes the ox’s( ) hide.

http://eorganic.info/sites/eorganic.info/files/filefield/Handful-2-
web_0.jpg

http://eorganic.info/sites/eorganic.info/files/filefield/Handful-1-
web_0.jpg
http://eorganic.info/sites/eorganic.info/files/filefield/Handful-3-
web_0.jpg
This is soNa(rakta/soma) and suuna/suura/sun.

Sasa ( aja/aga/aha/soma) and the gandharva

guardians of the soma

Sasa being Sasi/Indu is soma(moon).Sasa being aja(raaja-

king) is bhadra(king,bull,metal).Soma is svarNa/loha(metal)/
sobha(shine).
Hence sasa/aja is soma bhadra.Soma
lata(plant)/ratha/sakaTa(cart,cakra-cycle) is the month.
Gandharva→naga(sun)-svar(sun,sky)→kaalasarpa(time as
snake)→kaalapaasa(time as rope,Rope of
Kaala/Yama/VaruNa)→kaalacakra(cycle of time).
This gandharva can be seen on the neck of Siva

,in the hand of Chernunnos ,

etc.

B7 kusasthali/bhadraasana

Subhadra/PadmakuuTa

vRtra/viirabhadra/prabhaata/prakaasa/varaaha

Kutsa/makuTa/Nakula/varaha-------- C2
The chief occupation of the vedic people was agriculture(Cf.
from Mehergarh till the present it is the same). They ploughed
the land with a plough(siira RV.10.101.3 or laangala
AV.2.8.4).The ploughmen were called kiinaasa
(RV.8.20.19).The fields were watered

by means of irrigation canals (kulya RV.3.45.3;iriNaa

AV.4.15.12 ) from wells or lakes (AV.1.3.7,3.13.9;

RV.3.45.3,7.49.2,10.43.7) or by drawing water using a bucket
and pulley (asmacakram RV.10.101.5.7).They reaped the fields

with sickles(sRnii-sicke,moon,goad , , .
Indian agriculture began by around 9000 BCE as a result of
domestication of crops and animals and cultivation of plants.
Barley and wheat cultivation,along with the rearing of cattle,
sheep and goat,was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000-6000 BCE.
Genetic evidence indicates that rice originated from a single
domestication 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley
region of Ancient China.From there it reached India/the Indus
valley. Wild rice cultivation appeared in Ganges valley and
the Belan regions of northern India as early as 5440 BCE and
4530 BCE respectively.
Cotton was cultivated by the 5th millennium BCE-4th
millennium BCE.
Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilisation by
around 4500 BCE(cf. RV.3.45.3; AV.4.15.12,AV.1.3.7,3.13.9;
RV.3.45.3,7.49.2,10.43.7,10.101.5.7etc.). Sophisticated
irrigation and water storage systems were developed by the
Indus Valley Civilisation, including artificial reservoirs
at Girnar dated to 3000 BCE, and an early canal irrigation
system from circa 2600 BCE . Archeological evidence of
an animal-drawn plough dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus
Valley Civilisation.This shows that the vedic period is the
Harappan period.

sasa(hare) →sas(jump),tavas(strength),sada(fruits and

grains,cf.bhaat for the North Indians , saadam for the South
Indians and zad for the Persians,Sed for the Egyptians-
the bull’s tail is the soma bhadra), shat(6),
dasa(10,time), desa(place,nation) ,sata(100) , zat(good,god),
sa(god),sa+sa = saa(she,Paarvati,Lakshmi),saa → te (they,for
you,with you) .
Dasa patra can be desa bhartaa(the king cf.Dasaratha), or
dasa(sata) pala (weighing 10 or 100 palas) etc.Sasa has long
srava (ears) and srava(soma sada)too has long srava(ear of
paddy) which is the amsu(soma) .One of the reasons
for calling paddy soma is its ripe svarna(soma-gold) amsu itself.
Srava(ear,rice)→srava-na(ear,rice grain)→sraavana(an
Asterism,Leo)→ sronaa(ricegruel,Onam)→drona(soma vessel -
so called as sronaa is soma) →soma(rice gruel,rice wine).

→ pada(word),dava(fire),deva(god),dasa(ten),
sasa(hare),soma(rice,Siva,fire), zat(good),
sata(hundred),vana(house),nava(nine),tavas(strength),
sada(grain), Sat putra(a good son) was made sataputra( a
hundred sons-the Kauravas in the Mahaabhaarata).
Putra(son/sun) → bhojana(food) →
bhadra(bull,king,rice)→sada(Sed of Egypt).

Thus sasa → sasi (soma) → sama (M→Z)

→soma/suuna(barley,paddy,rice).
The hare(hari→srii→srava) has two prominent ears like the
vriihi(va-hari→hare like) or soma.
Sasa is aja(ram) and vaaja(food,sacrifice) ,
aaza/aasya(face,seat)/aajya(ghRta-ghee,garta-
throne,Garuda,harta-sun,varsha-year),asana/adana(food) also.
 →pa(leaf)-tra(three)/varaha → →
netra(eye,offering,leader),bhadra(rice,king) and
patra(pa-leaf) –tra(tri,three,srii) .
Hence C2 → soma bhadra(rice),soma paatra(vessel for
rice),saa patra or te srii bhadra which is savitra(the
sun),pavitra(dasaapavitra→soma filter) and Happiness and
prosperity be with you ! It can also indicate the three sheaves
for the Gandharvas who guarded the fields(AV.3.24.6cf.H-182).

→ kara(hand),tra(3),sara(arrow,the sun),rava(the
sun,sound),sira (head),hara(fire,hari- hare,Vishnu),
vara(great), varaha,naasa(nose),pan(to worship)

→pa,va, tra(tri),dru(tree),pada(feet,deva-god),
paatra,vaasra,sava(corpse),Siva,srii,rava,zava(sacrifice),
haatra,maatra(measure),kesara(gold).

→tripatra(trefoil,three leaves),trisira(visva
ruupa)/padmakuuTa/netra(eye,leader,offering),sriibhadra(full of
prosperity),prabhaata(praatar- dawn), Drupada, paatra(jar),
bhaarata(fire) → cf.amsu(ear of paddy/barley),pa →

leaf ;pa-tra → → .

patra(leaf),bhadra(happiness,rice,bull,a
girl,stop,gold),kara(hasta-hand),vaara(tail),
 aasa,aasana (face,seat)
→asana(food)→yajna(sacrifice)→ dhana(wealth)→
dahana(fire)→daana(offering).
Aasa → saa → te → sasa(soma) also.

patra(leaf),bhadra(happiness,bull,soma,girl,stop,gold),
kara(hasta -hand),vaara(tail)

Hence it reads satarudra (sataputra, satapushpa, sataruupa,

soma putra,soma vRtra,visva ruupa etc.) –sriibhadra
(prosperous, auspicious) – Bhadraasana ( throne,bhadra-
asana – rice food → purodaasa,bhadra-yajna-bull,king or rice
sacrifice).Satarudra is a hymn of the Yajurveda addressed to
Rudra( Siva).Visvaruupa is visvakarma.The jaTa ruupa in the

heads of deities , can indicate

Sataruupa/Visvaruupa/JaTabharata.
As sata(hundred,dasa,bahu-many)-bhadra(usra-bull,srava-
rice)-vRtra(vRsha-bull,Indra;kratu-sacrifice)-netra(offering) it
can indicate the offering of sataudaana.Soma bhadra vRtra
bhaarata is fire.
It can also be understood as Soma bhadra – Rudra –
netra(offering) – praasana(eating,the first
meal of Brahmin infants, cf.annapraasana). Soma bhadra can
be soma paatra (soma vessel) and praasana can be graasa(a
morsel or lump of rice),presh(to invite or call upon),
bhraaja(shining), viiraasana(a yogic posture),Viirasena( a
Yadava name) etc.It can simply indicate the
ghar(kara) aasana for the soma paatra in the sacrifice
also.Somaraaja/Yamaraaja/Yavaraaja being the king has to
be provided with a garta(throne) or aasanda
(chair).Interestingly aasanda has its base in sad
(to sit down at a sacrifice) which is corroborated by the sasa
and sada in the typical vedic style. It can also indicate a
golden aasanda offering by Somabhadra Rudra .

Sata(hundred,jaya-the sun) is Siva(sau→100,T→V) whence

Siva is also called Sadaa(sata/jaTa)Siva.
This sata is also made jaTa(matted hair) to make him
JaTabhadra/JaTabharata.

+ + → hasta(kara-hand ,aksha-eye)
+aasa(seat,naasa-nose) + hasta(kara-aksha) → dvi-
hasta(aksha)-aasa(naasa) → su (good)-vaaja (food,sacrifice)

→vaasa(breath) → svaaha ,Dvaaraka,Divakara,

Varaha(king).
Svaaha is considered as the wife of bhaarata(agni) .Naasa has
two bhadras(holes) in it.
Bhadra being 1 and 0 can be represented by the vetra(yashti-
yati) or cakra(bhadra) .

linga→bhadra.Aja→agna.mesha→naasa→maata→sepha→
deva.In H- 3305 this single alphabet is given along with the
naked bhadra(Durga,a beautiful girl) deity to bhadra maata
(Durga)or bharata maata(India) or bhadra deva(sepha). Rudra
is bhadra.Since bhadra is sa it becomes sa +sa or
subhadra(subha-siva,diva-day) or bhadra (subha-siva)
sepha(deva ) or even bhadra(ten,gold) - maasha(weight).

Evidence of bhadraasana(royal seat/seat of

head→garta→kaasara→bull) is given by the hoofed seats

→ → → in some
seals(bhadra-king,bull,gold.King being simha, this became
simhaasana) . VRsha is purusha(cf.unicorn).
Arkodaya(sunrise) is given by the ardhodaya(half-risen) pose
of deities.
From the Harappan’s love of music we have the

Rudra(bhadra)- viiNa(lute) , , rudra(bhadra)-

vaadya (damaru-drum) etc and from their love of

dancing(bhadra nrit- dancing girl) we have the

bharata(praata)- naatya(nrit-Rudra) and the bhadra(Siva)
taaNDava(sandhya) dance forms.Morning is
saanta(calm,bhadra-kanya-kalya)
and evening is asaanta(turbulent-taaNDava cf.maraNa nritta-
death dance of the sacrificial victims) . There were male and
female dancers(RV.1.130.7,1.92.4 cf. the image of the
dancing girl) among the Harappans.
We can see a clear picure of the somabhadra worship of the
Harappans from H-182 where a damaru is shown with the
bhadra nRt(five svastikas → 5men;nRt is mRt, hRt,netR

,meDra,also Cf.velicchappaaTu tullal in temples .

velicham→bhadra . NRt→netra is also sacrifice) and M-312
where five men (panca bhadra) tame a bull(bhadra bandhana -
bull taming → bhadra vandana-bhadra worship cf.kolam
drawing).
The dancing girl is nRt(dance) of bhadra(Siva,subha).
In H-182 the tiger is Va, Varuna,subha(Siva) and
bharata(jaatavedas-raaja vacas→bhadra vaaca→auspicious
speech→AUM)

Varuna-jaatavedas
vyaaghra(tiger)→arka(the sun)→ argha/arha(price).

Suura(tiger,powerful,srii,suuna→suula→soma)
 truti-sruta→deva→rava→srii →sra
nja(a singer or drummer) ,na(man) +da(drum)→
naTa(dancer).nja –jna(a scholar) .But Tiger(va)+drummer(nata)
→ vand(praise).Damaru(droNa →soma-svana) →
dharma(yama-damaru-drum) →
nRtta (dance) → mRta (dead)→ sava(a corpse) →
Siva(subha) suura(Tiger –suurya-soma) - bhatra(soma –
raaja(raama,naatha,maata,vaaca,vaaja,sava,siva,deva,daana)
bhadra(zero) – panca (five)→50 cf.satau(100)daana(offering)

and M=1000 in Roman numerals(ma→sa →sama ) .Sata-u

is Siva.

kosa/kusa/guda/guDa dasa/desa/raaja
kusa/sthali/aga/ukha is Kusasthali desa/raja/ten of kusasthali.

ashtabandha(kalasa)/Nanda ka,sa

na,raa,va pa-tra, srava(soma),cakravarti(emperor)

→Gandharva,kandarpa,sandarbha,sankalpa,bhadra as
ashTa/asta(house,thrown out,cast out) is
aisvarya/ashTa(eight)/panca(bandha) –kapaala(kappal,kalasa)-

Dvaraka/divakara kusa/guda/bhadra/huta.Ashta
bilva(pala) is Saraava(two
kudavas/kuuTa/kuTa/huta/kusa).Bera (body) is

vaara(arrow,jar,roof, water ,hair ),

bhaara(weight ),maaDa(weight ),medha(meat,sacrifice)
and viira(fire,hero ).
Ashtabandha indicate it is fixed or decided firmly.
Raaja(vaaja) → soma raaja(bhadra).The five agni symbols form
pancaagni or bhadraagni which is Siva himself.
Pancamukha(pancaanana→five faced→ five

headed→Gaayatri also,mukha→vadana-face→ bhadra-

head), Pancabaahu(five handed)etc. are epithets of Siva.

ma ha bhadra → mahaabhadra(Siva) →saavitra(the

sun,M → Z). Bhadra(fence,fire) is the guardian of soma bhadra
(rice).
It can indicate Gandharva panca-na (vandana-obeisance).
Vandana is shown by the tiger and drummer and the panca-na
symbols.Panca is also vamsa(tribe) whence it can be Pancaa-
la which indicate Soma Raaja Pancaala(a king).
It can also indicate king suura dharma soma raaja made
bhadra vaaja 50 or it may be the genealogy of the king as we
count the Jinas, Popes etc. as suura dharma soma raaja
bhadravaaja(bharadvaaja) 50 .

Bhadra( , ) being soma(cakshushii evaagnishomau

Aitareya Brahmana 2.2.13–agni and soma has the form of
the eye(nayana-sayana-samaya-syena-haayana-samaa.

Full moon forms the two eyes/rings , ) the

numbers accompanying it can represent the age of the soma
or duration of the soma sacrifice in number of days like
caturaha(4days),shadaha(6 days),dvaadasaaha(12 days),
catuvimsa aha(24 days) etc. Alternatively the
pancaadasastoma(from five dasa symbols),trivrit stoma (from
three circle symbols,jyotishtoma (from fish symbol etc. may
also be indicated.
Let us compare bhadra nRt ( girl’s dance) with H-182
(bhadra –pancaakshara)
and with M-312 -bull baiting where five men were made to
dance in the air by a bhadra(bull,girl,Siva,soma) like the soma
pavamaana(fanning soma) . Note the transformation of
somaraaja as naTa(som→nRt)raaja later. The group of
panca –marta(men) or nRt can indicate pancaamRta (food of
god) or panca viira ghoshta(five heroes room) also.
Gandharvas(cf.Malayalam-cenTa-drum) were said to guard the
soma fields(gandharva itthaa padamasya rakshati
RV.9.83.4-gandharvas protect by frightening and driving away
cf.as-to frighten or drive away.) as these drummers guarded
the soma( rice/barley ) fields continuously keeping watch and
frightening away the animals and birds who came to feed on
the soma(paddy) crop thereby becoming the protectors or
guardians of the soma.Alternatively they are the kinnara(human
kolams-forms) kept in the fields to frighten away animals and
birds coming to feed on the crops.
Gandharva→gan(naga-the sun,naaka-the sky,mahaa-great)-
sarva(Siva,srava- rice,bhadra-bull,Siva,rice,bhartaa-
ruler,husband);ghanTa(Siva,bell,hara-hora-suura-soma)-
rava(the sun,sound). Siva is diva(the sky,day) and
subha(bhadra-auspicious).Hence like
 the bhadraa(pasu-cow-subha-Siva) srava(rice) is also used as
auspicious symbol.Naaka is moksha (the heavens) and
sara(arrow).Sara( grass,arrow,water) is sra-va(ear,rice) and
bhadra.Moksha is soma(the sky,air). Siva as soma bhadra
is hence soma bhartaa(ruler and protector of the sky- the sun)
which also make him gandharva.Soma is also svana(sound)
and gandharva is also naaka- bhadra(light,svara-sound,
dvaara-door,hole).Naaka is naada(svana) and sound is
considered as a function of the element of akaasa (asva,
naaka).

The rebus evidence

Many instances of the rebus principle of Bharata terms can be

seen in the scripts .

→ → → → patra-bhadra-bharata
Let us first take the case of the leaf like well seen at the
Harappan priest king’s courtyard.Bhadra is bhadra
(king),bhadra(bull,vetra-pestle,bindu-dot,circle),bhadra(water),
bharata(light,fire,speech,Brahmin) and patra(leaf).Hence the
king’s well was given a leaf shape like the naama(bindu) on the
forehead and the sceptre. Even today the North Indians say
saraf pyao
( water drink → SOV style).
 Adri(hill)-athar(fire)-athari(finger,finger shaped flame of
fire),kara(hand)- giri(hill),agra(end)
It is natural that the fire worshippers should
pay great attention to the finger shaped flames. Similarly in
several rituals a darbha(bharata-fire) ring is worn on the
athari(finger,fire) even today.This shows the continuity of the
Bharata rituals.Giri-kara is also giridhara(Krishna) and srii-
kara(causing prosperity).Hasta (hand ) is matsa(fish),
harana(hand,makara-nakra-graaha-an alligator cf.the fish
eating alligator and the hand holding fish or rice
lump),masta(head,measured cf. the trident horn on the heads
of the deities.Horn-harana-hand.Triveni (triple -braided) is
Prayaaga(confluence point of Ganga,Yamuna and Sarasvati
;prakaasa-light;prabhaata-dawn).

Prakaasa is pra-hasta(capeta- - hand with extended fingers)

and Triveni becomes tri-paani(hand).

c) → pa+ pa + (srii,sha,ra,ka,na,a) + — sa
→bhaarata(fire,speech,the tribe), bhadra(king),srii(the sun) -
bhaasa(prakaasa-sunshine-prabhaata-dawn,Drupada).
Since pa →na (P→F→N)and ca(P→B→C) it can become
Naarada(netra-eye,offering),saarada(Sarasvati) also.
Bhaarapati (bearer) is Paarvati .By the addition of the saras

she can be made Sarasvati,Daksha Prajaapati etc.

Bhaarata is bhaasha(vaac-speech) and vadana(face). Hence
this sybol is used in the inverted form to represent the
face(vadana) and head(bhadra) in H-103 .
Bhaarata is adhvaryu- the bearer of the oblation .
Adhvara(atharva) is sacrifice.
KRshi(farming) is sruti(veda) and srava(rice,soma).
Srava(prabha→sobha→soma) is ear and food .SravaNa is
veda.The praise of soma is to impart knowledge of farming.
The praise of Asvamedha is to impart knowledge of cattle
rearing. Each Indus script has multiple applications arising

from the rebus style as seen in the case of .

 Man as the measure

A maanava(man) is a maapana(scale). The principle of

maanava as maapana was received by the
Sumerians,Babylonians, Akkadians, Hebrews and the
Egyptians.

Miina (nayana-soma) → maana(measure) → pari-

maaNa(measure,mass). Every part of the human body is a
measurement unit in Bharata.eg.paada(foot), bhuja(cubit),
naasa(maasha-a weight,maasa-month,samaa-
year),bhadra(head, dasa-10),hasta(panca-5) etc. From the
body we have maatra(metre), parimaana(measure),maasha(a
weight of gold,a bean),sulka(dvi-kara→ ?cf.shekel), angu
(inch) etc.Kara is sara(five). The symbol V(paana- jar;kara-
paaNa-hand,5) is the hand.

Paana is paaNa and baaNa(arrow) , , , , .

Its inverted form is sara(arrow- Λ) which also denotes 5. The
Sumerians used the terms sar,sna(sma,maasha) etc.

The measurement unit aNu (atom)is also anu

(man,length,volume).
The root word for measurement is the maa(maana-to
measure) indicated by (naama -nameor paana-jar )
→paana(jar mina-fish ) and the paaNa (hand). From the
maana(measure) comes the miina(fish) and mina(unit of
measurement).
For time it is ma(time itself.) whence we have ma-
asa(month),sa-maa(year) , sa-maya(time),yama(god of
death),yaama(3 hours) etc.
 Counting is ganana(counting cf.manana-thought ). Argha(
price) is muulya(from ma) .This is sulka (muulya;su-kara-tax)

→nakra → fish eatingalligator .Harana( hand ) is

nakra (alligator) and netra(eye ) also. Palm →
maapana(measure) → pangti → paaNi →ten(fingers) → ten
numbers(0→9).
Agna(fire,man;eka-one)→ank(to mark)→aneka(many)→
anga(limbs) →gana(group,count).

Netra(eye,king,sacrifice,root,beard,dress , , , ) is
maatra(measure).
Foot is mana-yaTi → vana(house)- aTi(pada-foot,base) →
paana(hand,jar)-ati → paaNa(hand)-bhadra(foot) .In
measurements the bhuja(hasta) , biija(cipher,egg cf.bezah of
the Hebrews),and paada(foot) is used as the base.
ManayaTi-is used by Kerala carpenters even today for
measurements of buildings.

This maana(altar,maa-na >maa-roar of veda maa-

measure is chandas)-aTi is miina .The fish is
dvaadasa(12) and in a foot there are 12 inches(angus).
.

maasha tola hala

Bhaarata(pa-raaja) is the king(cf.melukaah-melek-king) .Soma
is suula(spear.cf.St.Thomas portrayed with a spear,Muruka
with a vel) and raaja.Bhaarata is vadana.Vadana is mukha(mu-

Siva,kha-the sun →soma→sma-face,body ).

Tulaa( scale,a weight unit) is sama(equal.It equals the weight of
objects) .Sama is sma(face) and soma. Hence sma is replaced
by soma naaza(nose), naatha(lord), and naasa(ruin)
symbols.Naasa(nose) being naada(sound) and deva(god) is
the naama on the forehead of devas.
Bhadra(gold) maasha can be the weight or a dealer of
gold(gold man).Bhadra suula can be a dealer of tuula (cotton-
cottonman).Suula(soma) bhadra can be hala bhadra also.Hala
bhadra is Bala bhadra(brother of KRshna).Sara (p-raasa-
spear;P-raaja;viraaj ) is sira(bhadra-head).
Balaraama →hala raama→hara naama →pranava(AUM,sound
of conch).It is after this that Krishna(the sun) appears. Hence
pranava is the elder brother.
Tolaka is a weight of gold or silver equal to 12 maasha.
A maaNava is a pearl ornament of 16 strings.A maaNika is a
weight equal to 8 palas.

a +s + va+va → asva → bharata →paartha

(king)→saartha(trader). Since va→sa(C→V) it is also
sazana(killing the sacrificial victim cf.the Christ carrying the
cross is another form of this),saazana ( teacher,order,rule,
property given by a king ) etc.

bhaarata-aja(asva bhadra,bhadraasva),mesha,bhadra-
mesha → asva-mesha→ asvamedha→dakshayaaga .In the
Daksha yaaga Daksha’s head was replaced by a ram’shead .

The ghar evidence in the script

Ghar is a house(cf.Hindi-ghar).Do you notice a ghar in kra-

tu(sacrifice) and the cro-ss.
 Ghar (cf.Sumerian sar →gar-den) is the catushkona
catvara(courtyard or rectangular place where cross roads
meet)in which the yajnapaatra(sacrificial pot) is placed(cf.the
sasa bhadraasana in para 21). Note the different types of
ghars/catvara/catvala/SatvaTa/sthavira present in the scripts

like , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , etc. Ghar is
placed on kara(hand) in .These scripts show the
significance of the vedic sacrifice in the lives of the vedic
bharats.

Bharata as bhadra

Uksha/bhadra →v/u(bull/vRshan)-

gaja(elephant/asva) → →

bhadra bhadra( stone henge).

Bhadra(bull),bhadra(elephant),bhadra(mountain
cf.Kailaasa,Sinai, Horeb-Hebrew,kRpa,prabhaa -light),
patra(leaf) etc.Prabhaata(dawn) is parvata(bhadra-giri-guru-
hill).
 Bhadra being ten, the ten commandments(bhadra) were
given on Mount Sinai(bhadra).Sinai is sila(bhadra-rock) and the
commandments were written on two stone(bhadra,sila)
tables.This is continued into the historical period as the
silaasaasanas(stone edicts eg.those of Asoka). Bhadra(stone)
is bhaasha(speech) and bharata(fire,covenant) .Observe the
fire god on Horeb(Broohi,Hebrew) talking to Moses and at
Sinai giving the ten commandmends (cf.Hebrew – tabera –
fire;daabar-to speak ).Bharata(speech) is Paali (a language)
and vaani(speech).Kripa( a friend of Indra,pity) is giri(hill)-
pa(leaf). Bhadra is a yashti(rod) and yati(stop).
Bhadraasva is Bharadvaaja. Bharadvaaja is
bhadra(bull,bharata-agni-uni)- vaaja(horse,arrow).It is also
Bharata vaaca(speech) and vaasa(resident).

VRsha , , is varsha and vaasra(bull,house).

Vaasra is vaasa(house).Thus the unicorn became the symbol
of bhadravacas(aum,the language) ,Bharadvaaja(clan) and
Bhaarata varsha (the country called Bhaarata).But Bharata is
bhadra(bull,mountain,stone,paartha-king). Hence the Bharatas
are said to have descended from the king called Bharata
whereas in reality it is from the language and the priestly clan
that the people got the name like the Egyptians, Akkadians,
Sumerians etc,though there might have been kings of the name
who ruled Bhaarata.
Bharata is also paada.Paada is foot and a fourth. Foot is
root.Thus bharata(agni) is muula(root,origin).It is the number
one.Muula is Manu for the Hindus. It is Muusa(Moses) for the
Hebrews.It is Thoma for the Kerala Christians who were
 Nambootiris before conversion to Christianity.The Nambootiris
have a direct descent from Harappa.The Asva(Soma )yaaga of
the Nambootiris attracted the Roman traders and scholars who
took them to Rome as Christianity. Greek makar
means happy.Hence it is happy Chrismas! cf. the fish eating
alligator. The purodaasa → kurbaana(k→p,d→b,s→n).
Bhadra-patra →100 or 20;

da(hill) + pa(leaf) →deva →rava,giri (hill)

→guru(teacher,Jupiter)→srii (the sun,light,word cf.word of god)
Giri –patra →srii bhadra (blessed with prosperity)

→sriikara . Bhadra is paaNa (hand ) also.Dosha is the

hand,darkness and turmeric(yellow,gold).Dosha is thus soma
as usha is asva. There is an udaya giri (hill of sunrise) and an
astamaya giri(hill of sunset) also which in fact is the rising and
seting sun itself.
Like the bhadravRsha(unicorn),the bhadrapatra also can
indicate Bhaarata Varsha and Bharadvaaja (the leaf being the
tuft).

Parokshapriya(homophones and rebus) is the mainstay

of the script

Paroksha priya iva hi deva (Aitareya :3.5.1) which means

the devas(the Rishis and their compositions-the Vedas) were
fond of the paroksha(indirect speech using
homophones,rebus phrases etc.) style of composition.The
Indus scripts are the best examples of this style.

→ tra(tri-srii) is made dru(tree) with a

saakha(branch).Dru(sa → vi)-saakha →Visaakha
( sa+sa+saakha)
Prakaasa(light) is vRksha(tree). The branch is a kha or hasta .
ha-sa-ta→sa-sa-kha→saakha.Hence kha → ha, the Gha from
which ha was born as observed by Dr.M.Williams in his
Dictionary . Ha is also sa and pa whence hasta(hand) is
shashty(sixty) and sapta(seven).

In the amulet M-1429 a nauka(boat) is made from

mu-kha(face) to give sukha(happiness).Naasa(nose) is
naava(boat,praise) and naama(name).

→bhadra(bull,king,fire)→satra(sacrifice,booth)→
paatra(vessel)→bhaarata→bharata→pa/sa-tra(tri) →
sa-vitR(the sun,the fourth or outer pa is sa)→srii bhadra →
trivRta → W (patri-bird) → →tRna(grass, kusa, guda,

huta)→ netra(eye,offering ,king ) →maatR(mother)

→Indra,Mitra , DroNa(Soma) .

vaaca(word) →sa(bird,god) → vaaja(arrow → vasi-

spear→Siva→pati-lord) .Bhadra(patri-bird) is patra(pa –
leaf,sara -arrow) and bhadra(head,stop).Hence these are
interchangeable. A spear has the shape of the head or a leaf
or the linga.
 a patra is made a pa + tra(dru-tree,sara-arrow,vaara-tail) to
make viirabhadra(bull, auspiciousness), drava(fish),
dhruva(Vishnu), srava(ear,food,rice) etc.
Srava(Malayalam -coru-rice) is soma . Srava being
varsha(rain,year,place) ,the Soma Yaaga is said to bring in
rains. Of course rains or irrigation is a must for the
barley/paddy cultivation.

naaka(arrow,heaven;naga-the sun;naaga-snake;gaana-

song),vaasa(house,dress) → naasa (naama→deva) →

daasa(servant),paaNa(hand) → baaNa(arrow) →bhaama(the
sun) →saayaka(arrow)→saaya(evening) →saama (maasa
→daana→maaya) or Indra(yama-sara→two arrows) .
sara+sara →saraa→ srii; ishu(arrow)-vaara(roof,arrow) →
iisvara(god) . Srii being drii(to split),the sara is split.Also
ina(the sun ) is yama(two) and vi(two)-na(naaka).The
bhadra(holes) of the nose is made bhadra(vetra) of the
sara(arrows).Ha(arrow)-yama(two) is haayana(soma).

vaa-sra(house)→bhadra(hand→panca - five )→
vasana(house). The roman v is this vaasra in reverse form.

→ → → five .

pa,ma,sa –tra →panca(five)→vasna(price)→

bhasma(ash)→ bhadra(bull,Siva,five,ten), maatra(measure),
maatara(mother),
netra(eye,offering),patri(bird cf.panca pakshi),satra(a house)
→ Dro-Na →soma → sara →arrow,five .Bhadra being

va(two,cipher , )-sara(kara-five) is usually pattu(ten,bahu-

many cf.).
Hence DroNa taught the Kauravas dhanurvidya(the science
of sara or archery).DroNa is a measure also.

paa-tra(pa- leaf,sara-arrow) → p+ a/ra + ∆tra/sara→

paatra-jar/patra-leaf,writ/bhadra-king/vaasra(a house, bull,
weekday)/abda(year)/abja(conch,moon,lotus)/asva(bull,voice,7.

Hence → → ) . Note the sara in the paa-tra

paatra→pa(va→ma→2.)+ sara(5) → 7 or 10 → full . Hence
kumbha is puurNa(full,suurya-sun,suunya-cipher) and

puurNa(suurya) kumbha(jar-gumbha-ring -king-soma )

is auspicious.It can also indicate a saraava ( a cup,a measure
equal to two Prasthas or one Kudava).

→
Nava-vana-paNa-vaara(water,house,roof,kusa,9) .Vaara-nava
is praNava,pramaaNa, praNaama,pravaNa(junction),
prapa(well) and prabhaa(shine,sobha/soma). The Kerala
Nambootiris still call their residence ‘mana’ a Dravidian form of
the Harappan vana and bha-vana (a house) .
 yava →yama, nava(nine,praise,new). 8 yava
→1angula(inch) → 3cm.Soona→soma→suura→sun.
Viirabhadra/varaha is also indicated.
Yava → mana →maana → sama cf.NelliTa was a unit of
measurement for the Karalites.

Drumaasraya(chameleon) → DroNaacaarya→ →

Somaraaja .
Aa+vana(plant)→aapaNa(market)/paNya(sale,market,commodi
ty)/savana(sacrifice)/soma/druma . DroNa (a measure of
Soma). Sa +dru →satru(an enemy) →va –dru →srava(soma,
Malayalam -coru –rice) .

sa + ra/a → srii (fire,word,the sun) →raaja(king)→

aja(king,ram) →aga(sun,tree,snake,hill)→

aha(day)→varaha(unicorn) →varsha(year,place)→
vRsha(bull,man).

paatra(jar)→dru(tree)→drava(fish)→srava(ear,rice)→
netra(triNa)+ naasa+ mouth→mukha(sma-
face,soma)/makha(sacrifice) . Drava being fish tridrava
→sriideva.Drava is vadana(mouth) and vacana(speech).TriNa
is droNa(trough,measure,soma).
Miina/nayana/haayana is soma.Soma-paatra is somabhadra.
Dru being srii ,it is srii bhadra also.The fish being pavana(wind)

and savana( yaaga,extraction of soma ) and triNa being

Marut(pavana) and soma this script indicates soma
pavamaana also.A matsa( fish→bhadra ) being bhadra/kha/ha
( ),vadana(mouth) and bhasana(beetle ) the following
scripts are also its equivalent.

Soma bhadra.Mukha –subha/sukha or bhadramukha(a

handsome man) .Mukha has a kha( , ,mouth).Makha is
sacrifice.Bhadra(drava-bull,fish) in the previous figure is
replaced by bhadra(cakra-vakra-circle) here.Dru is replaced by
srava(soma,ear ;dru →srii).Bhadra-kaali is bhadra-heli(sun).

srava-naasa-bhasana(a beetle,vadana-mouth,vacana-
speech) →mukha.Nakra is croc and nose.Mukha-face holds a
nakra-nose. is bilvaka/bilva.Bilva is pallava .Since each

leaf is a pa and the paatra is pa,there are,three “pa”s

indicating bhadra/sarpa/sarva/visva/bilva , , , .
This indicates Visvamitra/Visvaruupa/Visvakarma etc.

-netra(beard) of mukha netra of dru netra of

bhasana(vadana) .Paa-tra(jar) has a sara(arrow) attached to it
to make it bhaga/hava/hu(sacrifice).
The sma(face,deadbody) is indicated by bhadra(fish,circle,
bhasana and netra-beard).Bhadravaaca→sama(sava-Siva)-
sama(sava-Siva) → samaadhaana ( peace)→
smasaana(cemetery cf.RIP).
Smasaana Kaalii is Bhadrakaali(Durga) and
smasaanavesmaa is Siva.
Vadana being bhadra(dra-va → fish, dru –tree) .Being a
tree,the face should have a netra (root) apart from the normal

netra(eye) .This netra is the beard .Smasru(moustache) is

sma(face)-dru(tree) .

naasa(nose) → naama(sectarian mark) → mesha(Aries)

→maana(measure,honour) → snaana(bath)→
jnaana(knowledge) → janana(birth) .Tra Ξ is
traaNa/raksha/sraya/srii/sa/AUM.

sa + sa Ξ → dvi-sa →tvisha(light,divasa-day)→ ravi-sa

→dvija (a Brahmin,born from ravi-srii-rati).
The svaaha provided the priests a good chance to yawn with
both arms raised over the head!

netra(Indra,Mitra;tri-Na) →pa-tra (three pa) → , , ,

pa-tra-paada → jhasha(fish,netra-eye)/bilva/bull/full. Pa-tra-

cakra(wheel,srii,raaja,raksha)→sarpa bhadra
→cakravarti(emperor).Normal bhadra is the rectangle or circle.
The Harappan priest king has a bhadra/puurNa on his
forehead along with the pa-tra-cakra/padmakuuTa marks
on the cloak. Trinetra , is netra(Indra) itself and is Siva
also.He is SriikaNTha(Siva,srii-ghanTa-Siva)also as shown by

tri(three)-khaNDa(parts) . Hence a Linga stand also could be

seen with this mark indicating the phallic Siva symbolism.Pa-
tra as bhadra is light and as raa-tra is night/satra-sacrifice.

savana(offering,soma),bhavana(house),pavana(marut-
wind),paada(foot),bhadra(king,bull,fire).

rice,sveda(sweat),sveta(a conch),deva(god), tvashtaa(the

sun) ,bhadrapaada,sapta(seven),varaha(king) sabda(sound),
bhadra(bull,full,king),paada(foot), daanava(a demon),
dvaadasa(12),kuuTaara,kuTiira,hotra etc.
viirabhadra→ bhadraasva →soma bhadra → puurna
kumbha(Malayalam-niRa paRa→a full pot,full drona) etc. As
go-tra(tribe) and go-cara(sight) it is also
kusala(happiness),Kosala(a kingdom) ,pu-tra(a
son),surata(sex), suutra(thread) etc.and its equivalent is
where the ra(shaft) of the arrow is replaced by the go(eye,bull)
symbol.

→sa-vaara/kamsa→ varsha(year),vRsha,
svara(sound,sun) , suurya(the sun),bhaasa(light). Sa is bird
and fence.Sakra (Indra) is sa and kara(paaNa→vaara→
hands,rava-sound,the sun).Sa-vana(paaNa) is sacrifice and
soma extraction.va +sa(bird) + va →vasu(ray).It is the kara(ray)
of Sakra(Indra).Vaara is also water and the patri(bird) is
bhadra(king,bull,cipher,head,gold,Rudra) . Hence it is the
viirabhadra(buffalo) and the rising sun.

vaara(bracket→hands,roof) + ka/va/sa(bird)
+pa/ra(fish)→Bhaargava/bhraaja(saamaveda)/praasa(spear)

/bhaasana(shine)/bhavana(house)/ravi( -ra, -vi→ravi-

sun) vaara(day)→Sunday.
It is also viira(bracket)- bhadra(patra-bird)-
asva(fish)→viirabhadra, the sacrificial victim →
viirabhadraasva.
The bracket is the hands, brows,wings,fins and husk.

drava(fish),bhadra(bull),bhara –paada(dawn),netra
(eye,sacrifice), vimsati(10+10=20),bhadra(• )+asva( )
→bhadraasva →unicorn(the bhadra can be the horn,linga or
bindu).It is viirabhadra/miinabhadra/niilakaNTha/nara/RNa/nR
etc.

viirabhadra → bhadravaara/viirabhadra/prakaasa,
varsha →dasavaara/Dasra/tasara(loom) srii-

giri/KRshna/viirabhadra( -vaara/viira, bhadra-giri-hill-bull-

full) .

Bhadra (water) is vaara(niira→water).sa X + bhadra

→savitR/Subhadra(auspicious).

.
paada(foot,four)→bhadra(five,bull,cipher)→cakra/aksha(wheel)
→raksha(protection)→ prabhaata (dawn); bhadrapaada→40
.Upapaaduka(paaduka/paadaraksha-footwear) is a deva(god).
Paaduka as paadapa( a tree) gives the god in the tree.Aksha
paada is Gautama.Akshapaada is ahas paada/
prabhaata(dawn). Aksha(snake) with paada(feet) is

akshapaada , or varaha(croc,king).Ukshapaada is also

akshapaada .

bharata → Brahmin; jina-sun/raaja-king/srii-fire/aja-king/aga-

sun/aha-day/gaja-elephant/kasa-whip,madya/dasa-ten etc.

Gumbha-bond is kumbha-pot.Bandhaka is
vyaapaara(trade), paNaya(pawn),barter(exchange) or bhaata
vandana(worship of dawn).Even now, paNaya
→pawn→bandhaka of the Harappans.

aga-hill/aha-day/ahas-day/agna-fire,king/aajna-
command/aja-king/daana-gift/daara-wife/raja-king
etc.Bhadra(hill)-aasana(seat)/sinhaasana is gar-
ta(throne).Girija is Paarvati.Agastya is one who subjugates
agas(mountains).Aga-aasa is aakaasa(sky).Aksha is aga-sha.

udara(belly) → patra(leaf);agna(man)+ patra(cipher) →10 ;

udara puurana(eating food), puurna kumbha (full pot or pot
belly),soma bhadra (Siva,rice) ;sha(man) + patra →savitR(the
sun),vRkodara is Bhiima.Sa(man)+parNa(leaf)→svarNa.
Sa(man)+ kala(palm)→sakala(god),sulka(price).

kara(hand)→sara(arrow),paana(cup)→baaNa(arrow) . Kara
→ sara → 5.Dhanishta(dhanu-sara-bow and arrow) is
soma(sky,noon).Manusha(man) is Manu-ja(born) and
ma(great) - dhanu also.Dhanu is dhvani (sound). Man makes
great sound which is speech. In fact aatmaa (soul)
of man is his vacana(bhaashana-speech) as shown by the
descending tongues(speech) of fire at the Pentecost in the
Bible(Acts:2) .Rasana(tongue) is sara(arrow,kara-hand)-
na(like).A kshatriya was supposed to carry a sara (arrow) to
show that he was a raaja(king).Sara-Na is refuge and
caraNa(feet)/carama(death).

paaNa(hand) is paana(cup), baaNa(arrow).PaN → to trade,

to pray.Arka- worshipper is arka(linga,copper,12) or
argha(price).

paaNa → paasa(cord) . MushTi is a measure.Paasahasta

is Varuna.Kaarpaasa is cotton. In the agnishToma the
sacrificer keeps his hands in the mushTi( fist) form ,till the
close of the yaaga to show mu(Siva),nu(praise)-sti(dhi-
seat,te-to you) or namaste(obeisance to you).

dasaapavitra (a fringed filtering cloth) was used as a

soma filter.
 , vaa-sra(house),sa-tra(house,sacrifice) etc. have
a sara(arrow) in them.Bhavana(house) has a baaNa(arrow).

A vaasra(house) , bhadra (a head cf. )) and a pa-tra(leaf

) are like the arrow.

Bhaarata is the land of Bharata speakers

Tamilnaadu is the land of Tamil speakers.Malayaalanaadu is

the land of Malayaalam speakers.Karnaataka is the land of
Kannada speakers.Hindustaan is the land of Hindi speakers.
Greece is the land of Greek speakers. Italy is the land of
Latin speakers . England is the land of English speakers.
China is the land of Chinese speakers.Japan is the land of
Japanese speakers.Sumer was the land of Sumerian
speakers.Akkad was the land of Akkadian speakers.Egypt is
the land of Egyptian speakers.Then why Bhaarata varsha
cannot be the land of Bharata speakers?. Of course Americans
do not speak America !
In the Indian context we have ancient literary evidence of
Bhaarata Varsha but not a Tamil/Malayalam varsha.Why?
In Bhaarata varsha of course differet peoples were there like
Gandharas,Kosalas etc.Bhaaratavarsha is also known as
Aaryaavarta(bhaarata→aarya,varsha→varta-place).
The story of Bhaarata getting its name from the king Bharata
comes from the Parokshapriya style of ancient writers since
Bhaarata(bhaasha) is a bhadra(paartha-king cf.Meluhha and
Hebrew- melukaah-melek-royalty,king) .The Christians call the
priest father, not because he is their real father, but he is their
bhartaa – paartha-bhadra -ruler.Dr.M. William’s definition of
Bhaarata as descended from the Bharatas(applied to agni
either sprung from the priests called Bharats or ‘bearer of the
oblation’) rightly applies here.
Bhaarata varsha and bhadraasva varsha are mentioned
among the seven or nine divisions of the earth viz: Kuru,
HiraNmaya,Ramyaka,ILaavRta,Hari, Ketumaalaa,
Bhadraasva,Kimnara and Bhaarata(Mbh).HiraNmaya and
Kimnara being the same and Bhadraasva and Bhaarata being
the same the divisions can be seven also instead of nine.

The unicorn is bhadraasva(Bharadvaaja-fire)→ patra-

asva(peepul-leaf cf.the long pointed tip of the leaf.patra-leaf is
made bhadra-bull,king,asvattha-vata ) → bhadra vaaca→

bharata vaaca→Bhaarata varsha→bhadra vRsha ,

.It is agnesa. Its asva is bhaasha (vacas)and

vaasa(house). Hence bhadraasva→Bhaarata
varsha(vaasa→vaasra-house,bull,day).
The Dholavira sign board bears the name Bhaarata
pura(Bhaarata city) which is a further proof to the Bharata
basis for the Harappan civilization.The inscription is
 ra kuuTa bharata/bhadra ra sa/ba da/sa

sa/ha/bhadra/kara/saya ra/ha ra/ha va/ma

soma/sroNa/saravaNa/sravaNa/pavana/bhavana/sabara/sarab

ha/makara/hariNa/mihira(ma+kara)/dharma/tarpaNa/darsana

1. sapta maaasa(asvina)-savana/dasara-bhadra/bharata/satra-

hotra/koTara/kuuTaara(cf.the feast of the weeks,feast of

trumpets,day of atonement,feast of tabernacles.Num.29)

2.Dharma(mahira/makara) raaja-sabara-bharata-

gotra/kuuTaara/pura

3. Pavamaana(yajamaana)-soma-bhadra-homa

4. Manna(anna/manna/anno)-LakshmaNa-bharata(bhadra)-

aasana(gotra)-king Lakshmana’s palace.MaNNa-croc!

Varsha is vRsha.MaNNa is varaha/mihira/makara.

5.Varaaha(sapta maasa/soma raaja/Dharmaraaja)-

dasara(havana/bhavana/savana/sabara/sibira)-bhadra/bharata-

koTara/kuTiira/hotra.
 sroNa/saravaNa/Soma/svana/sabda/sapta/
Makara/varaaha/mahaa/haayana is bhadra(bull,king) position
of the noon(soma-the sky,the moon) sun.
Compare this inscription with the name of Ver-pahrada-kkai-
pperu-virar-Killi(viira bhadra hara bahu viira heli/kaali) a
founder king of the early Tamil Chola dynasty and note the
close resemblance to the Bharata inscription style.

North Indian River names

The rivers of North India like the North Indian cities carry the
vedic signature in their names like Sarasvati, Ganga, Sindhu,
Yamuna etc.

Counting and measuring

For counting the basic unit is agna(fire).Agna(AUM,ONE)→ eka

→ aga → aja →sa→ mesha → naaza →masa→ mass →
maasha (a weight unit).
The root term to measure is maa(to measure) from which
comes the maana, miina,maasha,mass,metre,litre, mile etc.
The hasta(hand) was the basis for counting. Hence the
dasa(2x5 decimal) and sexagesimal(3x4x5) systems came into
force.The five fingers on both hands gave a bhadra(ten). This is
the Roman symbol of 2xV→X
The V→5→the palm(insert your palm into the figure of the
number and see) itself.It is ha,ka,va,pa,ma,na, sa etc. The
three divisions of the four fingers on a hand multiplied by the
five fingers on the other hand makes shashTy(sa-hasta →
sixty).

haayana→ha-yama→sapta→sabda→
abda→svana→soma→manna→anno→AUM→

kaala→kapaala→ kaahala →varaha→makra

→mihira→Dharma/Kaala/VaruNa→

- →varsha→vRsha→svar/Carnyx

Note the bhadra pakshii/bhadr(vi)sva(ra) or Gaayatri

(Syena/Garuda) or soma bhadra(droNa kalasa) in the scripts
like
 , ( ra-vi →srii→ ra vi )→viira→hiira →hari

, , →miina
This soma bhadra (drona bhadra) is the niRapaRa (puurna
kumbha –full pot) of the Keralites which is still used in
auspicious occasions like marriage,house warming etc.

→ (dvi →sa→vi-bird,dvija-Brahmin) → (ka +tri

→Gaayatri –bird) → (kha;srii;ra-vi -bird ) → shaT(sa –

sa - bird or god bird ) → ashTa(sa-sa →bird).

Ravi is visva(full,sarva,sarpa,srava,sa-rava) and
asva(bull,abda-year,avasa-sun,king;vac-word).
ShaT(6) and ashTa(8) are the hasta(hand,panca) itself.
Keralites still use the term kai –ppatti for the palm.
Note the kara(hand ) in kai and the pakshii-patri(pangti-group)
in patti.

1-eka→agna(srii,raaja)→uni→aja → naasa +ra

→netra(offering,eye,leader)→aga(sun,cup)-eka(one)→ekaaha
is a one day sacrifice. Bhadraasva is the

unicorn.Sapta/divasa/David -7+ha →saptaha(week).

It can indicate 7+1→8 also. Agna is
aga,aha,naga,naaga,gana,gaja,jina,jna,yajna,haya,vaahana
etc.
 sapta(divasa/David) +dva(2)→saptasva(sun).Dvi-aha is
sacrifice of two days.7+2=9(nava→vana→paNa).2*7=14.

sapta/tapasa/khaga/ravi+3/ / / Ψ→ravi-srii-mu
Mu is three/ Siva in Malayalam. Siva is hence trinetra(srii-
Indra,Mitra) and mukkannan(trinetra) . Ravi is savitR/Gaayatri.
7+3→10 –dasa-bhadra-full-bull.
Bharata →srii(fire).Hence the bharata(bhadra-linga) symbol is
used as the cihna(mark)of the Bharats.The trident is the linga
itself.Na( ) + ma( ) is naama .

Sapta (7)→ → →tapasa(aga-naga-khaga-

sun)→sabda(sound,sa-dva) →Tamil elu(iru→2 after 5)

sa → (3 )+ paada (4) →7 .For Tamils it is 5 +2 .

Saptaasva is the sun.Asva netra/Visvamitra is offering of bulls.
The bull (bhadra/asva) is vaasra/aha(day,bull) and
varsha/abda(year) and mantra (vac-hymn) .
Sapta(7,sun) itself is divasa(day),tapasa(the sun),naga(giri-
hill) and haya(gaja-jaya-sun).
Pancaka –group of five,battle field,suddhi kalasa,agreement
among five people etc.
Sahasra(1000) is sa-ghasra(day,sun)/harta(sun).
The saha in saha-sra can be a maha(buffalo) and mu-
kha(face).Bhadra is the cipher (0).Mu(three)-kha(cipher,the

sun) with sra(srii→=1) gives1000.cf.

Hence sahasra is a mahaabhadra(great bull,a pond,Ganga)
also.

The Harappans measured their land with measuring rods and

classified the lands also.

Kara(hand) – kala(amsa-part,kara) – gana(count) –

paaNa(hand)-paana(a jar)-pala(a weight,bhaara-weight) –
sara(five,water cf.sar- Sumerian measure of bricks) .
bhuja (arm-cubit) – cf.muzha-kkol of the Malayaalees →
cubit(bhuja) for the Egyptians tulaa (libra) → dvi(two)-na(0) →
dina(day)→sama(equal,amsa-part)→100palas(hundred has

two na s in it ) .Sulka (cf.Karsha/Shekel/kalasa-jar) is

muulya(price) and tula-a(ka)→ sama(equal) →masa(mass)-
sma(face)-maasha(a weight cf.sama-equal).Suurya is
tulya(equal) and turiiya(4).
Name was often the unit of purity. For example bhadra is gold
and bhadra is 10.But the Keralites say pure gold as having
pattara(10 ½ ) maattu(maatra).This is by making bhadra(gold)
→pattara(10 ½). Hence the purity of gold was fixed at that.

From na(grain,ha=kha=0),ma(water and time) and

naa(maanava-man), maana(measure),
maapana(measure,scale) etc.evolved.

Hasta is bhuja . This gave the muzhakkol(measuring rod of

Kerala;bhuja→muzha). This continuity from Harappa was used
till the Indian government decided to switch over to the SI
weights and measures. But note that a metre has a matra or
netra in it.
A gram and kilo has a kara or gana or bhaara in it.
An inch has an angu,ansu,anga,ank,angula etc.in it.

Kara → kala → gana →sara→hala (cf.centum →

kentum,sapta → hapta→capeTa etc.) are all measures derived
from maanava (human body) as maapana (scale).

Bhadra → field → paddy field . Until recently the Keralites

used to ask etra paRa nilam(vayal) unTu?(How many paRa
of field have you got?).It is the area of field covered by a
paRa(droNa) of paddy.

A droNa → 4aaDhakas →16 pushkalas→128 kuncis→1024

mushTis,or → 200 palas →1/20 kumbha,or →1/16 khaarii→
4aaDhakas,or →2 aaDhakas→1/2 suurpa → 64seras,or→32
seras.It is paRa (10 iTangazhi or iTangaali) for the Keralites.
Its smaller units were called naazhi(naali→1/40 of
paRa),iTangazhi(iTangaali→ 4 naazhi→1/10 of paRa)
An acre has kara(hand), agra(border) ,
asra(angle),dhara(earth cf. sar) in it.

One tribe of Bharadvaaja and the twelve tribes of Israel.

Israel is said to have twelve tribes. One of the reasons for the
12 tribes is the 12 rasis(signs of the zodiac). But there is
another reason also.
Rigveda being bharata has bhadra(10) mandalas.
Bharata is ten. But Bharadvaaja is bhadra-dvaya → dvaadasa
→12. Hence the gotra of Israel (Indra,iisvara) should have 12
tribes.

Egypt is Pisces - ushas.It is Soma(Moses) and soNa(blood).

Israel sprinkled the blood of rams(aja-usha-dawn) on the door
lintels of their houses to get out of Egypt.The the soNa(blood)
Israel poured is the soNa varNa (aruNa varNa-red colour ) of
the dawn when the sun cross Pisces(Egypt → ijya-Jupiter,pat-
pada-foot → ushas .There is a miina- fish in Memphis and a
dyaus pitR-Jupiter-in Hout-ka-ptah or Aegyptus.The old
kingdom name Kemet-black land- is in fact matsa-mahisha-the
black bull → medini-the earth itself as explained by the
Aitareya Braahmana.Misra → land,the Arabic name of Egypt
also indicate medini and the bhadra-mahisha.)

Bhadra(bali) → sapta(7) →sa( )ma/va( ;M→W) ra( )

→samara/dharma/svar
→sun/sunrise/sacrifice(suurya/udaya/yudha/suuya)→34 (the
number of ribs of the asva(vacas→sabda→
sapta→7→3+4→34).
Maa(measure) →maasa(month) → maapana ( measurement,
balance) → vamsa(tribe,10 kol) → vimsa(1/20)
Maapana is measure and samaapa is sacrifice. Bharadvaaja
vamsa → Bharadvaaja samaapa . Bharadvaaja → 12 . Israel
has 12 tribes.
Thus one tribe of Bharadvaaja is the twelve tribes of Israel.

Bharadvaaja sahasra can be the recitation of AUM 1000 times

The numbers accompanying the fish can be the number of

mantras to be recited in a sacrifice.Different numbers were

considered for different classes like 360,720,800,1000 etc. and

the selected mantras were those composed by the Rishi of

one’s own gotra(Aitareya: 7.7) .

.
Samhita mantra style

Sikhapaatha,rekhaapaatha,maala,dhvaja,danda,ratha,ghana

etc are various styles of reading the veda. Samhita is the style

of unbroken word,which means the first word to the last word of

the veda form an uninterrupted whole.The last letter of the first

word merges with the first letter of the second word. The

repetition of letters in compound words is not because of the

Tamil style of duplication of the first letter of the second word in

compound word formation. In fact Tamil inherited this trait from

the samhita style of the Bharats. The words were read both

ways also.This is why the boustrophedon writing style is also

seen in some of the inscriptions .

The words were read forward and backward to make paaTha -

learning of pada (word) - perfect as veda.
Eg. bhadra (bull)- paatra( jar )-patra(leaf)- drava(fish)-
srava(ear ,food,soma)- dru(tree)- tra(three)-srii(the
sun,word,light). The fish + leaf symbols (soma bhadra) in the
Harappan scripts arise from this.
Another application is in measurements.
ShaT → 6 → 5+1 . In reverse it is dasa → 10.
The symbol for shaT → V1.
 The first 1(hand) when crossed by the second I(hand) we
have X → dasa(ten).
Now multiplying dasas(X) we have sata(C→100). From the
reverse of dasa(shaT→6) we have shaT sa →shashTi→ sixty.
Hence we have the shashTi and dasa(sata) systems of
counting.

The Harappan scripts have multiple applications as already

seen. For example naasa is mesha, maasha,
visarga,agna,nagna etc.Bhadra is bharata, paada,
paatra,praata,bhaasha,bhadra(o,king,bull,ten,gold,full,field) etc.
In several cases word duplication is there in the netra-
netra,neti-neti style.

Bharata measurements of time.

We have seen that the principle of maanava (man)as

maapana (scale,maana-altar,measure,Agastya>
pavamaana>soma>puman>purusha>vRsha>varsha>srava
>sruu>veda cf.pRsni>spot>na-veda,bindu>
vindu>vipra>Vishnu.Fish>nayana>soma>veda) was first
employed by the Bharats and the ancient world followed their
measuring systems. The bhuja(hand),the paada(feet),the
paatra(kalasa,droNa), maatra(measure) etc. paved the way
for measuring units.
Samaya is sayana and sa (god) –yama(god of
time).Maanava/maapana is haayana(year).
 The Bharata measurements of time can be summarized as
below:
a paramaaNu(nimisha) is the normal interval of blinking in
humans, or approximately 4 seconds
a vighaTi is 6 paramaaNus, or approximately 24 seconds
a ghaTi is 60 vighaTis, or approximately 24 minutes
a muhurta is equal to 2 ghaTis, or approximately 48 minutes
a nakshatra ahoratram or sidereal day is exactly equal to
30 muhurtas
A leekshaka is 1/60th of a paramaaNu
a lava is 1/60th of a leekshaka
a reNu is 1/60th of a lava
a truTi is 1/60th of a reNu .
a yaama is 7½ ghaTis →3hours
The day was divided into 30 parts and the night into thirty
parts(RV.6.59.6) or four yaamas(AV.6.21.2).
Sapta(seven,divasa-day) - ahas(days) constituted a
saptaaha(a week).
A maasa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) was
divided into 2 pakshas,the sukla(white) and the
KRshna(dark/blue,syaama>samaya>kaala>raaja>yajna.
Gods are painted blue/black to indicate the samaya feature
of the sungod) .
The year was divided into twelve months and occasionally an
intercalary month was added to make the year agree with the
seasons.A month had thirty days and the year had
360 days. The year was also divided into three seasons of four

months and six seasons of two months each(AV.6.55.2).The 28

lunar mansions beginning with KRttika(the spring equinox)

and including Abhijit are named in AV.19.7 and Taittiriya

Samhita 4.4.10.

Measurements of volume

60 bindu → 1 saaNa(cf.naasa-nose,maasha) →1

teaspoon(3.55 ml)

8 saaNa →1 sukti→1 ounce

2 sukti →1 pala→2 ounces(cf.pala-kara-hand,pada-foot)

2 palas→1 prasRta→4 ounces

2 prasRtas→1 kudava→8 ounces

2 kudavas→ 1 saraava→16 ounces(cf.sara-arrow,water;srava-

ear)

2 saraava→1 prastha →32 ounces(911.12 ml)

Measurements of Mass

60 grain → 1 dram(3.888 mg)

3 dram→1 tola

40 tola→ 1 raattal

1 grain →1/6 paNa(65 mg)

6 grain→1 paNa(paNameTa)

12 ½ paNas→1¼ dram

30 paNas→1 tola →2½ kalancu

¾ kalancu →1saaNa

2 saaNa→1 kola

2 kolas→1 karsha

2 karshas→1 sukti

2 suktis→1 pala

2 palas→1 prasRta(10 tolas)

2 prasRtas→1 kudava(40 tolas)

2 kudavas→1 saraava

100 palaa→1 tulaa(5 kilogram 831 gram 900 milligram)

 The fish eating alligator.

The fish is aha/asva(vacas) and the graaha is

mahira/karNa(ear)/varaha/varsha.The days are swallowed by
the year .It is also the bharata(vac-speech) being caught by
the srava(ear).The fish itself is srava(bhadra-soma).Hence it
is a lump or morsel of rice in the hand or in the mouth.The
fish is also netra(eye). Hence this is eye and ear. Netra is Indra,
Mitra,Naarada etc.Srava →karNa(ear)→graaha(alligator)
→nakra(alligator)→makara(alligator)→mihira(the sun). Hence
this is called makaramatsya(makara varsha →Solstitial
year).KarNa is VaruNa. The makara matsya is Maitraa –
VaruNa -the winter solstice- when the annual sun is at the
peak of the south sea(the sky).Maitraa-varuNa is also one of
the priests attending a soma sacrifice(Soma is Noon(moon)

where the shadow is zero indicating time as suunya-suurya).

The Christians celebrate this as Chrismas.The Tamils

celebrate it as Pongal . Bhadra(bull) is deva(god) and
deepa(lamp). At Sabari mala (sabara-bhadra- rudra-sahari-
lamp or the sun cf. Malayalam- takazhi-lamp) ,in Kerala ,this is
celebrated as Makaravilakku (vilakku –deepa-lamp).

The ear so(srava → varsha → sarat-year cf.mu→ year for the

Sumerians.) + ma(fish,time) → sravaNa →soma(the sun,the
moon,rice,barley),Sankara(Siva),dhanakara(giver of
wealth),jina( sun) etc .Thus the fish eating alligator is
soma(mu→so →srava→varsha→year,ma = time) raaja.

Makara is na(like)-kara(hand,ray;vaara-tail). The solstice is the

tail since the day sun is not visible in the north(midnight)
against which the annual sun gives the winter solstice.
Makara is haraNa(hand ,ray) /nakra(croc,nose).Makaraasva is
also the sun covered by his rays.The hand is dos(cf.Heb.sor-
bull/suura-sun).

Soma is madhu(honey,liquor) ,soora(the sun) ,soona(grain)

etc.HaraNa is hiraNya(gold)→ svarNa(gold)→soma(gold).
HaraNa is also offering whence it can denote offering of bulls.

The asva(avasa-sun/varaha/uni-horn) with a patra(vi-bird) is the

bhadraasva/sacrificial bull , , .The

bhadra(light,ray) of the asva is bharata(fire, speech) and
praaata(dawn). But asva is also abda(year, abdi is the ocean).
In the Mahaabhaarata Kunti (Sindhu cf.Bhaarata→ pa-
water;varsha-rain,year,place;vRsha-bull,man; sudina-day) gave
birth to KarNa- a son of suurya first, and rightly he is the first
Paandava. But he was made a king by
Duryodhana(suuryodaya-sunrise ) and he was on the side of
the Kauravas(suurya) in the Kurukshetra(srii-
kshidra;valsara;Gurukshetra-matsa-Pisces-Egypt-Itali)- yudha
(war,udaya).Why?Naturally, a son of the suurya will be on the
side of the Kauravas(suurya-varsha-year) itself. Now how can
KarNa be made a king by Duryodhana? Varsha(year,vaara-
water,sa-god)→Varuna→nRpa(king)
→KarNa/KaruNa(siva)/AruNa(brother of sun)→ Kaama
( madana- kaama deva) → karma(work)→ janma(birth)→
Dharma(god of death,lord of BharaNi )→
srava(year,food) → makara/mahira → naraka(Hades). Thus
though KarNa was the king of Anga(Agna) and nurtured by
Raadha(Vaisaakha,raaDa-light,the month of agna is Raadha).
For the Harappans Makara was the god’s country and naraka
was the devil’s country as savita is god and his reverse form
pisaaca is the devil.Makaraketana is both Kaamadeva and
VaruNa(Karna).In fact the role of Kaamadeva is clear from the
fact hat Kunti gave birth to KarNa(similar to the birth of Christ)
before her marriage to Paandu(Bhaanu-the sun) .

Now va-rsha(raaja) by itself is a raaja(cf.Bhaarata

varsha→Meluhha-melek-king) but is visible as the king at

p-raata(raaja) and Anga(agna/arka) given by Duryodhana

(suuryodaya).The Harappans used to reckon time from sunrise

and it continues till date in all astrological calculations with the

difference of the mistake of mixing up the tropical and the
sidereal years, though the western system still follow the
logical Harappan tropical year for their calculations.
Var(water)-sha(jha-storm and rain,Indra) is rain.Varsha is

VaruNa cf. John Mamdaana . Indra and Mihira

showers the rain of light.VaruNa is the lord of the sea(the
sky).Srava(soma) being varsha/vajra/pajra,the soma festival is
the festival of the New Year,where the head of
Daksha/John/Soma is cut off.

Makara is the position of the sun in the nabhasa( sky) and

kaTaka(svarga-heaven) is the position of the sun in the
naraka(Hades) in the day cycle.VaruNa is called
makaraasva,makaraketana,makaradhvaja,makaravaahana
etc.also.Thus the fish eating alligator is a figure of
VaruNa/Sabara/Siva/varsha itself and it indicated Maitraa-
VaruNa for the Harappans , the makaradeepa for the Keralites,
the makarappongal for the Tamils etc.

According to Aitareya BraahmaNa the bhadra(varsha-

year,vrisha-bull,Indra) is Daksha(asva-bull,abda-
year).Hence the makaraasva is the solsticial year.

Now, bharata is bhadra (bull ,stone. cf Hindi-pattar-

stone,Greek-petros-stone-Peter).A Brit-on has a lot of Bharata
blood in him.A bhadra being stone the Bharats on their reach in
England(Wiltshire-Amesbury-Salibury) created the circular
(bhadra-vRtta-varsha-circle) stonehenge(bhadra) as the burial
ground as Varsha(VaruNa;haa-yana,yama,ina;mRta-dead) is
the god of death .Praata(dawn) is pareta/preta(dead
body).Sava/siva is deva.Hence burial sites were created to
camouflage the actual purpose of solar worship at the equinox
and the solstice.Bhadraasva(unicorn) is praata-avasa(rising
sun) denoted by the pareta-avasa(dead king or bull) in the
asvamedha and has the same significance,the bhadra

( rising stone ) being the rising horn/rising sun .

The work on the stone henges was begun by around

3100BCE.

Interestingly another branch of the same people began the

work on the pyramids(Bharata→pramiita-dead body of the
sacrificial victim,Siva→ sava-corpse;

m- R-death,nR-king,srii-the sun,fire;Egyptian→mr-pyramid)
around the same time.Praata(prabhaata-dawn) is
pareta(dead).

The South Indians followed this custom by raising the hero

stones which is called naTukal or naaTTakkallu(memorial
stone;naTu-to plant,kal-stone) in Malayalam.But naTu is
naatu ( bhadra → fire,place,king,bull,stone →viira-hero) and
maaTu(soma-bull) . This bhadra memorials is a common
Bharata trait.

Thus the year sun was worshipped in the form of worship of the
dead(pitR→varsha) as happened in the case of KarNa.The
Year has to depend on sunrise to become visible.The solstice ,
though takes birth at midnight has to wait till sunrise to become
visible.It is thus the tail of the bull of light.In other words seeing
the rise of the solstitial sun was of great festivity to the Bharats
and it is their hallmark. In Tamilnaadu the bhadra is not the
stone pillar but the bull itself which they tame on the day of
the makarappongal(the sunrise of makara-winter solstice).

For the Keralites the bhadra is the deepa which is seen on the
Sabari(Sabara-Sahari-bhadra) mala(mountain- bhadra,parvata-
mountain,prabhaata-dawn). For the Christians

all over the world it is Happy (Greek: makar→happy)

Christmas.

Bhadraasana(eating the bull or fish - soma - rice) is also

bhadraazana(the throne of the king) which is also makara
ketana (one with makara for his house→Varuna→nRpa-king).

Gaayatri being prakaasa(light) , an indication of

Gaaya-tri (ca+ghaz-to swallow → cakaas - to shine) also can

be seen in this.

Paada(bhadra,deva )graaha is the kolam .

.
Paada –graaha(kolam) →bharatagriha(a Brahmin’s house→
devagriha → deva graama→Brahmin’s village) . Bharata is
paTTaNa(city).
Bharata(purusha-men) -nagara (naa-man,gana-group)
nagara(nakra). Graaha is graama.AsvakarNa is a mountain
and Asva griiva is a king.

Nagara (city,graama-village )- bhadra(bhartaa-ruler) or bharata

graama(Brahmin village) is also indicated in

A matsa graaha is a fisherman . This matsya graaha is Peter
(bhadra) whom Christ made a martyagraaha (fisher of men).
The bhadra graaha is also the farmer who ploughs the fields
holding his bulls or buffaloes.
Important rituals in the Rgvedic period were concerned with
Agni (Fire), Soma (the sacred drink), and a pot which is heated,
from which a hot drink (Gharma) is offered to the god Indra
and to the two Asvins.
Jyotishtoma(agnishtoma) is a soma sacrifice.
Bhadra(bhaarata) is jyoti(light).It is the Makara Jyoti.
In the seal M-312,a bhadra(bull) is seen to hurl in the wind
five(bhadra) purusha(bharata).In the Egyptian Sed(sada -
soma bhadra-rice-king and bull) festival the King(bhadra) had
to tame the Apis bull(bhadra).The farmer was told to hold the
hala(siira) to plough the land.But instead he began to catch the
kaalai(the bull) which is called jallikkattu(bull taming) by the
Tamils.A kola is also soma and the kolam is used to worship
soma bhadra(srava-rice,suura bhadra-sunshine) every morning
by the white soma bhadra powder(kolappoTi) sprinkled in front
of the house in various bhadra/bharata forms.
Interestingly the Heb Sed festival was to be celebrated every
thirty years. The Bharata term for thirty is trimsat.Trimsat →
soma srii (rice)→ triNa-sada→ rice;mRt(earth,death)-
sta(sit,stay);tri(three,srii-rice,king)-dasa(ten,period). Thus this
also has a reference to the soma king(rice,barley).The
Egyptians considered the tail as the tail of the wolf(Bharata-
vRka-wolf,plough,moon,tiger,mouse,owl,jaTharaagni -fire in
the belly-midnight sun) god Wepwawet.But vRka(wolf) is
vRsha(bull) and Wepwawet is Viirabhadra→prabhaata→
prakaasa(light). Prakaasa is vRka(wolf,moon;vRsha-bull)-
sa(iisa-god),ta(tail).Hence the wolf god and the bull god has a
tail of light itself ,

m582b m588b m1224c .

The bull’s head(teja-Sed) is the Noon(Moon/soma-lord of
kaTaka-Cancer) sun of the day and tail is the annual Winter
solsticial sun,from where the duration of the day increases.
The Noon sun make zero shadow.
A Sed feast was recorded in the solar temple at Abu Gurab
during the period of the Ra king Nyuserre Ini(ca.2416 BC-2392
B.C) probably to denote the thirtieth Jubilee of the King’s
ascension to the throne or a soma festival.The body of the
king said to be eaten by the worshippers during theSed
festival can be beef(bhadra-bull,king) or barley/rice(soma
bhadra - king) like the purodaasa(bhadra-as→ rice- eat) or the
Eucharist.The period of the king agrees with the mature
Harappan period.Note the vaara( tail,roof) in the tRNa of soma
bhadra as shown :
 viira bhadra → pallava/suma bhadra → soma

bhadra → soma bhadra (rice/barley) → → → →

→ → → → →. → → → → →

→ etc.
The makara matsya is also MaitraavaruNi(Agastya).It is
Happy Christmas! Augustus Caesar is often associated with
the period of Christ (cf.Chernunnos) also!
KarNa →VaruNa →Varsha → bhadra(bull,king)→ Soma →
Siva (bhadra).Rudra is mutala(Malayalam-a graaha)
.Sankara(Siva) is sa-nakra.Bhadra is the lord of
iisaana(northeast-Pisces-fish) from where the sun rises in the
morning.

, ,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/D
escription_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%28Pl._10%29_%2893016
05394%29.jpg/800px-
Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%28Pl._10%29_%28930
1605394%29.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cy
perus_rotundus_by_kadavoor.JPG/220px-
Cyperus_rotundus_by_kadavoor.JPG
Darbha(kusa,bhadra/sabara)/bhadraka(coco grass) denote
soma bhadra by the suula(trident,suura-soma-the sun,sona-
fire,blood)-patra(leaf,bhadra-water,light,Siva,rice) and
soma(jambhiira-jambiira-jambhala-jambha-lemon, Malayalam
:jona-ka-naara-ka-lemon,jona →jam→ soma → naara → water
; bhadra→bhiira→viira→vaara→miina-fish) placed on it which
is a common sight in Hindu temples.Along with patra(leaf) and
bhadra(circle,head) sometimes a separate square or

rectangular bhadra is also used to indicate soma

bhadra(deva).

→ → → → → →
Srava-patra is karna patra( the ear lobe) and soma bhadra
(sasa/aja bhadra).

The Bharat’s link to the Egyptians is also shown by the large

number of common words for the two languages (refer
https://www.academia.edu/28153606/Bharata_-
The_Language_Of_The_Indus_Valley_Civilisation ) . Also
compare Egyptian scripts like
 , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , etc. with the Bharata scripts

, , , , , , , , or , , , , , ,

or , , , etc.Let us take one or two examples to

illustrate:

→ → Sumerian →kur - mountain, Egyptian → ha-sh-t

→ foreign land. Bharata → giri-mountain, parvata(mountain;
para-other,rava-the sun;pada-foot,vaasa-house),prabhaata-
dawn from where the sun goes to the high land or the sky ,
prakaasa-light, pravaasa - staying abroad.

Man with bow and arrow. In Egyptian this is h-f-t-j → foe.

Bharata → aapad→vipad - tearing, destroying, paataka-
hatya-killing,satru-enemy;satru →sa(with),sha(man)-
sara(arrow).

The Unmistakable gaayatri

Gaayatri : Gaayatri is defined as that which protects

the singer, a vedic metre with six letters in a line, one who

recites the hymns of the Saamaveda etc.

Gaayatri→haayana(year)→ savitR(the sun)→sa(bird,god→ra)-

patri(bird→vi )-srii ( the Sun),tri(three)→jaya(the Sun),

gaya(aakaasa-sky),gaaya

(singing),haya(gaja,maya,asva,7),yaaga(sacrifice) ,ja(light)-

srii→ prakaasa(light )→ tri(three)-kaaya(body) etc.

kesari(a lion),khecarii(khacarii-Durga), gaatra(the

body,sariira is srii ;hence gaayatri is marked on the body );

tri(three) –ka(head,kha-cipher); tilaka;ka(agni)-strii(a

woman),patri(bird,gayatri often takes the form of Syena-the

heavenly falcon);bhadrikaa(an amulet); gaya(the sky)-srii(the

sun-the sun in the sky).

In H-3305 a nagna(naked )-bhadra(girl) close to

whose legs the (sa,bhadra,patri,aga,khaga ) mark is

written is shown.Ear is Year.Srava isvarsha/sarpa.Saras is

sarat/varsha.Sarasvati is year and light.

strii(woman) + →ka-strii →ka-srii→Gaayatri .

Srii-ka is Agni (the Sun) or Sarasvati. Gaayatri(jayasrii) is also

the Sun .

Gaayatri is also indicated by animal bodies (carii-animal-srii)

marked with srii(the Sun ), athari( finger,athar-fire,Kulin

Brahmins cf. credits:D.T.Potts,

credits:Harappa.com;smearing bhasma with three

athari/fingers on forehead shoulders etc.make athar-fire-

soma-king), adri( mountain), tri(three-three lines), and

three leaves (equivalent to trefoil ) marks on the

kaaya(body) of the animals.The gayatri is directly shown by

the lute(ka - gaaya)+three line symbols in gaaya tri

→gaayatri →gaya/jaya/haya-srii→

Drupada→prabhaata/soma(dawn).
Joined bodies(kaaya) of animals(carii) shows saya( union,rati)

and thereby gaayatri cf.M1170a .

A three ka UUU or or ka-dri figure denotes

gaayatri as do , , , etc.

The priest king has marks of gaayatri(bhadrika) by

way of a circle on the forehead(circle-srii,head-ka), the beard

lines(hair-line-srii,head-ka) and the trefoils (tripatra—

sriibhadra; three circle →tri-kha→gaayatri).

The trefoils correspond to fire(bharata→pa-tra) places (hearth)

and fire.It also indicate the Sandilya Brahmins.

The seal K-50 shows the deity with a tree crest to

show gaayatri (kaaya-body,ka-head ,dru-tree-srii)

Tree (dru-tri)+head (ka) → tri-ka—gaayatri

Srii (fire,the sun) is rati(sex)/saya(sex).

Gaayatri is shown by the saya(sex)-rati(sex) in

M-489 b .

Gaayatri(srii-chaaya→image of the Sun).

The myth of the soma

The soma oblation was often associated with animal

sacrifice(RV.5.43.7).At the time of oblations the gods were

invoked by their secret names(RV.9.95.2). Vishtarii offering

is extolled in AV.4.34 .Pious people performed the

sataudaanam where a hundred pots of boiled rice(cf.soma)

were given away(AV.9.9 cf.annadaanam-offering of food).

Sacrifices were given on New Moon and Full Moon

days(AV.7.79,80,81cf.moon-soma).Fire sacrifices extending for

nine and ten months(RV.5.45.7,11) and year long(RV.7.103.8)

were there.The soma might have been the body( tanu-somos) ,

blood(soNa-rakta-raksha,oma-protector-) , fire(soNa) and

sound(svana).Seven adhvaryus sprinkled it with

water(RV.9.10.7 Cf.M-1186). Water itself is soma(su-ma;ma -

water).The meat of the sacrificial victim was cooked and

offered to the gods and eaten by the worshippers(RV.5.1.

162.11,12). The asvamedha(avasa-medha - meat juice of the

king;avasa –mesha→ the Aries Sun) denotes the sacrifice of

the buffaloe or the king(RV.1.162.11-19).It was believed that

the sacrificial victim did not die but went to the

gods(RV.1.162.21,AV.9.5.8).

The soma question

One of the most important allegations against a vedic origin

for the Harappan Civilization is based on the use of the
mysterious drink called Soma by the vedic Bharats and the
extent of availability of this plant in various parts of the world
from Iran to America! Rigveda indicates that soma was to be
bought from vikrayin (traders) who belonged to the kutsa
(sakata-vehicle cf.transporting grain in carts RV.1.9.8;sudra-
farmer;hutasa-fire,huta-siva;suukta-hymn-veda,this confirms
soma is sa-aum/su-na/su-ma,namely veda,agni,king,
brahmana) gotras. Soma was to be sold for a cow
(somakrayaNii-price of soma).This shows that the Vedic
Bharats moved away from the original home of the soma
where it was available in plenty. But as in the case of the asva
and its bones ,the soma and its twigs did not come up with
satisfactory answers for several questions.
A few people of all times used some form of intoxicants and
proof of this is available in the form of its residue or its chemical
derivatives in their containers.
From the presence of remains of small amounts of Ephedra
it was concluded that soma is Ephedra .Since it was abundantly
available in the Iranian plateau, and the Parsis call this plant
haoma and use this in their haoma sacrifice, this plant was
considered as the soma plant of the Rigveda and the vedic
Aryans were believed to have entered India from Iran.
The procedures in the Soma-sacrifice (e.g. the Jyotishtoma)
does not provide a suitable occasion for the process of
fermentation that an alcoholic drink would require.
Moreover, the Vedic texts prescribe the consumption of alcohol
for someone who has drunk too much Soma (alcohol will help
digestion). One would hence expect that the two have opposite
effects. Hence Ephedra was chosen as the most favoured
soma candidate.
But in the Christistian Holy Mass(medha,soma) ,the
purodaasa(bread) and soma( red wine) are kept ready before
the ritual begins.
Rigveda is a work of the greatest poetic genius .It is the veda of
gira(pada-word).It discusses each nuance of the padas (words)
with great imagination and creates narratives and stories
around them.For example marut(wind,gold) is soma by the
elimination of r.Moksha (sky) is soma by the elimination of k .
Taking the Rig words and comments on face value can lead to
grave misunderstandings as happened with the asva,
godhuuma etc.

Soma , syena and tavas

Gaayatri(prakaasa;saya-rati;jaya-adri/srii) brings soma to the

earth in the form of the falcon-syena as it is
dhaanya(grain)/sayana/ samaya/loha.

As per RV.9.48.3 Gaayatri (cf.hearth-heart-harta-Heres) in

the form of SuparNa(Garuda, svarNa-gold) is said to have
brought Soma from heaven to the earth. SuparNa is svarna
which is soma/loha itself. NellaRa(granary) is called
ponnaRa(cellar of gold) by the Keralites.In the somayaga the
syena is made of bricks(bhadra → soma,brick).But in reality
the syena is the soma/soona dhaanya itself. Standard
Malayalam dictionaries(Gundert Nighantu,Sabda Taaravali etc.)
give the meaning of soma or suuma as the juice of Cynanchum
acidum drunk at sacrifice, nectar,rice gruel,milk,the
sky,water,air,the moon,Siva,Yama,Kubera etc.

Compare the Malayalam words coru(rice→srava, during

Harappan times barley was equally applicable) and
jor(Persian- zor-strength).Eating coru gives jor.But r →
m.Hence srava-coru-zor → soma(rice) itself.It is
tavas(strength,heat) of the soma.

sa(bird;aga-jar,sun;khaga-bird,sun;sapta-haya-7;tapasa-
tavas;srii-sun) → / =(sa,ma,na,ha,ya; aya-4,gold,aksha-
die,eye ) + (ka,pa,va,3 ) + →
yava(barley)/vaya(we,water,earth)→savana(cf.akshata)→
savama→haoma→soma;savana (extraction of soma,sacrifice),
sahas(tavas); mahas(strength, yaaga,splendour),
sayana(sex),syena(falcon), naasa(nose), naama(name),
saama(veda),dhaanya(grain) etc. Thus Gaayatri(SavitR;haya-
3) is syena and soma and can bring soma from
heaven(moksha-soma).

The priests attending a soma sacrifice are (1) the HotR-priest,

specialist of the Rgveda with assistants- the MaitravaruNa (or
PrasastR cf.fish eating alligator), the Acchavaka and the
Gravastut.(2)the Adhvaryu, specialist of the Yajurveda with
assistants- the Pratiprasthatr, the NeshtR, the
UnnetR(cf.netR→netra→fish→soma→soona→suura→sura
cf.Dagon-fish-grain) and (3)the UdgatR, specialist of the
Samaveda with assistants- the PrastotR, the PratihartR and the
SubrahmaNya.

There is a fourth group of assisting priests including the

Brahman-priest,the Brahmanacchamsin cf. , the Agnidh

and the PotR .

Soma being bhadra(bull,full,Siva )/varsha ,the adhvaryu was

to lead away the soma(Tamil:maaTu-cattle) with a leather
whip(varatraa-kaanda ,VRtra-ghanTa→Rudra
ghanTa→Siva→ bhadra→varsha→kaalapaasa→kaalasarpa) .
Kasa whip, madhya(mid) leads to kasya/madya/sura/rati

, , . Heb.taabal-to
dip,bathe,soak;tabba’at/tabbaa-ot(signet ring) .Snaa(bath) is
jna(knowledge,one who knows,Brahma,budha cf.Grk.gno-
know) and samaa(year). Ten sister maids(Dasra/matsa/
masta/dasma/dasam/kalya/kanya/gaNya) of slender form
seize him within the press and hold Him firmly on the final day.
The virgins(cf.Virgo/dasra) send him forth: they blow the skin
musician-like and fuse ,the triple foe-repelling meath (RV.9.1.7-
8).Sara(rasa-juice,raaja/ratha) of saras/sarat is a juice and king.
When purified within the jars, Soma, brightred and golden-
hued,Hath clothed him with a robe of milk(RV.9.8.6).The
dawn sun emerging from night,changes clour from red(AruNa)
to gold(SuparNa/HiraNyagarbha) and finally turns white and
clothed in the robe of whitelight.

He, the bright Son, when born illumed his Parents who had
sprung to life,Great Son great Strengtheners of Law(RV.9.9.3).

Far-sighted Soma(sun,sky), Sage and Seer, is worshipped in

the central point(Vishnu,veda,Yama,South is direction of

Yama/Yamuna/an-sky,na-veda;Go-karNa , /naaka

is na-aga , , >gaana-veda cf.Mal.paana>vaana-sky

eg.Jnaanappaana,Putten paana etc.).Of heaven, the straining-
cloth of wool.
In close embraces Indu holds Soma when
poured within the jars(RV.9.12.4-5).Samaya takes birth at

Madhya-ahna/madya-anna/Noon/Moon/Cancer/ the winter

solstice/bull’s tail.

Soma candidates

A study of the Rigveda shows that for a plant to be called

soma or saoma or haoma it should satisfy the following
conditions.Of course, sa is ha and na as in svaasa
(breath),naasa(nose) and svaaha.
It should be able to explain the additional vowel a in the term.
It should be grown in water.
The plant should grow knot by knot(cf.barley,rice,time).
It should have green
leaves(cf.patra/varsha/vaasra/pajra/germinated seeds). It
should have ansu(cf.aNu).
It should have hari (green,gold;cf.hari-srii-sun) colour.
It should be guarded by the Gandharvas(cf.kaalasarpa).
It should be brought by syena(cf.dhaanya/samaya).
Its name should indicate it to be a king(cf. paddy-bhadra-
king,srii-raaja-king;Yava/Yama are rajas.Pallava-germinated
seed is vallabha-malla-manna-maNNa-king,croc).
It should be a god (cf.srii→raaja→arici → anna →god).
It should be daughter of Meru(cf.srava-bhadra→mountain;giri-
srii).It should be giristha(cf.kRshi-farming;aga-hill,sun,aha-day).
It should be crushed by adri (stone,adri-srii-sun).
It should be stored in kalasa(jars)-or large vessels(droNa).
Aga(sun,jar),aha(day).DroNa → soma .cf.paRa → bhadra →
paddy( Bharata dr →Dravidian R,eg.bhadra →paaRa→rock)

It should be fermentable. Malt(matsa , ) is germinated

grain, usually barley, used in brewing and distilling.
Malted barley has the white sprouts visible. Malt is germinated
cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as
"malting". The grains are made to germinate by soaking in
water, and are then halted from germinating further by drying.
Malt is also any alcoholic beverage, as beer, ale, or malt
liquor, fermented from malt. Scotch whisky is distilled entirely
from malted barley.
It should be the food of all- both devas and men.
It should be available in sufficient quantity to be given to
soldiers who went for war(udaya-sunrise,yudha-war).
Soma pounding is said to generate a lot of tapas( heat,tavas-
strength;sabda-sound,tapasa-sun).Hence it should generate a
lot of tavas during processing.Sun generates heat in the day.

The two soma stones B001b are the two halves of the
day/the two pakshas of the month/ two ayanas of the year/ the

bhaga of the woman/two halves of the Yava , etc.

It should be miscible and consumable with milk,curd, ghee,
sugar or honey ie.it should be like a pancaamRta.
Soona as soma

http://saveourbones.saveour.netdna-cdn.com/wp-
content/uploads/barley.jpg
http://2.wlimg.com/product_images/bc-
full/dir_26/757835/barley-seeds-1511080.jpg

Barley has more fiber than brown rice,is tastier and contains
more nutrients.It is the dhaanyaraaja/suuna bhadra/soma
bhadra/king of grains.
Barley was a staple food of the ancient world, and was in use
from at least 7,000 B.C. Barley/rice is cooked in water(soma
growing in water!).
Hulled barley has the outer hull removed, Pearled barley has
the hull and most of the bran removed, Quick cook barley has
been steamed and dried, and barley flakes are similar to rolled
oats . Barley is often used to make soups or cakes. Barley,
heated with milk, coconut,sugar or honey is used for
breakfast as well .

Asclepias acida

Asclepias acida is a genus of herbaceous plants which yield

an intoxicating milky juice when squeezed. All of these are
more or less poisonous. All the 114 hymns of the ninth book of
the Rig Veda are said to be in its praise.
In both the Rig Veda and Zend Avesta, Soma is the king of
plants . Ahura Mazda →suura(sun,suuna-grain)
medha(sacrifice)→ sura(madhu/madya/ kasya/hatya)
medha(dasma-lord/masta-head/matsa-fish ).

It is possible that either Ephedra or Draaksha(vine,grape) or

both might have served the role of sura and soma.But since
Ephedra is poisonous it is unlikey that a Vedic text should
devote many of its hyms to its praise.Also if soma was a rare
thing how could it be a common food and its sura be
given to soldiers fighting a war and how could gambling
houses serve meat and liquor? (AV.6.70.1).

Now look at the term Draaksha.It is a relatively a new

term.Does it mean that the vedic people were unaware of
Draaksha.Wine is vine.If the Semitic tribes were aware of it the
vedic people were in all probability aware of it.

Draksha →dra(sura→madhu→soma)-
rakta(red),raksha(protection).Rakta is soNa(soma).Aksha is
seed(cf.rudraaksha)/eye/ahas/die/heart/snake/karsha and
agna(fire).

Draksh is to make sound. Draaksha is also sa(like,god,bird,

snake)-rakta(blood),raksha (protection). cf.Gandharvas.

Unless it was available in large quantities why it was stored in

kalasas and droNas as described in the Vedas?

Dra is to travel.Grape wine grows knot by knot,joint by joint .

Soma(su-ma→juice/water) is mentioned as existing in all plants

(RV X.97.7). Water itself, particularly that of the Himalayan
rivers, is a kind of Soma (RV VII.49.4).
The presence of Ephedra at the Harappan sites led to the
assumption that soma was Ephedra .Ephedra being a madhu
was probably used by a small number of people . Ephedra is a
dry plant with very little juice.Then how can the juice be
stored in numerous kalasams and many large droNas? DroNa
as the name itself indicate is soma.So Ephedra cannot be the
vedic soma even though it has the properties of soma as
madhu(intoxicant).The custom of using Ephedra as soma is of
later origin through the Persian trade or migration links itself.

But was this plant that much important in the life of an entire
population to get the dedication of an entire mandala of the
Rigveda to its praise? Were the vedic savants so fond of
intoxicants? Obviously,not.
Obviously since svar(sun,word,god) is sun(soma),they were

praising the sun,through soma as with the nadiistuti(praise of

nadi-jina).
The mushroom Amanita muscaria is considered as another
soma candidate.

Cannabis (soma-vaja/food) is also suggested as a candidate

as zulu warriors use it as an energizer.
The padma/sacred lotus also is a candidate for

soma(padma) , because of its form, color and hallucinating

properties.
Ragi is a soma from which madhu (that cause mada-
intoxication and give moda-happiness is soma ) extracted.

Can cola (Great millet,maize as l→m) be soma,as it has a

svarNa(soma) colour. But the problem with it is that it does not
need the pavamaana(bhaga/paya-maana/naama) part for
eating.It can direcly be boiled and eaten.Hence it loses its
candidacy.
Can it be caama( syaamaka -Panicum miliaceum) of the
Keralites? Being a suuna it is a candidate.
Sugar cane is a soma(madhu-sweet,honey) lata as it gives out
the juice when pressed but it does not require pavamaana and
it does not generate tavas.Sugar is of course mixed with milk

and milk products to prepare sweets and sweet drinks.

Vedic soma is su-ma(water,happiness,Brahma),

sona(fire),sona(blood),suura(the
sun),madhu(liquor,honey),svana(sound cf. Asva is vacas
,soma is svana),soma(the sky,ray,air,rice gruel),tanu(the
body), bhuumi(the earthcf.medini and
mahisha),saanu(mountain) ,dhuuma(smoke) etc.The sun rises
from the udayagiri(a mountain) in the distant east as the golden
soma or bull of Aharon in the Exodus..Muuja(moksha-soma.Cf.
Moses-moja is sunrise in Hebrew.)-vat mountain(RV.10.34.1) is
prabhaata (usha -dawn). Prabhaata (dawn) is
parvata(mountain).

Soma(usha,Heb.moza)/Indu(ina-su→sunrise) is a regular
vedic name for the moon and sunrise, which is regarded as
being drunk by the gods from the full moon and so waning,
till it is filled up again by the Sun. The removal of the oxhide,
is removal of darkness, making the disc brighter and
brighter.The kalas(lunar phases/parts) are kaNDas.Being in
crest form ,it is a king.Being kala, it is kaala/Yamaraaja.
Ye Twain, Indra(sun), Soma(moon), are Lords of the light,
Lords of the kine:Great Rulers, prosper ye our
songs(RV.9.19.2). Swift Soma(Indu)
drops(bindu→Indu;kala→kaala→kapaala→kaahala→
kaalapaasa) have been effused in streams of meath, the
gladdening drink(RV.9.23.1).
Poured forth to Indra, VaruNa, to Vayu and the Marut hosts,
to Vishnu, flows the Soma juice.
With stones they press the Soma forth, the Strong conducted
by the strong.They milk the liquor out with skill(RV.9.34.2-3).
Asma(stone,ahna-day) is soma/yajna.Varsha is
bhadra(bull,stone,metal,king).
Pour out on us abundant food(cf.anna→ahna), when thou art
pressed, O Indu wealth in kine(go) and gold and steeds and
spoil,As Dawn, as Surya with his beams(RV.9.41.4-5),
as Rasa flows around the world(RV.9.41.6).
Engendering Sun ,the heaven's lights, green-hued,
robed in the waters and the milk,according to primeval plan this
Soma, with his stream, effused flows purely on, a God for

Gods(RV.42.1-2) .Here soma is

samaya(time).Samaya/samaa/snaa/jna rules the lights.
Soma(usha-dawn,the purfier,the baptiser- Jonah,John),
while purifying(ahas/udaya/suya/soma), sends hither all
things to be desired,he sends the Gods who strengthen
Law(RV.9.42.5).O THOU with stones for arms, thy powers,
crushing the fiends, have raised themselves.
Chase thou the foes who surround us(RV.9.53.1).Udaya is
vidya(jna/snaa/samaa) and vijaya(victory).
In aspect he is like the Sun(aha/aga); he runneth forward to the
lakes,Seven currents(saptaha) flowing through the sky.
He, shining in his splendour, stands high over all things that
exist-Soma, a God as Surya(suuya/udaya) is.
Thou, Indu(ina-su/bindu/sindhu), in thy brilliancy, pourest on us,
as Indra's(east) Friend,Wealth from the kine to feast the
Gods(RV.9.54.2-4).
Swift to the purifying sieve flows Soma as exalted Law,

Slaying the fiends, loving the Gods(RV.56.1) ,

, , .Udaya/Day break
is the filter for soma/sun.Drapasa (drop) is sura-payas/apas or
prabhaata(dawn) or sira(head)-ahas(day)/abda(year).Ap(water)
is aabha(light).Prabhaata is vaara(filter,ahas)-pada(seat,foot).
Cleanse us with thine own cleansing power, O Agni, that is
bright with flame,and by libations poured to thee.
Savitar(Guru/Jupiter), God, by both of these, libation, purifying
power,purify me on every side(RV.RV.9.67.24-25.Not just
my feet,but my hands and my head as well.John.13.9). Flow
on for the God's banquet, Soma, as a Steer, and enter Indra's
heart, the Soma's reservoir(RV.9.70.9).
They cleanse the Gold-hued: like a red Steed is he yoked, and
Soma in the jar is mingled with the milk(RV.9.72.1).Aga(khaga-
sun) /aha(day) is aga(jar/cup/vaara-paatra/viirabhadra)

, .The milk is light(sobha/soma).

Raising his voice the King hath flowed upon his way: invested
with the waters he would win the kine(RV.9.78.1).Praata(dawn)
is raaja(king).He is INRI-king of Judea(udaya).Suuya/soma is
suurya and raaja. As Sovran Lord thereof thou Passest through
these worlds, O Indu(soma/usha), harnessing thy tawny well-
winged Mares(saptasva-sun/saptaha-week).RV.9.86.37.
It is praapti(tavas-divasa-strength;gain) also.
The Morning(=soma) knows all precious things, the Goddess
knows her grace to man.Swift runs this giver of delight
( RV.9.58.2).
Pressed by the men, as 'twere to war hath Soma Pavamana
sped,to test with might within the vats(kaala-kapaala;udaya-
vasana-jar).That he may move, they yoke him to the three-
backed triple-seated car(prabhaata-tripada/tripaad) ,by the
Seven Rshis' holy songs(RV.9.62.16-17).Udaya/kalya is
yudha(war,fighter)/ yosha(woman). The glittering maids send
Sura (soma) forth, the glorious sisters, close-allied,
Send Indu forth, their mighty Lord(RV.9.65.1). Ten
sisters(cf.matsa/dasma/dasam;kalya/kanya;matsyakanyas),
pouring out the rain together, swift-moving thinkers of the sage,
adorn him(RV.9.93.1).
Controlling priests and sages skilled in holy song(gaana-
veda;gaana>gaa-song,na-veda,ra-agni;gaa-ra>raaga-gira-

Rg>raaja>taala>taara etc. ) adorn thee well .The

living make thee beautiful. Aryaman, Mitra, VaruNa drink
Pavamana's juice, yea, thine.O Sage, the Maruts drink thereof.
O Soma, Indu(sunrise), thou while thou art purified urgest
onward speech.Thousandfold, with the lore of
hymns(RV.9.64.23-25).
The God declares the Deities' generations, like Usana,
proclaiming lofty wisdom.With brilliant kin, far-ruling,
sanctifying, the Boar advances, singing, to the places.
The Swans, the VRsaganas from anear us have brought their
restless spirit to our dwelling.Friends come to Pavamana meet
for praises, and sound in concert their resistless

music(RV.9.97.7-8) .
Usana is Ushas/vasna/Vishnu.Varaha(boar/makara/bull)

is praata(dawn)/ varsha(year)/vRshabha/

Vishnu.Pavamana is samaapa(sacrifice, , ) or
snaapaka/mamdaana(Baptist) also.
Let VRtra-slaying Indra drink Soma by
Saryanavan's(cf.Chernunnos) side(RV.9.113.1).
http://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/rig_veda_book_9.a
sp

Rigveda itself states that the first soma is the rising

sun(soma,suura,usha cf.Heb.moza-sunrise /Moses).Soma
being saanu(the sun,a hill) it was to be brought from the
mountains.Indra (the east&rising sun),the Asvins(dawn) and
agni (the sun,king) drinks a lot of Soma(na-veda) which is the
soma(sona-red,blood) colour at sun rise.The asva of the asvins
is usha(dawn),aasava(liquor), vaaja(food,srava-rice) etc.Also
barley/rice(anna/soma) is cooked on fire which is assumed as
feeding the firegods.

For the residents of the Harappan cities ,of course ,the soma
like any other grains and herbs had to be brought from the hills
like we get madhu(honey) and soma (rice) even today.

The second soma is soma,the moon. Moon being noon and

gold was called candra-svarna-soma. Soma Candrakkala(lunar
crescent) is candra(soma)-hala(Malayalam-kaaLa-
bull,cf.p→h,paana→hasta).

→ This is soma bhadra(barley/paddy-bull). The sharp

roof or top is the glumes or bracts for soma.The lemma of the
hull with fine hairs is the hide of the bull.The bran is the
blood.The kernel is the flesh of the bull(soma bhadra).
Compare this soma –sara(srava→sara-arrow,lata-grass,rasa-
juice) figure with the figure of the parts of mature rice given by
LSUAg center.com .

Parts of Mature Rice Kernel

http://www.lsuagcenter.com/~/media/system/7/8/5/e/785ec7cf1
6d10542cee91cc301db7d15/roughricedissected.jpg?h=720&la
=en&w=960

Anna puurNesvari is anna(rice,the sun,ahna-day)-

puurNa(suurya-sun),svarna(soma) –iisvary(goddess).
The rising sun is first red (rudra) and then gold (svarna.).Hence
Rudra and Soma were the sacrificial deities. Pavamaana is
pavana(wind -fan) and bhagavaan(god).

Rigveda calls upon soma to give mainly vaaja ( food ),

srava(food) and andhas(anna-food) .All these are the same.
Soma( agnishToma) or vaaja peya ( anna ) is related to rice.
Soma was mixed with milk,curd,butter,ghee,honey etc.for
consumption.This is the way barley/rice is consumed even
today.
The asvamedha/Rajasuuya(dawn) and the
somayaaga/agnishToma(noon) are the most important of the
yaagas performed by the Bharats.
Mu means Siva and brown colour.
Siva is bhadra.Bhadra → ta(d)va(bha)s(ra) → braan .Braan is
brown. Being blood it is praaNa(life cf.Bible.Leviticus. 17.14).
Soma is also called saoma .It is called haoma by the
Parsis.Hence the original name of the plant and the etymology
of the term should be able to explain the double vowel in
this. When two vowels are there, in some cases, it can imply
the drop of a consonant or semi vowel like ka,ya,ra,la,va,ha
etc.eg.agna-avana-ahna-aum;svarNa-soNa etc.
Udaya(sunrise)→suuya(sacrifice)→savana(sacrifice)→havana(
sacrifice)→soma(usha,sacrifice,sun,moon)→soNa(agni,blood)
→homa(sacrifice)→oma(protector)→sa(god)-oma(protector).
Thus svarNa(hari-gold→srii→rice) →sroNaa(rice bran
gruel,SraavaNa)→sauma →haoma → soNa(blood,fire cf.from
the colour of bran it was considered as blood by the vedic
poets)→ soma( s→h is the usual transition.eg. svaasa
→svaaha,sapta- hapta etc.) .
Its stalk is called amsu(soma→lata-plant,M→L) and the whole
plant is called andhas(soma plant - rice,food,andhas>
chandas-Veda ).Andhas(veda) is dhaanya(grain;biija-
mantra/Bible.manna; But Jesus answered, “It is
written: ‘Man shall notlive on bread alone,
but on every word that comes from the mouth of
God.’”Matthew.4.4.This word is anna/soma/veda);
sa(god,possessing)-adana(food), anna(food,the sun);anna-
ja(generated from anna or food);anna-da(giver of
anna ,Siva,Durga);sada(rice)-na(grain) etc.In the Holy
Mass(medha-sacrifice) of the Christians which is a blend of the
asva(ahna-day,usha-dawn,anna-food,the sun) and
soma(madhu-honey,madya- liquor,madhyaahna-midday)
yagas, the purodaasa (purusha-aasa-Eucharist-body of the
bhadra-bull or the king) and the draaksha rasa(grape wine)
is used.The soma sacrificer had to fast for days(cf.ratri-
night,tri-raa-three nights) before he was fed with
soma(breakfast).The Christians have reduced this fasting to
just one hour before the intake of the Eucharist.Gaatra (body)
→ kaasara(bull)→bhadra(bull)→ soma→tanu(body).Sava(a
corpse) is fed into dava(fire) as food of the deva(deity) who is
Rudra(Siva-the sun) himself.
Food itself is god as shown by the Eucharist. Hence all gods
need soma(food,fire ) to survive.Food is god .Anna puurnesvari
is god. In the Bible God was told to convert asma-stone into
soma-bread. Srii(rice) is adri(rock). Adri-arici –rice → srii .Rice
is bhadra(king,bull,rock) also.Bhadra is paaRa (rock) and
paRa( droNa →soma) .Soma bhadra(king,bull) is soma
 raaja(king,srii-rice).Also compare pakti(cooking), pacata(fire),
tapasa(the sun), bhakti(worship), bhakta(worshipper),
bhaata(dawn), bhaksha(drinking or eating,food);
puuja(worship),bhuja(hand),bhoga(eating,coil,sexual
enjoyment) etc.
Soma(sroNa-rice gruel or wine) was to be filled in kalasas and
DroNa(sroNa)s which shows large volume. It was a common
food.It was consumed by soldiers,devas and humans.
Raw rice was fanned with suurpa( fans) and rice flour was
usually filtered using a strainer – pavitra(bhadra)-caalana(filter).

. The Keralites call the strainer ari-ppa(cf.ari → rice).

For the Keralites paddy is nel.
Nel (rice→soma→suuna→suura→Mal.cora-
blood)→sura(madhu-beverage)→ haalaa(liquor) → kallu
(toddy; na → ma , la→sa)→ soma → sroNa(rice).
Only thine – thine only- is the noonday libation (RV.4.35.7).
Noon is Moon.Noon day is madhyaahna. Madhyaahna was
made madya anna (intoxicating food or beverage) in the soma
libation.Hence the statement ‘madyam madam ’
(RV.9.107.14).
Ahna(day,anna-food) is agna(fire) and yajna(sacrifice).Yajna is
also asana(anna-food) for the fire god,the priest and the
worshipper. In the soma sacrifice , two terms,namely
vashat(vaaja-food,kalasa-pot,divasa-day,dvija-Brahmin,svaasa-
breath,tavas-strength,savita-the sun) and svaaha(svaasa-
breath,havis-ghee,water,Vishnu,libation cf.soma-air) are of
significance. Soma is bhadra .Bhadra is bharata(speech,fire)
and breath. Soma is svana(sound ,speech) also.The people
who ate bhadra became the Bharats.
Fire is born in araNi. Soma is purified by pounding in an
uduukhala ( uluukhala- a mortar) with an ulakka(a pestle for
pounding rice,cf.uluukhala-ulakka,musala-a club).
The uduukhala is called ural (→araNi in which fire is generated
by churning) in Malayalam which carries the sense of soma
bhadra as soNa(fire)- bharata(fire).Since agni(fire) resides in
araNi ,the soma is food to agni.
Agni is the head of the family. He generates and preserves the
gaarhapatya agni. Agni is man.Soma(rice) is his food.It is food
for Indra(antaNa-a Brahmin) , the solar priest.
He is netra(a leader) .He is traaNa(protection,power).
The bull(soma,pa-sa,la→ma) is said to eat it. Of course fodder
is patra and bhadra (soma). “Bellow aloud the bulls that eat the
soma shoots”(RV.X.94.3). Soma is linked to VaruNa,Mitra

and Aryamaa in (RV.1.91.3).Thus soma (anna/anno) is the

food of man(agni),animal(pasu),Indra and the gods(by the fire
sacrice).
Parjanya(varsha-varshana-rains;Varsha-ayana;haaayana) is
associated with soma.Bhadra is varsha.Soma grows
in water .Its cultivation,harvesting and cooking is closely related
to the seasonal rains and water.In fact paddy seedling is called
njaaru(triNa,druma,srona,srii,lata,the sun) and njaattuvela
is the period of a solar asterism(cf.the star of Bethlehem).
Mu →Siva,brown. Soma → sa(god) –mu(Siva) → saanu(the
sun,hill)→sa-anu(man) . Katir(ear of paddy-
Malayalam→suurya-the sun)→ amsu(soma) → ambu
(water.Note the water symbols seen with soma the fish. The
fish and soma grow in water).
Amsu (a filament of the soma plant,a solar ray , ,

, ) →su-ma (flower,water) →
suuna(bud,flower,grain) →suura(the sun) → sura(alcohol) .
Ear→Year→ srava(ear)→ bhadra(bull)→patala,patara(ray of
sun light)→varsha(rains,year).
Ear of paddy is called nelkatir in Malayalam. Katir is also the
sun and the solar rays.Vedic ansu is the same.

Soma is sa –uma(usha,ina –Yama-Siva).Hence it is said to be

available on the mountain of Muuja(usha/soma) –vat.Muuja is
soma and mosaa/moza( Hebrew -going out,sunrise) .Sushoma
is sushama(light).Thus soma is also sobha(shine,light) .
Soma is said to have hanging branches of yellow
colour.cf.Vriihi (rice)→ hariNa(green,white,a deer,the sun ) →
kiraNa(the sun,rays)→karaNa(grain).It is said to have the
hari(green,RV.9.31.5,9.92.1),harita(green
RV.9.6.10),hiraNya(gold ,RV.9.6.10) colour and is with
sahasravalsa(many horns or branches. Cf. ear of
paddy/barley/rising sun with rays). It is said to have
naicasaakha(cf.sickle like bent ear of paddy cf.RV.3.53.14;the
sun’s saakha-rays fall to niica-lower worlds). RV.9.15.4
compares the ear of barley paddy with the horn of a bull as
soma is bhadra(bull,gold;paddy).Soma is called

‘babhro’(prabha/prabhu cf. )
( O,brown coloured one!RV.9.32.5) from the brown colour of
raw rice/barley. Thus the green colour is from the plant,golden
colour from ripe crop , the brown and white colour come from
raw and pure grain(barley/rice).RV.9.32.3 describes the wind
blowing and river flowing to spread the glory of soma indicating
the paddy fields on the banks of rivers and canals.
RV.9.42.3 describes the mighty soma being purified to get
vaaja( anna-food,Tamil-saadam-rice,bhaasa-light,bhaata-
dawn).It is to get bRhat(plenty of) srava(rice/barley) and
vaaja(food) in RV.9.44.6.
The soma shoots were considered to be purchased from
suudra(farmer, siira-plough →su-hala → plough) , the farmer.

Somalata is somaraaja → soma(triNa/udaya/Indra)

→srii(rice,arici) → soma bhadra →

→ .Yava is suuna raaja.Raaja is ra(agni)-

aja/sa(king,god)→raa(night)-ja(born).
In the araNi fire is generated. In the ural soma is purified.Ural
→ bhadra →araNi→drii (to split,druu-to kill .Dru-daaru-droNa-
wooden implement or vessel.Dru was used to split the soma
grains and droNa was used to store the soma grains).
Soma → su(to press out)-ma(water,juice) → the soma extract .
But ma →na(grain).It is suuna (a bud or flower) like godhuuma
which is another soma.The brown colour of the
rice makes it appear like the soNa(blood → soma) liquid
extract.
Bran→praana(life)→praasa(food).
Anna praasa is the rite of feeding rice for the first time to
Brahmin infants at the age of six months.
The Christians of Kerala are said to be Nambootiris converted
by St. Thomas, a disciple of Christ. Somavedins became
Christians in Kerala .Soma is Mosa(Moses) and Thoma. The
story is that St. Thomas founded ezhara pallis (7½ churches)
in Kerala.This 7½ is iisvara(god). For gold , measure of purity
is 10½ maattu as gold is bhadra(10½) !

SroNa(rice) is svarNa(gold) ,triNa(grass) and soma. Lata(grass)

is raaja(king). Nellu is pullu(ulapa → grape like creeper,grass).
Locally brewed rice liquor is called koTa. KoTa is sura and
soma. In Kerala toddy is called kaLLu –haalaa(toddy) → nellu
→soma(madhu-liquor).
I have already pointed out that the Malayalee Nambootiris are
very close to the Harappans by their descent.
They even call their houses mana (vas,vaasa) .The Harappans
called their bha-vana(house) as vana as seen from the scripts

nava vana/paNa/bhavana vana/nava.

Mana is also called illam(ill –villa-hill-bull-full) .
The Christian priests reside in palli(villa,bhadra) which is illam
itself.
Interestingly the Keralites have a great fondness for elephants
which is a continuation of the Harappan traits itself and the
Govt. of Kerala has two elephants(subhadra → Bharadvaaja
→unicorn) itself as its emblem. History often repeats itself !
Bran is brown and praaNa.Tapas is tavas(strength)/
divasa(day).Tavas is also tapasa(sun) and soma(sun,sunrise).
The Malayalam term for brown is taviTu(brown,bran). This
tavitu is the large amount of tavas created during the pounding
of Soma. Our modern way of removing the praaNa
( bran) and cooking the white rice removes the amRta as
waste and leaves the dead body for eating.
Pavamaana is cleansing. But it is also
poshana(nourishment),bhojana(food),bhaga(the sun)-
naama(name) and bhuu(the earth)-naama( name).Bhadra is
va(like)-dhara(the earth). The name of the sun is
anna(food,rice;ina-the sun). Srii(rice) is fire and the sun.Rice
gets its name from its bhadra(white) colour, its being cooked
on srii and the offering as purodaasa to fire.Rice is considered
as a sacrificial bull as per Aitareya Brahmana.The ear is the
horn. The husk is the hide. The bran is the blood.The white
kernel is the flesh. Hence it is called bhadra/srava. Bhadra is
king and gold .Bhadra is full(bull) and white.
Soma is tanu( body.Greek-somos) , vadhu(wife) ,pasu(animal),
madhu(honey,liquor) and moda(happiness,mada-sex). By
pounding it between adris(adri → yoni → female genitals→rati-
sex) somarasa is produced which is the biija or sukla(su-
jala→su-ma→soma). Hence soma pounding stone was also
called linga(agni-Malayalam-kallu-stone,kaLLu-soma)
Kaamalataa(phallus) is somalata(soma herb). Adri , is
yo(ad)ni(ri)/adhara(lips).Bhaasha/vac is biija(retas-
semen)/bhaasa(tejas-light).
But when we deal with the greatest poetic genius we should not
take everything on face value.What is the adri (cf.thresh and
thrash,Malayalam:meti-treading out grain) used to pound
soma? The clue can be found in the Indus script itself. Adri is
athari (finger) and paada as seen from the scripts.The
harvested rice ears(ansu) were pounded between the feet and
the hands when the golden grains flow out like water drops.In
the next step, the ural served as the araNi where the soma
was pounded.

The mistaken bull’s hide

Ox hide has been used to sit upon while pressing soma.This is

by a misunderstanding of the veda. Press stones chew and
crunch thee on the ox’s hide (RV.9.79.4) .It is also
called the skin of cows( RV.9.66.29,9.101.11 ). The hide is the
husk(hull) on which the stones grind.The exponents of the veda
mistook it as the hide on which the priests sit.
The bhadra(soma/soona/ grain) itself is the bull and the
cow.The Soma(asma-stone/asana-food)/SavitR is said to give
the bull(bhadra,vRsha,purusha) his bull(soma,bhadra) like
strength (RV.10.175.3) also.
RV.9.86.44 compares the removal of the husk to the peeling
of the skin of a snake.
The hull/husk that has been peeled is the layers of darkness

and ignorance ,by SavitR(Guru/Jupiter) at dawn .

.

Avittam pirannal taviTTilum ponnu( One born in the asterism

of DhanishTa will turn even braan into gold or whatever he do
will be a success) is a Malayalam proverb. Avittam → dha-
nishTa →dhana(dha→srii→the sun/Brahma) –sta(seated) →
noon and solstice matching.It marks beginning of noon or

Kataka(Cancer,Kalasa-pot cf. , , ) in the

day(bhadra) and Makara(Capricorn) in the year. The pot being
the fish(aga/aha) it is a figure of the fish eating alligator.The
soma lump or rice ball is the noon sun under the aspect of the
sign of Makara.Jonah(jna/jina) is devoured by the fish,and then
set free.

John(jna/jina) performs the baptism(snaa).BharaNi is the

asterism of sunrise .Note the

Guru/SavitR(jna) performing the snaa(baptism,purification,
soma-suuya-sacrifice,moza-sunrise,samaa-anno-year).
Israel(usra/jina-el) cross this Egypt(ijya-pada;gurukshetra;
Kurukshetra)/sindhu(sea,jina-suu,sun’s birth) every morning.

The different stages of growth of paddy were denoted by

njaaru praayaam(sapling age) – kol praayam(stalk age)-
pottin praayam(flowering age)- katir praayam(ear of paddy
age)- kaaymaTangi praayam(bent ear of paddy age) -
pazhazm taTTi praayam(golden ripe age) etc. and the days
from flowering were counted as puuvancu(flower -
5days),paalancu(milk-5 days),kaayancu(grain-5days)-

vilayancu(ripe grain -5 days) cf. H182b . .

Indra and Agni were known for drinking massive amounts of

soma as do the mortals .

Soma → sobha(light cf.sushoma→Malayalam tuuma-

splendour) .The soma plant is the embodiment of the sun and
the solar rays(cf.ansu,katir etc.). Pounding it produces
tapas(heat/bran) as it happens with the solar rays. It is also
soNa(the aruNa varNa-red dawning) at sunrise. Indra(the
rising sun) and agni (aja-the Aries sun) drinks it and grows
stronger to become the bhadra(white,bull,girl) in Taurus.

The Rig Veda associates the Sushoma(kusuma,punca),

Arjika(arici,kRshi,varsha,varshika;Rca-ka>veda) and other
regions with Soma (RV. 8.7.29; 8.64.10-11). Probably the most
important Soma region is Sharyanavat ( RV. 10.35.2; 9.113.1-
2;SravaNa>srava>sruu>soma>na>veda) which is Srii –
ayana-pada(day,bhadra-mountain,varsha-
rain,year),kalyaanapada(dawn)and sraavaNapatha(cf.
munTakan koyttu –the paddy harvest in Dhanu-Sraavan)
.These parts of the day and the year are the soma parts.

The soma(barley/rice) plant is described as growing in the

mountains (giristha→srii-giri→udayagiri/miina/Meru/Mount
Horeb/Mount Sinai), with long stalks, and of yellow
(hari/gira/giri/Rg , ) colour.KRshi
(farming;KRshNa>kiinaasa , ) is giri(mountain)-dhi(seat)
itself. The harita(green) fields achieve hari(golden) colour as
the crop mature.Hari is the colour of the ripe rice fields.
Barley/Rice is pounded to produce sroNa/soma.
 Asva(mahisha/medha) used for tilling
the barley/rice field

Green soma( paddy) field

Ripe hari(vriihi→hariNa- svarNa gold)

soma is ear(srava) of barley/rice (srava,pajra,anna, andhas→
soma).

Gandharvas/kimnaras guarding the

soma fields.
The most important Vedic sacrifices were the
Asvamedha/Raajasuuya/Somayaga/AgnishToma etc.(usha,
ahna, equinox,Easter,ploughing the field,madhyaahna,
Solstice, Christmas,Dasra,Passover,harvest).
Asvamedha is the worship of the equinoctial rising
sun/soma. Soma yaaga is the worship of the Solsticial rising
sun/soma. In the festival of Maattuppongal the soma is
worshipped by preparing the rice Pongal first and then the
maaTu (bull;soma-madhu-pasu) is tamed to make the soma
bhadra .Soma ( bhadra ) vandana is performed as
maaTu(soma) bandhana(taming).

See the seal M-312 ,where five(panca-bhadra→

va-two+tra-three) men(bhadra) try to tame (bandhana) a
bull(soma bhadra). Interestingly at the end of the game the
winner would be presented with a bhadra(a girl-daughter) of
the chieftain(bhadra,bhartaa,paartha) making it a kalyaanapada
as indicated by the Rigveda. Thus the bull(bhadra-varsha)
becomes the girl(bhadra-praatar) seeking a husband(bhartaa-
bharata-the rising sun).In the sacrificial riual the wedding is
between the year and the day .
The bhadra(five,bull) , with the viira(the men taming the
bull,fire,agni) makes a viirabhadra and shaT bhadra/patra.
Thus this is also a repeat of the sasa patra (C2B7) theme.
Shat bhadra is sada(grain) – bhadra(rice) or somabhadra
itself.

Aum nama Sivaaya is a shaT bhadra/patra.

The rice meal of a Keralite or Tamilian is never complete

without buttermilk,curd etc. Pongal is prepared by mixing
bhadra(rice), sugar(madhu) and ghee. Paalkanji is prepared
with milk(kshiira) and rice(bhadra).In the Tairu saadam curd is
mixed with rice. Neycoru is rice prepared with ghee.These are
still favourite dishes of Kerala and Tamilnaadu.

Soma Pavamaana and Onam

A sthivi(suurpa -bhadra-Mal.muRam- fan cf.viij-to shower) is

used to perform paattu(Malayalam-winnowing,kaattu →
pavana-wind, paRakkal-flying;paaTTu>gaana>naaga>kanaa-

veda ) or pavamaana (purification ) of soma.This

segregates the grain from the chaff after harvesting. It is also
used to segregate the rice from the husk and bran which also
is pavamaana (pavana-wind-fanning,paavana-pure) .
Pavamaana/maapana is also bhagavaan (god). Asva →
avasa(the sun), soma →suuna(grain) → suura (the sun).
Suunu is the sun and a son .
The RV.8.48.3 says ‘‘We have drunk soma and become
immortal; we have attained the light.Now what may foeman's
malice do to harm us?’’
Does this not point to the Eucharist-the ‘sariira(tanu-soma-
body) and rakta’(blood,raksha-protection) of the Christ which
is sariiraksha(soma-anna-food) .It is the purodaasa(rice cake)
and draaksha(grape wine;sa-raksha,suraksha,rakta) that is
the body and blood of Christ.

Soma → madhu(sura) and sona( rakta,Malayalam-cora) .

Soma(sura,soNa)-paana(drinking) is kurbaana(Holy Mass)
which is a blend of the asva and soma yaagas. In it the
soma(sura) is the draaksha. Draaksha is sa(god,with)-rakta ;
sa(god,with)-raksha;suraksha(safety,protection) and
sura(wine)-aksha(seed,cf.Rudra-aksha).Hence it is a soma and
the Christian priests still use it. Then why the Hindu priests do
not use it?The use of a substitute soma was probably a ploy
employed by the priests to hide the actual soma as the sacrifice
itself was a drama like the Holy Communion.With the fall of
Harappa under the influence of the migrating non-vedic
communities the rituals too lost their original significance.The
Parsis had a great influence on the Hindus.The Parsis
themselves had already lost sight of the Rigvedic concepts by
the period of Zoraster due to the influence of the various
groups of non-vedic people who were living in the Persian belt.
Rigveda by this time was a text with an age of at least two
millenniums (Early Harappan to 1500 BCE).
The Rig Veda describes Soma as a watery plant(sunshine is
water,mahira is said to wet the earth with soma/amsu), growing
near water (RV VIII.91.1cf.miina-niira-water,miira-
sea;sindhu→jina-su→sunrise) and giving out a milky
juice(amsu).It can also be from the paalancu(paal→milk) age in
the ripening of rice. Also purified/cooked barley/rice is white
like milk or light .
The Ninth Mandala of the Rigveda is known as the Soma
Mandala. It consists entirely of hymns addressed to Soma
Pavamana ("purified Soma"). The drink Soma was guarded by
the Gandharvas. It is described as "green-tinted" and "bright-
shining" in the RigVeda (R.V. 9.42.1 ,9.61.17 etc). The Soma
region Muuja(soma)-vat(pad) also means ‘abounding with
sara(reeds,rasa-juice)' .Sugar-cane was probably used in some
soma preparations (cf.cakkarappongal) .The Rig Vedic soma
was a grass or reed grass. Sara (srii/rasa) was mainly used to
make sara(arrows) and was sacred to both Agni(srii) and
Soma(srii-rice).Srava(ear,rice-soma) is sara-va(like,two)

whence like srotra(srava-ear-sasa) , netra(matsa→malt-

madhu→soma) etc.Twin arrows (a-dva-

ya→suuya→udaya→soma;ishu-vaara→iisvara-god→ →

-vRtra-Indra) also denote soma as do any triNa(sara-

na→sara-va→srava→vaasra→varsha) .
The soma drink was prepared by priests pounding the plants
with stones, an occupation that creates tapas (literally "heat").
The juice so gathered is mixed with other ingredients (including
milk) before it is drunk.
The Atharva Veda (AV XI.6.15) specifically mentions five great
plants of which Soma is the best,including marijuana,barley and
darbha (kusha or durva),showing that several plants had Soma-
like qualities.
In general, Soma was prepared in three forms, as cooked with
grain or barley (yava), milk (go cf. paal kanji,neycoru or curds -
dadhi). RV.9.16.2 clearly states soma as andhasa(anna –rice),
the source of strength(daksha) ,which is mixed with milk(go)
products. Soma was also prepared with gold(cf.soma→
svarNa-gold).
Soma was often used with ghee (ghRta) and honey (madhu),
which are sometimes . Synonyms for Soma. In fact, Soma was
often called madhu (honey or mead).
The great ayurvedic doctor, Sushrut(cf.susruushaa- service),
also was probably influenced by the Persians and mentions
several Soma plants which are mainly intoxicants or nerve
stimulants. This shows that a number of soma-like plants
existed.
The legendary king Mahaa(haoma,soma,sravaNa)bali(bhadra)
and vaamana(Onam→
pa-vamaana/bhaama )are the soma pavamaana
itself.Mahaabali → soma bhadra →svarNa bhadra → the
ascending day sun and the moon.The sun enters the sign of
the moon at noon.Luna is soma. KRttika (Asvamedha) is the
mesha equinox and Dhanishta(SraavaNa-Soma-Onam) is the
winter solstice. In the sign of the moon, the fall of the sun
begins which is the going of Mahaabali to paataala(Hades). He
visits Kerala every year on the Tiruvonam
day .Thus this is similar to the annual resurrection of the Christ
at the vernal equinox.
The asterisms puurvaashaada ,uttaraashaada,
sraavaNa(savana,soma) and Dhanishta(Dhanu-soma,sta-seat)
point to the noon(soma-sky) position of the day sun.In the
annual cycle the winter solstice marks the noon and the
beginning of the sign(month) of Makara .
The purodaasa is the soma cake (soma juice).
The tapas or tavas produced by pounding soma is tavitu(bran-
brown-praaNa→ blood as per the vedic concept) produced
during the pavamaana of soma.
Pavamaana →bhaama(sun)→ poshaNa(nourishment) →
bhuushaNa(ornament)→bhojana(food) → tavas(strength) →
sroNa → sraaNaa → rice bran cooked as gruel?
Sraavan(Tiruvonam) is soma festival. It is called onam (homa -
soma - sroNa – svana(sound) – savana(sacrifice) - tavas →
strength) .It is celebrated in the month of Cinga(kanji → soma
→ king → Simha → Leo;kanji→soma→rice gruel) when
soma(the moon,kanji) is in the asterism of sraavaNa(sraaNa-
cooked meat;sraanaa-soma-kanji cf.animal sacrifice was an
essential aspect of the soma yaaga).
The sraavan rite of drinking sraaNaa(rice bran gruel ) has its
roots in the Harappan vedic traditions. Kaatikkanji
(kaaTi→kaavi→brown→bran,kanji-rice gruel-soma) is
consumed after Tiruvonam . It is performed on the asterism of
Dhanishta(tavas-strength,tavisha-heaven,ocean,strength;
savita-the sun, Dhanu-sta→the high sun → noon sun) .
Bran mixed with milk and honey would give extra strength.
Rice bran oil is an extract of bran itself.
Only in Kerala this festival is there. This again shows the
closeness of the Kerala Nambootiri Brahmins to the Harappan
traditions .
Pavamaana is annapuu(the sun) and
AnnapuurNesvari(anna-svarNa-iisvari or srii) also.
Annapraasa is feeding rice(especially putting rice into a child’s
mouth for the first time).Annadaana is giving food as an
offering.Purodaasa is a mass of ground rice rounded into a
cake usually divided into pieces ,placed on receptacles –

kapaala - and offered as oblation in fire . Purodaasa is

also the soma but this idea has been lost sight by the end of
the Harappan Times. Purodaasa is bhadra(king,bull,purusha)-
aasa(ad-to eat) whereby the king’s body was eaten as in the
Eucharist ,where bhadra was made putra(son of
god,putra→bhojana-food itself is sariiraraksha-food and
sariira-rakta,body and blood) and eaten.When required rice
wine served the role of the soma juice.
Pavamaana is gavaamayana(pasumedha,sacrifice of 361
days),poshana(nourishment,sariiraraksha-food) and
bhojana(food).Soma(soona/ soora/Grk.Taurus/Heb.sor-bull)
has to be purified before eating to remove the
hull/husk/skin/hide .The white juice comes out if semi ripe
paddy is pressed.Medha/havya(oblation)/mesha is meat. In
some vedic rituals the whole stem of the barley/paddy might
have been pressed which may give a green colour to the
extract cf.wheatgrass juice.
Rice cultivated at various periods of the year were called by
different names like punca,MunTakan etc.A
munTa(soma,Dhanu) is a dwarf or a short man.MunTaka
means Brahma,kaLLu(toddy),lotus etc. The harvest in Dhanu-
Makara is called munTakan koyttu.This muntakan is the
Vaamana(bhaama-sun-soma).
The Keralites have a preference for the maTTa(bhadra-soma)
brown rice whereas in Tamilnaadu the white rice is preferred.
The special like of the Keralite for the maTTa ari (brown rice)
and the Onam celebration with drinking of rice bran gruel point
to the Keralite’s celebration of Harappan soma festivals.
The importance of soma in the life of the vedic Bharats can be
understood from the following facts:
More than 140,000 varieties of cultivated rice (the grass family
Oryza sativa) are thought to exist .
According to Dr. Richaria, one of the most eminent rice
scientists of the world,4,00,000 varieties of rice existed in India
during the vedic period. He estimated that, even today 2,00,000
varieties of rice exist in India .
Rice farming has been traced back to around 5,000 BC.Most
believe the roots of rice come from 4000- 3000 BC India, where
natives discovered the plant growing in the wild and began to
eat and cultivate it.
More than 90 percent of the world's rice is grown and
consumed in Asia, where people typically eat rice two or three
times daily.
Three of the world's most populous nations are rice-based
societies: People's Republic of China, India, and Indonesia.
Together, they have nearly 2.5 billion people almost half of the
world's population. The Bharats were a part of this Asian
population .
The average Asian consumer eats 150 kg of rice annually
compared to the average European who eats 5 kg.
In several Asian languages the words for 'food' and 'rice' are
identical.Anna(food,rice)-puurNa(svarNa-suurya) is andhas ,
vaaja, vriihi, saali,srava,sara,sraa,srii etc.
Rice is thrown on newly married couples as a symbol of fertility,
luck and wealth.
For sacrifices the purodasa and draksha/barley/ rice wine
were used as soma.
Rice wine the sura(alcohol) or madhu(alcohol) form of
soma
That rice is soma can be confirmed further from the sura
application of soma among the people of Asia under various
names as listed below.
Rice wine,also known as Chin.mijiu(madya,soma), is an
alcoholic beverage made from rice,and consumed in East
Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Rice brew has a higher
alcohol content (18-25%) than grape wine (10-16%), which in
turn has a higher alcohol content than beer (4-8%). To have a
general idea of the sura application of soma(rice ) let us look
into the rice wines (soma) of different parts of Asia.
The Japanese call it ginjō sake, the Koreans call it cheongju
and the E De (cf. Yadu , Aarya,aadi,d → r ) people of the
Central High lands of Vietnam call it rượu cần(cf.soma-they still
use earthenware jars, similar to the kalasa and droNa of the
Bharats, for storage of the soma .Wooden(druma-tree-droNa-
soma,srii-sun,dru-tree,druu-gold-svarNa-soma-sun cf. m478a

) vats also served the purpose.

droNa → soma(vessel) →ruou – can - jar

To understand the actual relevance and magnitude of the
influence the soma had in the life of the Asians from the vedic
period to the present we can take note of the somas like :
Amazake - low-alcohol Japanese rice drink.
Ang Jiu - Chinese red rice wine.
Cheongju (cf.soma)- Korean rice wine.
Cơm rượu (cf.soma) -A Vietnamese dessert consisting of rice
balls in mildly alcoholic, thick, milky rice wine.
Huangjiu (cf.soma)- A Chinese fermented rice wine, literally
"yellow wine" or "yellow liquor", with colors varying from clear to
brown or brownish red.
Kulapo - A reddish rice wine with strong odor and alcohol
content from the Philippines.
Lao-Lao - A clear rice wine from Laos.
Mijiu (cf.soma)-a clear, sweet Chinese rice wine.
Raksi - Tibetan and Nepali rice wine.
Sato - A rice wine originating in the Isan region of Thailand.
Soju (cf.soma)- Korean alcoholic beverage, often mistaken as
rice wine, but actually almost always in combination with other
ingredients such as wheat, barley, or sweet potatoes .
Sonti (cf.soma)- Indian rice wine
Hadia(cf.madya,h → m)- Rice beer is made by fermentation of
rice in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Orissa and West
Bengal (India).Rasi(cf.srava-srii-rice) is the refined wine of
Hadia .
Keralites brew the koTa (sura,soma)- kkallu(toddy) from
nellu(paddy or rice).
Cylind-9

Kara(hand,Palm)→va(vaha-hand,bull,tiger,varuNa) →grain→
corn→karaNa(grain,scribe,writ)→hariNa(sarabha-deer/ bhadra/

rudra/sabara-siva) kiraNa(sun)→→haraNa(hand;ha-

nR- siva,moon) →makara(varaha) →mahira(sun). Two

bulls/fulls make dasra-the full moon of Asvina/adhvara.Two
karas make divaakara/Dvaraka/soma(svarga-moksha-
sky,heaven,air)/haayana(varsha-year,samaya-time,dhaanya-
grain,Syena-Garuda).

RV.8.83.1. The Cow, the Mother of the wealthy Maruts(dharma-

Yama-sun,soma-sky,wind), pours her milk.Both bulls of the
cart are yoked,ha(bull,cipher,ring,king cf.Chernunnos rings)
–yama(two)→haayana(year,season)→ yavaanna(barley
food)→dasra/sarat(autumn,year)→tasara(shuttle) →
h475 khaga-aga→ekaha(one day
sacrifice)→saptaha(week,seven day sacrifice)
→varaha(boar,king,Vishnu)→varsha(year).

yavira→madya-beer/deer

yavishtha→agni,youngest.

yavya→month,field of yava.

yava→akshata dhaanya

yava Madhya→ a measure,a vaadya .

yavasura→yava madya→soma.

yavaagu→rice gruel.

yavakriita→a son of Bharadvaaja.

yavaanna →barley food,boiled barley→soma.

cylind-5
miina →haayana(year,soma) , → matsa(fish)

→vatsa(mark)→varsha(year)→vRsha(bull,man , )

→vraja(cattle shed ,Gokula)→praasa →bhraaja(shine).

Hari(tiger)-yama(two) cf.M-306 ,
→krayaNa(purchase)→soma krayaNa.

Four plants with leaves → pajra(soma)→

varsha(year,varaha)→ vajra(Indra’s
weapon)→varaaha(boar,Vishnu)→prakaasa(light,sobha-
shine)→vRksha(tree,druma-droNa-soma)→

patra(leaf)→bharata(fire)→bhadra/paartha(king,bull).

The three matsa-fish→vatsa→varsha→va-sira →king’s

head→Brahma’s head,Daksha’s head,Sisera’s head,John’s

head →vi-dva/Visva/bilva/ Trisiras ,

(Visvaruupa,srii -sira→king’s head,sun)→
Visvakarma→Visvaruupa→tvashTR→VRtra→tripaad(Vishnu)
→ prabhaata(dawn)→udaya(sunrise)→suuya(sacrifice)→vijaya

(victory)→vidya(knowledge)→vishaya(sex).King’s head
sacrifice is the samvatsara/haayana satra/Raajasuuya/Daksha

yaaga , as seen in M-1186 .

Three asvatha(Fig) leaf →asva-pa→Visva

ruupa/bharata/pa-tra.cf.H-764b

Syena(Garuda-eagle,samaya-time-sun) bringing soma

,samaya(season) bringing suma(flower) and

soona(grain).

Ayana(six months) is a(buffalo)-yama(two) or

sayana(sex;a→s).

two buffalo(asva)+ sun(ra) →asva-ra→

adhvara(sacrifice)→ haayana(year)→nayana(eye,netra-
king,sacrifice) →miina →naaNya(money).
 Varaha mahira/ vRshabhaanu/ bhadrasva/Bharadvaaja

is at the centre as Viirabhadra from

ra vi sarabha/ vRsha/ bhadra.

ayana +
ayana→haayana(year)/samaa(year)/snaa(bath/baptism)/

jna(Guru,Jupiter; “lord and teacher” )

HariNa(sarabha-deer,svar-sun,gold) , M304
→ha(siva,moon,rakta-blood)-nR(king)→siva nR→
SuvarNa/suparNa/Syena→gold/time.

Varsha→va(tiger,bull,king,hand)-rada(fight)

/sira(head)→va(dvi)-sara(arrow)
→Bharata/Bhiima→Bhaarata varsha.
Horned snake→Egy. f→sarpa(snake,kaala sarpa,kaala
varsha)→sarabha(deer)→sabara(siva)→
varsha(year,place,palace;vraja-gokula-gopura)→varaha/vara-

aga/ kaalasarpa/Vasuki/Takshaka/Daksha .

4 patra (leaf,bird)→4 seasons.

Patra(leaf,bird)/bhadra(masta-head ,matsa- )→ →

→ → → → , , , →

→ →m1170a

m-1181 →M304 →
http://harappa.com/indus2/160.html

m478a m478b
Varsha is harita(green;harta-sun), hariNa(gold),harija(sunrise
line), sahari(sun)→suunya(cipher) →suurya(sun).
KaraNa/kiraNa/hariNa is karma(deed)/dharma(Yama)/
janma(birth).Visva karma is sarva karma/varsha
janma/agrahaaayana(New Year).
Havana(satra)→savana(satra)→John→guru.Havana(satra)→
haayana(sarat)→nayana(eye,haayana)→
miina(matsa/vatsa/varsha)→mahisha(buffalo)→mahesa(siva).
Cyavana’s eyes were pierced by Sukanya(Kausalya-Ahalya-
kalya-dawn).Syena brings soma.

Hari-asva(sun)→man+horse,horned snake above men with

horns,M-1186 .Note the head of the

king placed on the stool.The Saptarshis,the priest ,the sarabha
and the deity are horned.
Trisiras is Visva(v-dva→N/ Ψ) ruupa/sarva

ruupa/sarabha ruupa /sarpa ruupa , ,

/salabha ruupa /sabara-siva ruupa M304

→ bilva ruupa →trisira-trisuula , , ,

→suula-trident→Soma.

Jupiter/SavitR/TvashtR.

M418ac-1
Visvaruupa→sarpa ruupa →vi-dva ruupa ,

→avi-dva ruupa →sarabha ruupa

→patra(bhadra/rudra) ruupa →pajra ruupa → varsha

ruupa→vajra ruupa→valsara ruupa→vRtra ruupa. sa ra

pa→sarabha→salabha
→silpa(ornament,hymn)→go(sun)/hu(sacrifice)-spel.

TvashtR→dva-astra , →tasara →Dasra(Full

moon)→darsa(New moon).

M1186 RV.10.130.7 They who were versed in

ritual and metre, in hymns and rules, were the Seven
Godlike Rsis.
Viewing the path of those of old, the sages have taken up

the reins like chariot-drivers

Seven lambs/lamps or saptarchis-seven flames of
fire/saptajvaala-fire/ saptajihva-fire/saptaasva-
sun/saptaha(week) as seven goddesses are shown
here.Mahaavaara(Great week,week of Pascah/Visakha) is

mahaaviira/Jina/Jna/Guru. The bull is also seen.

Ha-yama → ka(Sarasvati/Saarada)→
sarat(year,Saarada)→ samaa(haayana-
year)→samaapa(sacrifice)→ satra(sacrifice,booth)→

dasra/Asvina →tasara .Hence it is seen in M-1186,

M-304,Chernunnos horn,seal -7 etc.It is
divakara,Dvaraka,svarga,soma,moksha,Marut,Indra,Agni etc.
It is Yama.

aga/aja/khaga/varaha/varsha/srava/ha-yama→ haayana/
samaa/samaya→ maasa(month)→
mesha(aja/aga/aha)→medha(satra)→meTa(tower)→

→ ha-yama→ ha-
yama→varsha→sarpa →sarva→visva→bilva →bull

→full.

H182a H182b

→aksha→ahas, , →aga hence in aga-

aga→ekaha.Ha-yama/Visva ruupa/ trisira/tvashTR/savitR seen

in , , , , , symbols.Samaya being Yama

raaja,Samvatsara satra is raajasuuya/Daksha yaaaga.Samaya
is sa(snake,bird)-maya(horse,buffalo,elephant,Yama,Yava).

kapaala-skull,jar→ paalaka(king)→
baalaka(boy,son)→ phalaka(tablet,cf.ten commanments

tablet)→kaahala(horn) →kaala(time)→
kaala sarpa(time snake)→kaala kuuTa(poison)→
NiilakaNtha(blue necked,siva)→MiinakhaNDa(Pisces)→miina

gaNDa →viirabhadra (prabhaata,siva),m582b .

The Dholavira sign board has reference to Dasra/Asvina
satra
 ra dasa/kuuTa/bhuja bhadra/varsha/bharata

ra va/ba dha/sa/khaga a/sa/ha

haayana/haa/raa asvina/adhvara/sapta/va
Asvina/adhvara(sacrifice)-haayana(year)-adhvara(sacrifice)-
varsha(year)/Bharata –dasra/KuuTaara/ hotra(satra)/
gotra(tribe).
This is a soma feast.Israel celebrated this feast in Tabernacles
as hotra(sacrifice,worship) is satra/kuuTaara(sacrifice,tent).
 kuuTaara/hotra/satra/sacrifice

ha-yama → on

breast→ cf.The vaksha-breast has vRsha-

man/praasa-spear ,spearing the vaksha of Christ,spearing

the uksha /gavaya-Yak-camara-tamra-dharma

,havya-oblation ,vraja-manger /ha-yama

, , , as
haayana/samaya/Sinai/nayana/miina,vRka-wolf as
varaha(varsha),and a saadara(adoring) man indicating
sarat(year)/Saarada(Sarasvati)→
varsha→sarpa→paasa→ kaalapaaasa ,

va/haraNa/karaNa/karNa/nakra/varaha/sapta/asvina

sapta maasa/varsha

tra-tra/trisiras/ dasra/asvina/ tasara-loom is

soma/haayana.It is a vaara-chalice/bull/full divided into paada-

four-asva-abda-khaga-srii-sa →dhurya /turiiya-

4/tulya(sama-equal =; aga/khaga/kha-aga/ varaaha/

pramukha/ harimukha/ srii mukha/saama-hymn,samaa-
year,hema-suvarNa-gold-karsha-paNa-sun)/bhadra-
king,bull,auspicious,siva/dvara-door/kha-cipher/suunya-cipher

/suurya-sun , , , , , .

aga with kha→khaga(cf.crest of thorns for the Christ)→

aga(jar)+ kha/sun→khaga-sun,ukha-paatra-jar
Similarly a graaha(croc) has a kara/haraNa-hand with an aga-

jar as in , , making it varaha/varsha/ha(pa)-

yama/haayana/gavaamayana/pavamaana.
Asva→A-sva/siva→A-dva +ra →adhvara(sacrifice)→
yajna(A/Ya +sma/sna)→jnaa→snaa→samaa→haayana

→ →
bhadraasana/varsha-aasana/varsha-samaa/vaasra/adhvara.

A(asva-buffalo,cow) + A(buffalo) →asva +svar/vac/ra, ,

→adhvara(sacrifice)/savana(sacrifice)/samaapa(sacrifice)

→ →medha(sacrifice)→mesha(ram)

→maasa(month)→ naasa(nose).
Heat is wheat /eat/ad(eat,adana/asana-food,asma-stone.cf. “tell
these stones to become bread” Matthew .4.3).Food generates
heat.Hence it is suuna/sura/suura/soma.
Agni generates tejas(shine).Linga generates retas.
Agni generates tejas(sobha-soma) at udaya(sunrise).Linga
generates retas(semen-soma) at saya/yaja.

→ vaara/aga/aja/aha/ma/ra + k/h is
kamsa(jar,bronze;ka-sma;ka-
sama)/mukha(face)/kshama(earth)/moksha(heaven,soma)/
mahaa viira(jina/jna)/suura(paNa-sun)/ kuhana(pot)/
kuhara(cave)/ gahana(grave cf.Aes grave)/
pramukha(prominent)/srii mukha/viirabhadra/Gaayatri.

Paada(feet,4)/sara/ayana/haayana/bhruu(brow cf. vaara →

) with ha/na/ma →sam-pad-sara/samvatsara/

vasna/padma/satra/ hotra/dasra/sarat/Saarada/

saartha/sampad/ashtavasu/asvinamedha .

m1118 caturaha/varaha k032

varaha H182a Gadyaanka/varaha/hari –

aanaka→ , gaDyaanaka/varaha aksha→aga-

ja/sa/varaha/vasha.

varaha/vaasra/varsha/sarat/satra/sarpa pallava
bilva/visva etc.
Soma→bhadra-king,bull→putra-son→Rudra-rudhira-soNa-

Mal.cora-blood.Heb.sor-bull→ .It is the blood sacrifice.It is

the covenant of blood of Christ .Rakta-blood is raksha-

salvation.The saviour’s rakta is raksha. m301

varaha/varsha.m324a Varaha/Gadyaanaka.
m324b varaha/gadyaanaka

Satra/sarat/varsha/varaha-3 Viira bhadra/haayana

satra/sapta kuuTaara/bharata gotra.cf.Dholavira sign board.
viira bhadra→viira raaya→varaaha→viira
naaga→gadyaanaka→hari aanaka.
Vaara/aha is
satra(sacrifice,tabernacle)/sarat(year).Mesha/maasa/
mamsa/meat is medha/satra.Sarpa/svar/varsha is satra.

suura(hari/asva/va-tiger,bha-sun,star)-
yudha(fight)/ dvaya(two)→
suuryodaya/Duryodhana/adhvara/visva + patra(leaf,suura-
sun,putra-son,ruupa-form,gopa-king cf.Palm Sunday feast)→
Visvaruupa/viirabhadra/bhadrasva+mesha→asvamedha/visva
medha/visvaruupa medha/Dakshayaaga etc.
Syena(Eagle) is samaya(time).Asva(bull) is
abda(year)/avasa(king,sun)/vac(voice,word).Arka(sun,phallus)
is varaha(Vishnu,king)/varsha(year).Asva (bull/buffalo/horse)
medha(sacrifice) is Visva(world) medha(victory),cf.

. raaja(king)

asva(buffalo,gauramRga) –ra/na( )
/adhvara(sacrifice)/Asvina/dasra/tasra /sarat/satra/ha -

maya /gavaamaya-pavamaana(bhuuman-king) -
pasumedha-animal sacrifice/haayana-year /Havana-sacrifice→

→raajasuuya(king’s sacrifice cf.INRI)

cylind-5

asva/ha- / ra
→adhvara(sacrifice,bhadrasva)/hara(siva,fire,ass;arka-sun)

raaja from ra -aasa(seat) /

/ -ra →raatra(sacrifice)→

→satra(sacrifice,tent) → adhvara→yaaga/aha

kapaala→cup,skull, → a-

dva(two)→asva→mahaa(feast,bufflao,great) →haayana two

eye(balls→buffalo→asva-aksha)+ naasa(nose,destruction)→
medha(sacrifice)→meTa(tower,paNameTa)→
mukha(face,paNa)→makha(sacrifice)→khaga(bird,sun)

→aga(sun,tree , , , , , ,

hill ,snake , cf.snakes on Gundestrup cauldron)→

aha(day)→yaja(sacrifice)→aja (king,mesha-ram).Water
buffalo→eye→aksha→uksha→usha.

Aga+na/ra(man)→agna(fire,king,one),naga(sun),ahna(day),

anna(soma) ,agra(first),raaga/raaja(king,melody,rhythm) etc.

Raaja(king) is raatra(satra-sacrifice) and raashTra(desa-

kingdom).

Biblical verification of soma

In the Bible asvamedha is denoted by asva (bull) +

+mesha(ram)→asvamedha.In the same way
sariiraraksha(food) was made sariira(body) and
rakta(soNa/soma) using purodaasa(white wheat bread) and
draksha(redwine;sura-soma,aksha-seed).

→vRksha(tree)→prakaasa(light)→prabhaata(dawn)→bhadra(ki
ng,light)→ jna(guru/SavitR/Jupiter/BRhaspati)→ varsha(year)→
vRsha(bull,man)→snaa(bathe)→satra(booth,sacrifice)→
sarat(autumn,year)→saras(pond,siras-head)
→samaa(year)→maasa(mesha/medha)→haayana(year)→
samaapa(sacrifice).
Kohathites-were to carry on their shoulders the holy things
(Num.7.9).Kohatha→kubja→hapta→sapta→asva→

Kaanyakubja→kalya-sabda M1186 .

Balaam’s(kaalam-year) donkey( Num.22.21) is

Dasra(ass/Asvina) itself.This donkey with palm
leaf(kharjura/arjuna-subhra-sukra-white) is seen on Palm
Sunday’s triumphal entry(udaya-sunrise→vijaya-victory).

Biblical burnt offering includes two mesha(lambs ),one

year old(→samaa→mesha→medha) as soNa(burnt)

offering + soona offering( grain offering) + soma offering
(drink→madhu→ sura→ sara→rasa) ,fermented drink in the
morning and at twilight for each aha(day).

Monthly offering includes two young bulls(asva) + one

ram(mesha-medha)+ 7 male lambs as soma is mesha and

sapta(sabda) + grain(soona) offering + drink(soma) offering
(Numbers.28).
The Passover prescribes an elaborate ceremony with blood
(rakta-raksha-soNa-soma) on doorposts of houses marking its
beginning.The sacrifice pattern is ram/lamb(aja/mesha)
+bull(sor/asva) for rakta(soNa-soma) + grain(soona)+
drink(soma).It is asvamedha/soma medha as asva(bull) and
mesha(medha).The offering has to be burned as soma is
soNa( fire,AgnishToma).SoNa is blood.Gala(neck) is
kaala(aha-day,time,Yama).Breaking the gala is day
break.The heart is hearth.Blood flowing out is
aruNodaya(somodaya-red dawning).The separated
masta(head) is matsa/mina/Sinai and dasma/dasam(ten
commandments).In fact the fish is the severed head of the
asva,usually kept inverted on a pedestal.
Grains(soona) and fermented drink(madhu) are soma.Thus it is
clear that fire,blood,grain and wine are the sacrificial somas
for the Jews also. It is not a single product.
For the Christians , the soma is the tanu(somos-body)+
draksha/rakta/soNa/soma itself,working as the soma.

a→Vishnu,Brahma,Siva,turtle ,courtyard ,

fight , apartment , aabharaNa , ,feet ,

,parvati (a+ ka→aga-cup,sun;aha-day,sacrifice),bow

, etc.Ha is asva(bull,buffalo), siva,moon, blood,water,

weapon,cipher,killing etc. (a+ka/ha→aha; a+ catur ha

→caturaha).Aha is a(bull,buffalo)’s ha(killing,blood).Hence
 (netra-sacrifice/maatra-measure/haaatra-
wages/caturaha)→ → .

aa→cow,buffalo ,aa-
u→aayus(life,age)→suuya(sacrifice)→udaya(sunrise).

buffalo horn / weapon→a(bhadra-

girl,Durga,bull,cow)+ ha(weapon)→ aga(sun)/aha(day).

buffalo horn-ka/ha(asva→vaara-water/day, bhadra-

bull -water buffalo→viirabhadra(siva)→mahisha

→miina → iisaana-face of
iisa(siva,guru,lord)→mahesa→siva→Rudra.

k065a a-fight,a-yama→ayana(six
months)/haayana(year).Aayudha(weapon) is
udaya(sunrise)/ha(siva).
m-306 →a-fight,a-yama→ayana(six
months)/haayana(year).

B001b graava-stone for pressing soma.It is sa/ha-

yama→samaya/haayana/samaa.

L069 sa/ha -
yama→samaya(time)/haayana(year)/samaa.

Conclusion
The right identification of the vedic asva and the soma further
confirms the point we discussed in regard to the age of the
Rigveda .The asva medha as asva veda and the soma
medha as soma veda is poetic lores of cattle rearing and
barley/rice farming along with solar worship practised by the
Bharats.Cattle was an essential part of the farming process for
which the hala(siira→srii→rice) was developed.This period is
the 4000-3000 BCE period.By comparison of the historical
records of the beginning of the Sed festival in Egypt and the
period of the drying up of the Gaggar-Hakra as per the SPOT
image study we had already given a period of the fourth
millenium BCE as the period of beginning of the composition
of the Rigveda.
Rigveda being giraveda contains the most authentic version of
Harappan speech. Of course we should not confuse the
mahisha(asva) for the domestic horse or godhuuma (wheat) as
dust of cow! The Rigveda should be restudied in
the light of the ‘Deva (veda,Brahmin) parokshapriya’
composition concept.
There are four(pada→paaTha→veda) Vedas.
The Bible has drawn heavily from them for the creation of its
books.
The New Testament has four Vedas - Luke, Mark,Matthew and
John.
The age of the Rigveda is a subject of great debate.However
the Rigveda speaks of the asvamedha yaaga which in fact is
the SED festival of the Egyptians which they were practising
from the first dynasty (BC 3150-2700) .It was during this period
that the Bharats entered Egypt and settled there.Hence it is
probable that the avasa(asva,abda)medha(mesha,vedha) was
practised by the Bharats before they settled in Egypt and the
Rigveda described it even before this period.Another clue can
be had from the drying up of the Gaggar-Hakra river
system.This probably prompted the Bharats to explore new
territories including Egypt.P.H.Francfort,utilizing images from
the French satellite SPOT,had suggested that the Gaggar-
Hakra river started drying up in the middle of the 4th millennium
BC.The arrival of the Bharats in Egypt is a little later.Hence at
least parts of the Rigveda might have been composed in the
first half of the 4th millennium BC . This is the early Harappan
period.The farming details given in the Vedas agree with the
archeological data of the IVC.The Vedas were probably
composed during the early Harappan and mature Harappan
periods Rgveda.6.47 has been confirmed to the date of 2600-
2500 BCE.
(https://www.academia.edu/42767898/The_Vedic_King_Divodasa_And_The_Age_Of_The_Rg_Veda
)and the Brahmanas in the post Harappan periods.
Contemporariness of the Rigveda with the dynastic Egyptian
culture is seen in the Sed(asvamedha), Isis(usha,Aja-
Gaayatri,Iisa),Osiris(Savitri),Horus(Rudra),Ra(Ravi),Sthavira
(SatvaTa) etc. concepts.
The Rig veda belongs to the period when the worship of fire,
as the worship of the Sun, was introduced by humans, when
the priest kings were sacrificed and eaten by the worshippers,
farming and weaving were advancing, when wheels were
introduced on carts and sacrificial rathas etc. and writing was
being introduced as can be seen from the Harappan seals and
earthenware. The gurus wrote hymns on tablets or potsherds,
taught their disciples and threw away the tablets once the
disciples mastered those hymns by rote. This explains why
many tablets were seen scattered as if thrown into dustbins.
The chief occupation of the vedic people was agriculture(Cf.
from Mehergarh till the present it is the same). They ploughed
the land with a plough(siira RV.10.101.3 or laangala
AV.2.8.4).The ploughmen were called kiinaasa
(RV.8.20.19).The fields were watered

by means of irrigation canals (kulya RV.3.45.3;iriNaa

AV.4.15.12 ) from wells or lakes (AV.1.3.7,3.13.9;

RV.3.45.3,7.49.2,10.43.7) or by drawing water using a bucket
and pulley (asmacakram RV.10.101.5.7).They reaped the fields

with sickles(sRnii-sicke,moon,goad , ,
AV.3.17.2RV.10.101.3,parsu AV.12.3.310).They left three
sheaves for the Gandharvas who guarded the
fields(AV.3.24.6cf.H-182.Even nowadays the sound of drums
and crackers is used to frighten away the animals and birds
that come to feed on the soma crop in the fields).Threshing
floors(khala cf.Malayaalam kaLam-todate) and winnowing

baskets (sthivi ) were used(RV.10.27.15) and grain was

transported in carts to the homes(RV.1.9.8) and stored in
granaries(RV.2.14.11 cf.the granary in Mohenjo-daro).
The mearure for grain was the khaarii(RV.4.32.17cf.Egyptian
khar).Their next important profession was cattle- rearing.
Cattle(go) were kept in

go-tra(RV.2.23.8 cf.sara –arrow is made go.Go is also

dhara-the earth,king and eye denoted by or ie. aksha-

asva-netra-bhadra etc denoting the eye, bull , king and the
earth),vraja and goshtha(AV.3.11.5,4.21.1) .Cow-herds(gopa)
took cows out to pasture daily(RV.10.19.45). Water troughs

called prapaa(RV.6.28.7) ,droNa(RV.5.50.4)or prapaana

(AV.7.75.1cf.pranava) were provided for them(Note the prapaa

and drona before the Unicorns , ) .Professional milkers

were called godhuk(AV.7.73.6).Draught oxen were castrated
with claspers(sleshamaana AV.3.9.2) . They reared also goat

and sheep( , ).Rams were cooked (RV .27.17) .Wool

was collected (RV.1.126.7). Dogs guarded cattle and
houses and barked at thieves (RV.7.55.3 ).Weaving in cotton
and wool was done by men and
women(RV.2.3.6,10.26.6,1.61.8,10.130.1-2cf.netra-cloth-
figures in the seals cf.Malayalam-muntu-neriyatu-
cloth.).The warp was called tantu (cf.Tamil-tuntu-cloth)and the
woof was called oTa and the shuttle was called tasara
(RV.6.9.2,10.130.1-2).Carpenters made chariots and carts.The
wheels were of solid wood (RV.7.32.20).Boats and ships were

built(RV.10.101.2 cf.the amulet M-1429 ).

So it is clear that The Indus-Harappan Civilisation was the
Vedic Bharata Civilization and the language was Vedic
Bharata.

“Son of these Parents, he the Priest with power

to cleanse, Sage, sanctifies the worlds with his surpassing

power.Thereto for his bright milk he milked through all the days

the party-coloured Cow and the prolific Bull” RV.1.160.3.

“The chalice(aga) that is single(eka) make ye into

four(turiiya-catura-4,suurya-sun-son;paada-4-deva-god).Thus

have the Gods commanded; therefore am I come”

RV.1.161.2.Soma is sun and the son of Man !He is the

 -(4)- aviour/raksha/salvation.At dawn in miina

(Pisces,niNa-rakta-blood) he bleeds to produce rakta(soNa-

soma,AruNodaya-red dawning) which makes the

raksha(salvation) as aha/ahas(day) when all are saved from

agha(paapa-sin,nisa-nyx-night).

Miina (Pisces), being ijya(Jupiter)-pada(foot,place),is Egypt

and Sinai ,whence Israel(Usra-sun,El-god;Indra;asra-rakta-

soNa-soma-Moses,Rudra) is also saved from bondage in

Egypt!

A practical Bharata writing exercise

AUM srii bhuvanesvarai nama:
AUM srii bhuvanesvari(a deity) namaha(bowing).
Aum/soma is bharata(veda) vaaca(bhaasha),
bhadravaaca(auspicious words),Bharadvaaja etc.It announces
sunrise and is a wake up call.All symbols of agni,the
sun,man,unicorn,bull,wheel,peepul leaf,kolam,lampstand etc.
can indicate it. Let us select the
unicorn with the soma filter/lampstand itself which is the most

common Bharata symbol for dawn/AUM

Srii is the sun ,fire light,king,speech,prosperity etc. It is denoted
by the wheel,man,spider etc.Let us select the wheel for this

word .
Bhuvana is being,abode, the earth,man etc.It is denoted by the
man,hand,waterfall,house etc.Let us select the bha-

vana(abode) with a baaNa(arrow) to for this.

Iisvara or iisvari is god and is denoted by ishu(arrow) –

vara(vR-environing,stopping), vaara(arrow,cup,roof,tail ),
bhara(ruling,bearing,filling ) and suurya(the sun,suula-
trident) symbols.Let us use for this.
Nama: is namaha (obeisance) and svaaha(svaasa-breath) and
is denoted by the terminal signs of head or nose like the

jar,spear etc. Let us select the jar symbol to denote this .

The resulting inscription explains the style and cause of
brevity of the Indus-Harappan inscriptions
References
1.Indus Script Decipherment Breakthrough-Vijayabhaarati-2015
2.Vijayabhaarati papers/scribd.com/academia.edu
3.Harappa.com
27. Bull seal, Harappahttps://www.harappa.com/indus/27.html);
154. Unicorn seal;
42. "Priest King."; 41. "Priest King."; Libation vessels.;M-18A;
135. Inscribed storage jar,M-1196;
126. Inscribed mold fragment; Ravi Phase Pot ; 102.Ravi
Phase Motifs ; 101. Hand-built Pot ; 124. Inscribed Ravi sherd;
Textile Evidence; 90. Molded tablet; 15. "Granary," Harappa; 2.
Ox- or water buffalo-drawn cart with driver from Harappa; 133.
Unicorn seal; 22. Toy carts, Nausharo.; 149. Three groups of
tablets; 150. Stroke direction; 151. Two inscribed tablets; 156.
Long rectangular seal with no animal motif; 60. Seal Fragment;
36. Silver seal, Mohenjo-daro.; 25. Unicorn Seal, Mohenjo-
daro;
145. Unicorn seal; 8. "Great Bath," Mohenjo-daro.
http://a.harappa.com/content/what-did-indus-people-wear-and-

what-material-were-their-clothes-made

http://a.harappa.com/content/ancient-textiles-indus-valley-

region

https://www.harappa.com/indus2/160.html
4.Archeologydaily.com

Oldest modern human found in England; DNA study deals blow

to theory of European origins; Into the Stone Age With a
Scalpel: A Dig With Clues on Early Urban Life; Ancient Middle
Eastern stone structures revealed by Google Earth; Solving the
Mystery of a Megalithic Monument in the Land of Giant; More
on Family ties doubted in Stone Age farmers; No Family Plots,
Just Communal Burials In Ancient Settlement; Digging up
Turkeys past. Totally stone age: James Mellaart at Catalhoyuk;
Archaeologist argues worlds oldest temples were not temples
at all; 9,000-year-old ancient figurines were toys not mother
goddess statues are discovered; The earth mother of all
neolithic discoveries; Pyramid Exploring Robot Reveals Hidden
Hieroglyphs; Big Question for 2012: The Great Pyramids Secret
Doors; Solving the Mystery of a 35,000 Year Old Statue; Udupi:
Ancient Unicorn Idol Found at Kalya; Site hints at Asian roots
for human genus; Ancient Egypt was destroyed by drought,
discover Scottish experts; Company digging mine in
Afghanistan unearths 2,600 year old Buddhist monastery;
Ancient City Mysteriously Survived Mideast Civilization
Collapse; Tamil Brahmi script found at Pattanam in Kerala ;
Worlds Oldest Erotic Picture ; Worlds oldest Copper Age
settlement found at Plocnik

5.Dr.Asko parpola for his works

1. a) Asko Parpola . 1994. Deciphering the Indus script/DTIS.

1994. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge

DTISpage21; DTIS-page32.Sumerian tablet from Uruk

indicating 54 oxen and cows.; DTIS page 55 Indus script on a
late Harappan seal Dmd-1.; DTIS page 55; DTISpage55; DTIS
page 82; DTIS page 83. M-314; DTIS page 91. H-3305;
DTISpage92.H102;

DTIS page92.M-318; DTIS page92.

M-1203; DTIS page 108.DK-7535; DTISpage108.DK2119;

DTIS page109 H-3458 ;

DTIS page 109 H-247; DTIS page 109.M- 478.; DTIS page 111
B12B6; DTIS page 111 C2B7; DTIS page111 A7B10; DTIS
page 65.; DTIS page 132 M-228; DTISpage 132.BM120228;
DTIS page181 IM87798; DTIS page 183;
DTISpage183.Monochrome goblet painted with three star
symbols from Mehrgarh.3000-2600 B.C; DTIS page 185.

M-305.; DTIS page 188.M-304. ; DTIS page192.Shahr-i

Sokhta,; DTIS page 194 .H-302; DTIS page194.H-3452; DTIS
page 195 H-9.; DTIS page 213.Bull statuette with trefoil inlays
from Uruk(w.16017).; DTIS page219. BM-123059; DTIS page
219.M-489B;

DTIS page 227.H-182; DTISpage226.M-453; DTIS page 226.H-

306 ; DTIS page228.H-147.Signs of fireplace and intersecting
circles.; DTIS page 231 M-172.The sign sequence Fig tree+
fish.; DTIS page 231 .H-6.Fig tree+two long vertical strokes.

DTIS page 234.Two sets of copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro

;DTIS page 243.M-414; DTIS page 247.M-308;

b) Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus civilization –Dr.Asko

Parpola
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-
contributed-indus-civilisation.html

C) The Indus script and the wild ass

http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece

6 .B. B. Lal, Director General (Retd.), Archaeological Survey of

India Lecture given at the National Council of Educational
Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi ).

Why Perpetuate Myths? A Fresh Look at Ancient Indian

History .

http://www.cycleoftime.com/articles_view.php?codArtigo=54).

7. Roger D.Woodard

The Ancient languages of Asia minor- H i t t i t e , The Lycian

alphabet;

8. Copyright © 2006 The Royal Society

Carob bean seeds

9. James Prinsep

Coins, Weights, and Measures of British India

10 Lionel D. Barnett

Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of

Ancient Hindustan
11. Ancient scripts.com

Luwian

12. Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball

Hittite

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/hitol-BF-X.html

13.
http://www.hindubooks.org/scriptures/manusmriti/ch8/ch8_191_
200.htm

Manusmriti: The Laws of Manu

14. www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15621229.html
The Oxus river Civilization: the Bronze Age of central Asia.

15. P Gopakumar

In his Hindu article The Viiraraaya FaNam

16. http://www.taxguru.in/accounting/history-of-accounting-and-
accounting-standards.html#ixzz0vMIuX0Tp

Accounting existed in Vedic India

17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm
‘Earliest writing’ found

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/indus_valley/trade
_and_travel/

Indus rhino

18. © Roy Davies & Glyn Davies, 1996 & 1999

A Comparative Chronology of Money

19. Colin Narbeth

Colin.Narbeth@btinternet.com

The cowry shell as money

20 Marvin A. Powell

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.

39, No. 3 (1996)

Money in Ancient Mesopotamia

21. Nupam.Mahajan@moffitt.org
Ancient Indian coins

22.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandm
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Shekel
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The History of Coins: How We Got From Shekels to Sela'im

24. www.Mehrangroup.com/rice/ricegrain)

Rice grain
25. Jimmy Dunn

The Sed-festival
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Bull-baiting of yore

The Bhirrana potsherd

Harappan link

http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091255372200.h
tm

27. Iravatham Mahadevan,

May 6 2006 |

A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in the light of the
Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

28. The Australian coin collecting weblog

Proclamation Coin - Indian Rupee

29.Subhash C.Kak
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Akkadian

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Acknowledgements
I am extremely grateful to the authors of the works listed
in this work ,which I have used for preparing this paper. Without
them this article would not have been possible.

Vijayabhaarati